Which of the following receptors is most likely to exhibit tonic adap.pdf
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Which of the following receptors is most likely to exhibit tonic adaptation? olfactory nociceptors thermoreceptors pacinian gustatory True or False - Otoliths can only detect rotational acceleration, they cannot provide information about the relative position of the head in space True False Which membrane is responsible for our ability to detect pitch due to its structure of being narrow and stiff on one end and wide and flexible on the other? basilar membrane tympanic membrane tutorial membrane vestibular membrane The Insane Clown Posse Why do humans begin needing reading glasses around the age of 45? the zonular fibers attached to the lens lose their elasticity and can no longer flatten the lens as needed cone cells within the fovea begin dying off and cannot be replaced the lens becomes inflexible and can no longer get as spherical as needed to focus on nearby objects the lens becomes cloudy and no longer allows the proper amount of light through it parents just really want to embarrass their kids when they are ordering food in a public restaurant A person born with a mutation which prevented their body from making retinal would likely experience which of the following? they would suffer from myopia and only be able to see objects that were very to them they would not be able to transition from bright rooms to dark rooms as well as person with functional retinal would be able to they would have enhanced night vision because their retina would be unable to absorb excess light their photoreceptors would respond as if there were in constant bright light their photoreceptors would respond as if they were in constant darkness Solution 16. Tonic receptors adapt slowly to a stimulus and continue to produce action potentials over the duration of the stimulus. In this way it conveys information about the duration of the stimulus. In contrast, phasic receptors adapt rapidly to a stimulus. The response of the cell diminishes very quickly and then stops. It does not provide information on the duration of the stimulus. An example of a tonic receptor is pain receptor. Therefore option (b) nociceptors is most likely to exhibit tonic adaptation. Once it gets stimulated, it sends a signal along the nerves to the brain as long as the pain stimulus continues. Odor, touch, temperature, taste all are examples of phasic receptors. Pacinian corpuscles are sensitive to vibration and pressure and an example of phasic receptors. 17. The Vestibular system is the sensory system in mammals that provides the contribution to the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of balance and coordinated movement. The \"Otolithic organs\" in the human ear are the utricle and saccule. The Otolith organs sense gravity and linear acceleration such as from due to initiation of movement in a straight line. Persons or animals without otolith organs or defective otoliths have poorer abilities to sense motion as well as orientation to gravity. The Otolith membrane serves.
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Chapter 5
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Figure 5.1 If you were standing in the midst of this street scene, you would be absorbing and processing numerous
pieces of sensory input. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)
Chapter Outline
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
5.2 Waves and Wavelengths
5.3 Vision
5.4 Hearing
5.5 The Other Senses
5.6 Gestalt Principles of Perception
Introduction
Imagine standing on a city street corner. You might be struck by movement everywhere as cars and people
go about their business, by the sound of a street musician’s melody or a horn honking in the distance,
by the smell of exhaust fumes or of food being sold by a nearby vendor, and by the sensation of hard
pavement under your feet.
We rely on our sensory systems to provide important information about our surroundings. We use this
information to successfully navigate and interact with our environment so that we can find nourishment,
seek shelter, maintain social relationships, and avoid potentially dangerous situations.
This chapter will provide an overview of how sensory information is received and processed by the
nervous system and how that affects our conscious experience of the world. We begin by learning the
distinction between sensation and perception. Then we consider the physical properties of light and sound
stimuli, along with an overview of the basic structure and function of the major sensory systems. The
chapter will close with a discussion of a historically important theory of perception called Gestalt.
Chapter 5 | Sensation and Perception 149
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Distinguish between sensation and perception
• Describe the concepts of absolute threshold and difference threshold
• Discuss the roles attention, motivation, and sensory adaptation play in perception
SENSATION
What does it mean to sense something? Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific
types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For
example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These
cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials (as you learned when studying biopsychology), to
the central nervous system. The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as
transduction.
You have probably known since elementary school that we have five senses: vision, hearing (audition),
smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). It turns out that this notion of five
senses is oversimplified. We also have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the
vestibular sense), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and
temperature (thermoception).
The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an absolute threshold.
Absolute threshol.
Chapter 5Sensation and PerceptionFigure 5.1 If you wer.docx
Chapter 5
Sensation and Perception
Figure 5.1 If you were standing in the midst of this street scene, you would be absorbing and processing numerous
pieces of sensory input. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)
Chapter Outline
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
5.2 Waves and Wavelengths
5.3 Vision
5.4 Hearing
5.5 The Other Senses
5.6 Gestalt Principles of Perception
Introduction
Imagine standing on a city street corner. You might be struck by movement everywhere as cars and people
go about their business, by the sound of a street musician’s melody or a horn honking in the distance,
by the smell of exhaust fumes or of food being sold by a nearby vendor, and by the sensation of hard
pavement under your feet.
We rely on our sensory systems to provide important information about our surroundings. We use this
information to successfully navigate and interact with our environment so that we can find nourishment,
seek shelter, maintain social relationships, and avoid potentially dangerous situations.
This chapter will provide an overview of how sensory information is received and processed by the
nervous system and how that affects our conscious experience of the world. We begin by learning the
distinction between sensation and perception. Then we consider the physical properties of light and sound
stimuli, along with an overview of the basic structure and function of the major sensory systems. The
chapter will close with a discussion of a historically important theory of perception called Gestalt.
Chapter 5 | Sensation and Perception 149
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Distinguish between sensation and perception
• Describe the concepts of absolute threshold and difference threshold
• Discuss the roles attention, motivation, and sensory adaptation play in perception
SENSATION
What does it mean to sense something? Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific
types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For
example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These
cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials (as you learned when studying biopsychology), to
the central nervous system. The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as
transduction.
You have probably known since elementary school that we have five senses: vision, hearing (audition),
smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). It turns out that this notion of five
senses is oversimplified. We also have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the
vestibular sense), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and
temperature (thermoception).
The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an absolute threshold.
Absolute threshol ...
Recommended
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Chapter 5Sensation and PerceptionFigure 5.1 If you wer.docx
Chapter 5
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Figure 5.1 If you were standing in the midst of this street scene, you would be absorbing and processing numerous
pieces of sensory input. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)
Chapter Outline
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
5.2 Waves and Wavelengths
5.3 Vision
5.4 Hearing
5.5 The Other Senses
5.6 Gestalt Principles of Perception
Introduction
Imagine standing on a city street corner. You might be struck by movement everywhere as cars and people
go about their business, by the sound of a street musician’s melody or a horn honking in the distance,
by the smell of exhaust fumes or of food being sold by a nearby vendor, and by the sensation of hard
pavement under your feet.
We rely on our sensory systems to provide important information about our surroundings. We use this
information to successfully navigate and interact with our environment so that we can find nourishment,
seek shelter, maintain social relationships, and avoid potentially dangerous situations.
This chapter will provide an overview of how sensory information is received and processed by the
nervous system and how that affects our conscious experience of the world. We begin by learning the
distinction between sensation and perception. Then we consider the physical properties of light and sound
stimuli, along with an overview of the basic structure and function of the major sensory systems. The
chapter will close with a discussion of a historically important theory of perception called Gestalt.
Chapter 5 | Sensation and Perception 149
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Distinguish between sensation and perception
• Describe the concepts of absolute threshold and difference threshold
• Discuss the roles attention, motivation, and sensory adaptation play in perception
SENSATION
What does it mean to sense something? Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific
types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For
example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These
cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials (as you learned when studying biopsychology), to
the central nervous system. The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as
transduction.
You have probably known since elementary school that we have five senses: vision, hearing (audition),
smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). It turns out that this notion of five
senses is oversimplified. We also have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the
vestibular sense), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and
temperature (thermoception).
The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an absolute threshold.
Absolute threshol.
Chapter 5Sensation and PerceptionFigure 5.1 If you wer.docx
Chapter 5
Sensation and Perception
Figure 5.1 If you were standing in the midst of this street scene, you would be absorbing and processing numerous
pieces of sensory input. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)
Chapter Outline
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
5.2 Waves and Wavelengths
5.3 Vision
5.4 Hearing
5.5 The Other Senses
5.6 Gestalt Principles of Perception
Introduction
Imagine standing on a city street corner. You might be struck by movement everywhere as cars and people
go about their business, by the sound of a street musician’s melody or a horn honking in the distance,
by the smell of exhaust fumes or of food being sold by a nearby vendor, and by the sensation of hard
pavement under your feet.
We rely on our sensory systems to provide important information about our surroundings. We use this
information to successfully navigate and interact with our environment so that we can find nourishment,
seek shelter, maintain social relationships, and avoid potentially dangerous situations.
This chapter will provide an overview of how sensory information is received and processed by the
nervous system and how that affects our conscious experience of the world. We begin by learning the
distinction between sensation and perception. Then we consider the physical properties of light and sound
stimuli, along with an overview of the basic structure and function of the major sensory systems. The
chapter will close with a discussion of a historically important theory of perception called Gestalt.
Chapter 5 | Sensation and Perception 149
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Distinguish between sensation and perception
• Describe the concepts of absolute threshold and difference threshold
• Discuss the roles attention, motivation, and sensory adaptation play in perception
SENSATION
What does it mean to sense something? Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific
types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For
example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These
cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials (as you learned when studying biopsychology), to
the central nervous system. The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as
transduction.
You have probably known since elementary school that we have five senses: vision, hearing (audition),
smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). It turns out that this notion of five
senses is oversimplified. We also have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the
vestibular sense), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and
temperature (thermoception).
The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an absolute threshold.
Absolute threshol ...
HUMAN SENSORY ORGANS
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PSYCH1_Chapter6_SensationAndPerception_Group4 (1).pptx
Student Powerpoint PSYCH 1 Introduction in Psychology
Please answer a total of 3 questions for this assignment. Select.docx
Please answer a total of 3 questions for this assignment. Select a question to answer for each of the sections below (Movement, Cycles and Rhythm, Visual System and Auditory System).
1.
Movement, Cycles and Rhythms
The control of movement is often divided into mechanisms of reflexes and of voluntary movement.
What is a reflex? It is a stereotyped, automatic movement evoked by a specific stimulus. It is uniform across members of a species. Some examples in humans are the patellar or kneejerk reflex, the salivary reflex, the orienting reflex, and the pupillary reflex.
In reviewing the reflex arc, pay special attention to proprioception, muscle spindles, the stretch reflex, and primary motor cortex. (Prof. Suzuki also discusses the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, but in another lecture that I have not assigned.)
Further, let's think about the cycles in our behavior. They are ancient and varied. We certainly inherited them from species that evolved earlier than we did.
We harbor a number of rhythms. Generally, we have cellular cycles that augment the day-night rhythm to regulate our behavioral cycles. There are possibly very long cycles that govern our evolution. Men and women both run on cycles, though with differences. But do our cycles still make biological sense?
Questions
(
answer one only
)
1) Can you point to any movements that do not involve reflexes--or some reflexes that do not involve movement?
2) Sleep is tied to recovery of normal function and memory formation. Why does it make sense, then, to stop for sleep just because the sun sets? Why not sleep just whenever we have a backlog of memories to form or we're under stress or sick? Does the wide variation in our daily experience require such an extreme regularity of sleep regulation? Since we don't learn or exercise the same amount each day, why do we nevertheless sleep the same amount? A number of possible answers are given in the first 10 minutes of this fascinating podcast but offer your own insights as well.
3) Furthermore, women show more pronounced cycles in sex hormones than men do, including menstrual cycles and a rather imprecise biological clock with a different origin. Is this an evolutionary leftover, no longer necessary or helpful for humans? Would you want the equivalent of a birth control pill for all of our cycles?
2.
Visual System
It’s easy to get swamped in detail about the visual system. (This animation may help.)
Videos 10 and 11 discuss the visual pathways that originate in the retina and “ascend” to the visual cortex via the thalamus.
In this week’s resources the retina is revealed as more than a screen for images. Light falls on different classes of photoreceptors, rods and cones, which organize light stimulation according to their pigments by intensity and wavelength. From the duplex nature of the retina there arises a tradeoff between greater acuity in the center and greater sensitivity in the periphery. The output of the retina ...
The vestibular system is the part of the inner ear that helps us m.docx
The vestibular system is the part of the inner ear that helps us maintain our balance and sense of head orientation and movement. It's as old as the cochlea in evolutionary time. The systems are highly similar. In both, hair cells transduce motion into nerve
signals, but the vestibular system senses much slower vibrations of just a few Hz in contrast to the cochlea's 20 to 20,000 Hz.
The cochlea, on the right hand of the picture, gives us our sense of hearing. The three semicircular canals of the vestibular apparatus, on the left, are fluid-filled tunnels in the skullbone. Each semicircular canal contains hair cells in the bulge at its base, the ampulla. Because the semicircular canals on each side of the head are oriented roughly at right angles to each other, they signal head movement no matter how we move.
The utricle and saccule sense static head position. They contain particles of calcium carbonate that pull on hair cells. The hairs in the utricle are vertical, while those of the saccule are horizontal; thus the organ can tell you the angle of the head in geometric coordinates! If one of the bony particles, called otoconia, should slip out of position you may experience a form of dizziness when you bend over that is called benign paraoxysmal positional vertigo (sometimes the "paraoxysmal" is left out). A doctor will tell you how to bend your head to reposition the otoconia and return to normal or it may slip back on its own in a few months. You can find more about vertigo here.
Understanding the vestibular part of the inner ear helps to explain why we get so dizzy when we spin, a joy that diminishes with age. If you are a parent of toddlers, know that when you reach middle age they will be just the age to delight in carnival rides, and of course you will be invited to join them after a large, greasy lunch. A noble calling, parenthood.
We judge motion by comparing what the eyes see with what the vestibular organs sense about our body movement. If the vestibular apparatus says that we're not moving, then any movement sensed by the eyes must be outside the body. (The brain discounts the appearance of movement caused by eye movement itself.) Then the brain tells the eyes just how to move to keep track of the moving object. If we're moving and the world is moving, too, we need to keep track of the objects while adjusting for our body's movement. The eyes and the semicircular canals have to work together on this. However, if you twirl around and set the fluid of one or two pairs of the semicircular canals into motion and then stop suddenly, you fool the brain into thinking the world is spinning. The reason is that the vestibular fluid is moving as though you're moving, so the eyes are moved to track objects.
This eye movement, called nystagmus, makes the world seem to spin. You can produce the same effect by drinking alcohol, which lowers the specific gravity of the fluid of the semicircular canals and stimulates the vestibular hair ce ...
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Fetal pain and implications for research and practiceBesides using the certificates, suggest alternate method to avoid th.pdf
Besides using the certificates, suggest alternate method to avoid the man-in-the-middle attack in
key exchange between Alice and Bob.
Solution
In cryptography and computer security, a man-in-the-middle attack (often abbreviated MitM,
MiM attack, MitMA or the same using all capital letters) is an attack where the attacker secretly
relays and possibly alters the communication between two parties who believe they are directly
communicating with each other. A man-in-the-middle attack can be used against many
cryptographic protocols. One example of man-in-the-middle attacks is active eavesdropping, in
which the attacker makes independent connections with the victims and relays messages between
them to make them believe they are talking directly to each other over a private connection,
when in fact the entire conversation is controlled by the attacker. The attacker must be able to
intercept all relevant messages passing between the two victims and inject new ones. This is
straightforward in many circumstances; for example, an attacker within reception range of an
unencrypted Wi-Fi wireless access point can insert himself as a man-in-the-middle.
As an attack that aims at circumventing mutual authentication, or lack thereof, a man-in-the-
middle attack can succeed only when the attacker can impersonate each endpoint to their
satisfaction as expected from the legitimate other end. Most cryptographic protocols include
some form of endpoint authentication specifically to prevent MITM attacks. For example, TLS
can authenticate one or both parties using a mutually trusted certificate authority
Suppose Alice wishes to communicate with Bob. Meanwhile, Mallory wishes to intercept the
conversation to eavesdrop and optionally to deliver a false message to Bob.
First, Alice asks Bob for his public key. If Bob sends his public key to Alice, but Mallory is able
to intercept it, a man-in-the-middle attack can begin. Mallory sends a forged message to Alice
that purports to come from Bob, but instead includes Mallory\'s public key.
Alice, believing this public key to be Bob\'s, encrypts her message with Mallory\'s key and sends
the enciphered message back to Bob. Mallory again intercepts, deciphers the message using her
private key, possibly alters it if she wants, and re-enciphers it using the public key Bob originally
sent to Alice. When Bob receives the newly enciphered message, he believes it came from Alice.
1. Alice sends a message to Bob, which is intercepted by Mallory:
Alice \"Hi Bob, it\'s Alice. Give me your key.\" Mallory Bob
2. Mallory relays this message to Bob; Bob cannot tell it is not really from Alice:
Alice Mallory \"Hi Bob, it\'s Alice. Give me your key.\" Bob
3. Bob responds with his encryption key:
Alice Mallory [Bob\'s key] Bob
4. Mallory replaces Bob\'s key with her own, and relays this to Alice, claiming that it is Bob\'s
key:
Alice [Mallory\'s key] Mallory Bob
5. Alice encrypts a message with what she believes to be Bob\'s key, thinking tha.
X mun( oomiB9@@e SolutionAnswerThe image represents the.pdf
X mun( oomiB9@@e
Solution
Answer:
The image represents the heart, the aorta and pulmonary vein have been labeled.
The function of aorta and pulmonary vein have been discussed below:
Aorta:
The artery is the main artery of the body. It begins at the top of the left ventricle of the heart. The
aortic valve opens and close in response to each heart beat to facilitate unidirectional flow of
blood.
Structurally, it consists of 3 layers: intima (inner layer), media (middle layer) and advetitia (outer
layer)
The main function of aorta is carrying oxygen rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
Pulmonary vein:
These are large blood vessels that receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and drains the
oxygenated blood into the laft atrium of the heart.
The structure of pulmonary have consists of the same 3 layers found in arteries, i.e, tunica
externa/advetitia (thick layer of connective tissue), tunica media (smooth muscles) and tunica
intima (endothelial cells). They contain valves to facilitate unidirectional blood flow..
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HUMAN SENSORY ORGANS
Sense organs are the specialized organs composed of sensory neurons, which help us to perceive and respond to our surroundings.
PSYCH1_Chapter6_SensationAndPerception_Group4 (1).pptx
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Please answer a total of 3 questions for this assignment. Select.docx
Please answer a total of 3 questions for this assignment. Select a question to answer for each of the sections below (Movement, Cycles and Rhythm, Visual System and Auditory System).
1.
Movement, Cycles and Rhythms
The control of movement is often divided into mechanisms of reflexes and of voluntary movement.
What is a reflex? It is a stereotyped, automatic movement evoked by a specific stimulus. It is uniform across members of a species. Some examples in humans are the patellar or kneejerk reflex, the salivary reflex, the orienting reflex, and the pupillary reflex.
In reviewing the reflex arc, pay special attention to proprioception, muscle spindles, the stretch reflex, and primary motor cortex. (Prof. Suzuki also discusses the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, but in another lecture that I have not assigned.)
Further, let's think about the cycles in our behavior. They are ancient and varied. We certainly inherited them from species that evolved earlier than we did.
We harbor a number of rhythms. Generally, we have cellular cycles that augment the day-night rhythm to regulate our behavioral cycles. There are possibly very long cycles that govern our evolution. Men and women both run on cycles, though with differences. But do our cycles still make biological sense?
Questions
(
answer one only
)
1) Can you point to any movements that do not involve reflexes--or some reflexes that do not involve movement?
2) Sleep is tied to recovery of normal function and memory formation. Why does it make sense, then, to stop for sleep just because the sun sets? Why not sleep just whenever we have a backlog of memories to form or we're under stress or sick? Does the wide variation in our daily experience require such an extreme regularity of sleep regulation? Since we don't learn or exercise the same amount each day, why do we nevertheless sleep the same amount? A number of possible answers are given in the first 10 minutes of this fascinating podcast but offer your own insights as well.
3) Furthermore, women show more pronounced cycles in sex hormones than men do, including menstrual cycles and a rather imprecise biological clock with a different origin. Is this an evolutionary leftover, no longer necessary or helpful for humans? Would you want the equivalent of a birth control pill for all of our cycles?
2.
Visual System
It’s easy to get swamped in detail about the visual system. (This animation may help.)
Videos 10 and 11 discuss the visual pathways that originate in the retina and “ascend” to the visual cortex via the thalamus.
In this week’s resources the retina is revealed as more than a screen for images. Light falls on different classes of photoreceptors, rods and cones, which organize light stimulation according to their pigments by intensity and wavelength. From the duplex nature of the retina there arises a tradeoff between greater acuity in the center and greater sensitivity in the periphery. The output of the retina ...
The vestibular system is the part of the inner ear that helps us m.docx
The vestibular system is the part of the inner ear that helps us maintain our balance and sense of head orientation and movement. It's as old as the cochlea in evolutionary time. The systems are highly similar. In both, hair cells transduce motion into nerve
signals, but the vestibular system senses much slower vibrations of just a few Hz in contrast to the cochlea's 20 to 20,000 Hz.
The cochlea, on the right hand of the picture, gives us our sense of hearing. The three semicircular canals of the vestibular apparatus, on the left, are fluid-filled tunnels in the skullbone. Each semicircular canal contains hair cells in the bulge at its base, the ampulla. Because the semicircular canals on each side of the head are oriented roughly at right angles to each other, they signal head movement no matter how we move.
The utricle and saccule sense static head position. They contain particles of calcium carbonate that pull on hair cells. The hairs in the utricle are vertical, while those of the saccule are horizontal; thus the organ can tell you the angle of the head in geometric coordinates! If one of the bony particles, called otoconia, should slip out of position you may experience a form of dizziness when you bend over that is called benign paraoxysmal positional vertigo (sometimes the "paraoxysmal" is left out). A doctor will tell you how to bend your head to reposition the otoconia and return to normal or it may slip back on its own in a few months. You can find more about vertigo here.
Understanding the vestibular part of the inner ear helps to explain why we get so dizzy when we spin, a joy that diminishes with age. If you are a parent of toddlers, know that when you reach middle age they will be just the age to delight in carnival rides, and of course you will be invited to join them after a large, greasy lunch. A noble calling, parenthood.
We judge motion by comparing what the eyes see with what the vestibular organs sense about our body movement. If the vestibular apparatus says that we're not moving, then any movement sensed by the eyes must be outside the body. (The brain discounts the appearance of movement caused by eye movement itself.) Then the brain tells the eyes just how to move to keep track of the moving object. If we're moving and the world is moving, too, we need to keep track of the objects while adjusting for our body's movement. The eyes and the semicircular canals have to work together on this. However, if you twirl around and set the fluid of one or two pairs of the semicircular canals into motion and then stop suddenly, you fool the brain into thinking the world is spinning. The reason is that the vestibular fluid is moving as though you're moving, so the eyes are moved to track objects.
This eye movement, called nystagmus, makes the world seem to spin. You can produce the same effect by drinking alcohol, which lowers the specific gravity of the fluid of the semicircular canals and stimulates the vestibular hair ce ...
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Besides using the certificates, suggest alternate method to avoid th.pdf
Besides using the certificates, suggest alternate method to avoid the man-in-the-middle attack in
key exchange between Alice and Bob.
Solution
In cryptography and computer security, a man-in-the-middle attack (often abbreviated MitM,
MiM attack, MitMA or the same using all capital letters) is an attack where the attacker secretly
relays and possibly alters the communication between two parties who believe they are directly
communicating with each other. A man-in-the-middle attack can be used against many
cryptographic protocols. One example of man-in-the-middle attacks is active eavesdropping, in
which the attacker makes independent connections with the victims and relays messages between
them to make them believe they are talking directly to each other over a private connection,
when in fact the entire conversation is controlled by the attacker. The attacker must be able to
intercept all relevant messages passing between the two victims and inject new ones. This is
straightforward in many circumstances; for example, an attacker within reception range of an
unencrypted Wi-Fi wireless access point can insert himself as a man-in-the-middle.
As an attack that aims at circumventing mutual authentication, or lack thereof, a man-in-the-
middle attack can succeed only when the attacker can impersonate each endpoint to their
satisfaction as expected from the legitimate other end. Most cryptographic protocols include
some form of endpoint authentication specifically to prevent MITM attacks. For example, TLS
can authenticate one or both parties using a mutually trusted certificate authority
Suppose Alice wishes to communicate with Bob. Meanwhile, Mallory wishes to intercept the
conversation to eavesdrop and optionally to deliver a false message to Bob.
First, Alice asks Bob for his public key. If Bob sends his public key to Alice, but Mallory is able
to intercept it, a man-in-the-middle attack can begin. Mallory sends a forged message to Alice
that purports to come from Bob, but instead includes Mallory\'s public key.
Alice, believing this public key to be Bob\'s, encrypts her message with Mallory\'s key and sends
the enciphered message back to Bob. Mallory again intercepts, deciphers the message using her
private key, possibly alters it if she wants, and re-enciphers it using the public key Bob originally
sent to Alice. When Bob receives the newly enciphered message, he believes it came from Alice.
1. Alice sends a message to Bob, which is intercepted by Mallory:
Alice \"Hi Bob, it\'s Alice. Give me your key.\" Mallory Bob
2. Mallory relays this message to Bob; Bob cannot tell it is not really from Alice:
Alice Mallory \"Hi Bob, it\'s Alice. Give me your key.\" Bob
3. Bob responds with his encryption key:
Alice Mallory [Bob\'s key] Bob
4. Mallory replaces Bob\'s key with her own, and relays this to Alice, claiming that it is Bob\'s
key:
Alice [Mallory\'s key] Mallory Bob
5. Alice encrypts a message with what she believes to be Bob\'s key, thinking tha.
X mun( oomiB9@@e SolutionAnswerThe image represents the.pdf
X mun( oomiB9@@e
Solution
Answer:
The image represents the heart, the aorta and pulmonary vein have been labeled.
The function of aorta and pulmonary vein have been discussed below:
Aorta:
The artery is the main artery of the body. It begins at the top of the left ventricle of the heart. The
aortic valve opens and close in response to each heart beat to facilitate unidirectional flow of
blood.
Structurally, it consists of 3 layers: intima (inner layer), media (middle layer) and advetitia (outer
layer)
The main function of aorta is carrying oxygen rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
Pulmonary vein:
These are large blood vessels that receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and drains the
oxygenated blood into the laft atrium of the heart.
The structure of pulmonary have consists of the same 3 layers found in arteries, i.e, tunica
externa/advetitia (thick layer of connective tissue), tunica media (smooth muscles) and tunica
intima (endothelial cells). They contain valves to facilitate unidirectional blood flow..
Which of these is not a way for a cell to obtain nutrients and other.pdf
Which of these is not a way for a cell to obtain nutrients and other molecules from its
extracellular environment Pinocytosis Facilitated diffusion Active transport None of these
Solution
Answer:
None of these.
All the mentioned process involves in obataining the nutrients and other molecules from its
extracellular environment, so the answer is none of these..
Which of the following is not a contribution of Robert Koch and his .pdf
Which of the following is not a contribution of Robert Koch and his associates?
A. Safe drinking water
B. Size exclusion filters
C. Semi-solid media and pure culture
D. Sterilization of medical equipment
E. Mycobacterium as the causative agent of tuberculosis
Solution
A. Safe drinking water ----> A contribution of Robert Koch
B. Size exclusion filters ----> Not a contribution of Robert Koch
C. Semi-solid media and pure culture ----> A contribution of Robert Koch
D. Sterilization of medical equipment ----> A contribution of Robert Koch
E. Mycobacterium as the causative agent of tuberculosis ----> A contribution of Robert Koch
Koch’s postulations (by Robert Koch) are the criteria developed to establish between the
microbe and disease. His concept of “one microbe, one disease” became most famous during the
19th century.
Robert Koch played a key role in understanding the mechanism of spread of diseases,
particularly, the communicable diseases. His postulations are very helpful in controlling the
spread of communicable disease and in the identification of causative organism..
When RNA from a specific strain of TMV is mixed with coat protein fro.pdf
When RNA from a specific strain of TMV is mixed with coat protein from the same strain,
infectious virions are formed Select all that apply. It self-assembles spontaneously without the
input of energy or information A hybrid virus is also avirulent Its DNA is completely covered
with a coat protein All necessary information is present in the DNA All necessary information
is present in the RNA and/or pretoms. All necessary protein units are present
Solution
The correct options are it self-assembles spontaneously without the input of energy or
information and All necessary information is present in the RNA and/or proteins.
TMV virions self-assemble spontaneously without the input of energy or information and all the
information, which are required to direct their assembly that already present in RNA and/or
proteins..
What are the sources of Ductility for structures What is more du.pdf
What are the sources of Ductility for structures? What is more ductile indeterminate or
determinate structures?
What are the sources of Ductility for structures? What is more ductile indeterminate or
determinate structures?
Solution
Ductility is a measure of a material\'s ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before
rupture, which may be expressed as percent elongation or percent area reduction from a tensile
test
Sources of Ductility for structures
High degrees of ductility occur due to metallic bonds, which are found predominantly in metals
and leads to the common perception that metals are ductile in general. In metallic bonds valence
shell electrons are delocalized and shared between many atoms. The delocalized electrons allow
metal atoms to slide past one another without being subjected to strong repulsive forces that
would cause other materials to shatter.
Statically indeterminate structures are over-restrained in the sense that there are more force
unknowns than available equilibrium equations. This situation happens when:
In other words, Indeterminate structures have more members and/or support reactions than
required for static stability.
The advantages of statically indeterminate structures over determinate structures include the
following:
Therefore,determinate structures is more ductile..
What are some examples of self love in Pride and PrejudiceSolut.pdf
What are some examples of self love in Pride and Prejudice?
Solution
1. Mr. Darcy exhibites \"self love\" when he selflessly pays the dowry for Elizabeth\'s sister so
that she could marry Mr. Wickham and save the Bennett family\'s reputation. Additionally Mr.
Darcy endeavors to keep his good deed a secret. 2. Elizabeth Bennett too exhibites \"self love\"
when she fiercely defends her family to Mr. Darcy when he asks her to marry him (the first time)
and then strongly crtizeses Elizabeth\'s family\'s economic situation and social standing. Her
family values and pride run so strong that she gives up complete financial security to defend her
family..
Using the phylogenetic tree shown, state the basal taxon Using the p.pdf
Using the phylogenetic tree shown, state the basal taxon Using the phylogenetic tree shown
state the shared ancestral character for the entire group except for the lancelet State the number
of monophyletic groups in the phylogenetic tree shown above Using the phylogenetic tree
shown, which of the following represents a paraphyletic group Turtle + Leopard + common
ancestor that possessed an amniotic egg Turtle + Leopard + Salamander + common ancestor that
possessed four walking legs Salamander + Turtle + common ancestor that possessed four
walking legs Salamander + Turtle + Leopard + Tuna + common ancestor that possessed hinged
jaws All of the species combined (except for the Lancelet) + common ancestor that possessed a
vertebral column What general affect do mutations have on organisms Mutations are generally
positive or neutral and rarely negative Mutations are generally negative or positive; rarely neutral
Mutations really don\'t have a pattern Mutations are almost always positive, rarely neutral or
negative, e Mutations are generally either neutral or negative, rarely positive Which of the
following may be defined as \"the ability to survive and reproduce\" and is measured on a scale
that goes from 0-1 Fitness Adaptation Survivability Allele frequency Selectivity One of the
spider species I work on is in the genus \"liocranids\" and the species name is \"unicolor.\" State
the appropriate binomial for this species
Solution
Qn 3 Lancelet
Qn 4 The shared ancestral character for the entire group except Lancelet is that they all have
backbone or vertebral column.
Qn 5 There is just one monophyletic group in this. It is Salamander, turtle and leopard.
Qn 6 Option d
Qn 7 Option e Mutations are generally either neutral or negative, rarely positive.
Qn 8 Option a The ability to survive and reproduce is called
fitness.
Qn 9 Binomial name is Liocranoides unicolor..
Use attached Table A-2 for Normal Distribution to find the critical .pdf
Use attached Table A-2 for Normal Distribution to find the critical z value for Right-Tailed test
with significance level = 0.10.
Solution
Follow the steps:
1. Subtract alpha from 0.05 (given, right tailed test). 0.5-0.15=0.35.
2. In the z table find z score corresponding to 0.35. It is 1.04 (Look at area mean and z)..
Based on the data provided through the U.S. Department of the Treasu.pdf
Based on the data provided through the U.S. Department of the Treasury, is the public debt of the
U.S. government increasing or decreasing? What impact will this trend have on the budget of the
federal government and on the U.S. economy as a whole? PLEASE BE SPECIFIC
Solution
As per the data provided or accessed through the US Department of the Treasury, the public debt
of US government is increasing.
For instance, total public debt of US government in 2012 was $15.5 trillion which increased to
$18.2 trillion in 2015 and is expected to increase to $20.6 trillion in 2019.
Rising public debt of US government implies rising debt-servicing obligations of the US
government.
In other words, interest payment obligations of US government will rise.
With US economy, still, not fully recovered from 2007-2009 recession and government spending
already on a high, this increase in interest payments or debt servicing obligations will keep the
budget of federal government in deficit in coming time period as well.
This deficit will induce the US government to borrow more. This will displace the private
borrowings and there by private investment. If government utilizes the additional borrowings for
productive purposes then loss due to displacement of private investment can be minimized and
US economy as a whole will grow.
However, as stated above, rising public debt indicates that interest payment obligations will also
rise. Interest payments are generally non-developmental in nature. So, good part of additional
borrowings will go towards such endeavors and this coupled with displacement of private
borrowings and investment will slow down the growth of US economy..
Trace the major historical developments of hospitals in the United S.pdf
Trace the major historical developments of hospitals in the United States.
Identify the major historical events of hospitals in a country outside of the United States.
Compare and contrast the history of both countries\' hospitals, and discuss which one you feel
has evolved to more effectively provide patient care.
Be sure to provide rationale for your choice of which hospital more effectively provides care.
Solution
Hospitals in the United States emerged in some institutions such as nursing homes giving health
care to poor patients, these institutions could be run by charities and gave care to poor patients,
leprosy patients and retirees, the care was always marginal case and those patients seeking
admission had to prove his moral worth or find a benefactor as well. At the beginning of the 19th
century and for much of the next century many Americans received medical care at home
mostly, as surgical procedures, births and disease treatments. Most of these people belonged to a
rural society and rarely had the opportunity to visit a hospital. Galbraith, (2006)
Charitabletraditionsso rootedin thehealth systemandled to the
developmentmunicipalitiesrequiredcommunity effortto accommodatepatientswith chronic
diseasesanddisabilitiesstripped. In 1736theyfounded acharitablenursinghomeinNewYorkwith
asix-bedroom; thisalmshouselater becameBellevueHospital. That sameyear wasatCharity
HospitalinNewOrleans. In1829 hefounded thehospitalin Tennesseecurrently
theRegionalMedicalCenteratMemphisand also theoldesthospital. Somepowerful institutionsand
multifacetedmunicipalitieswere foundedinthat year. Althoughthe homesfor elderly
peoplewerethe rootsofAmerica\'s hospitals during thecivilwararoundthe 1960s, there were
hospitalswithdoctors, nurses, professional andspecialized departmentsas well
asdifferenttypesofservices. Dueto social developmentafter theCivil War, the industrial
revolution, immigration andadvances in medicine, the development ofhospitalsin the
UnitedStatesincreased. In the early stageandhalf decadesof the 19th centurywasa period
of\"therapeutic pessimism\" wheredoctors could notadequately treatseriousdiseases. Inthe 1880sit
was discoveredtheasepsisand openednew horizonsfor surgery, also began the bacteriological
revolution, medicine grew, gained respectdoctorsand hospitalsbecame therepresentationof
optimismand authority ofphysicians. Galbraith, (2006)
Today everyhospitalhas itsown tracesandtheir own history,theCambridgeHealth
AllianceinMassachusettsfoundedin 1996, for example, hasrootsinSomervilleHospitalfoundedin
1891,WhiddenHospital(1897)andCambridgeHospital(1917).Another
exampleofKansasUniversityHospitalcurrent, which is due toKansasUniversity School of
Medicine(1880)andBellHospitalEleanorTaylor(1906). Once established
andstaffedbytraineddoctorsand nurses, hospitalsbothpublic andnonprofithospitals, became the
keyto expandthe medical culture. In1920sthehospitalwas wherepeoplehadthe hope thathis
illnesswas treatedand even cured, thenonprofitinstitut.
The role of Ca2+ in the control of muscle contraction is to1. caus.pdf
The role of Ca2+ in the control of muscle contraction is to
1. cause depolarization of the T tubule system.
2. initiate changes in protein conformation that expose myosin-binding sites on actin.
3. change the conformation of myosin heads, thus causing microfilaments to slide past each
other.
Solution
Answer 2. initiate changes in protein conformation that expose myosin-binding sites on actin.
The outflow of calcium allows the myosin heads access to the actin cross-bridge binding sites,
permitting muscle contraction..
The following data. recorded in days, represent the length of time to.pdf
The following data. recorded in days, represent the length of time to recovery for patients
randomly treated with one of two medications to clear lip severe bladder infections. Assume that
the data come from normal populations with equal variance. Test the hypothesis that the two
population means are the same against the alternative that the first mean is smaller. Use 5% and
1% significance levels.
Solution
H0= The 2 population means are the same.
H1= The first mean is smaller.
Suppose that A and B are in DSPACE(n). Prove that the following lang.pdf
Suppose that A and B are in DSPACE(n). Prove that the following languages are also in
DSPACE(n):
AB,AB,AB
Solution
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
if(a[i]>0)
if(d[i]>0)
printf(\" + \");
else if(d[i]<0)
printf(\" - \");
else
printf(\" \");
printf(\"%dx^%d\",d[i],i-1);
}
getch();
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
typedef struct polynomial Polynomial;
void init_poly(Polynomial *p)
void print_poly(Polynomial *p)
p->coefficient[p->order--] = 0;
}
void r_print_differential_poly(Polynomial *p)
}
int main(void).
Some new protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP) version 6 are not .pdf
Some new protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP) version 6 are not including any kind of error
detection scheme on the data portion of the packet. What significance does this trend indicate
Solution
To some degree, the protocols are relying on the better transmission qualities of modern media,
such as fibre-optic cable. Also the protocols are relying on higher layer protocols to take care of
error detection and correction.
Selection of favorite fruits and responses of orange, grape, apple, .pdf
Selection of favorite fruits and responses of orange, grape, apple, kiwi or other many were
recorded are
1- Probability distribution
2- Binomial distribution
3- Poisson distribution
4- none
Solution
In the probability distribution probability is associated with each possible outcome of the random
variable. So it is not a probability distribution. Since Binomial and Poisson distribution also
probability distribution so it is not binomial and Poisson. Hence, option 4 is correct..
RNA and DNA differRNA and DNA differE-All of these are correct..pdf
RNA and DNA differ
RNA and DNA differ
E-All of these are correct.
which one is it? i was thinking all but i cant tell nucleosides from nucleotides and if that is
differentA-in that RNA contains ribose and DNA contains deoxyribose.B-in that RNA contains
nucleosides and DNA contains nucleotides.C-in that RNA contains uracil and DNA contains
thymine.D-in that RNA contains ribose and uracil, and DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine.
E-All of these are correct.
which one is it? i was thinking all but i cant tell nucleosides from nucleotides and if that is
different
Solution
D-in that RNA contains ribose and uracil, and DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine.
RNA contains sugar ribose while as DNA contains deoxyribose. RNA contains Uracil instead of
thymine which is found in DNA..
Propose a pathway(s) to explain how the ectoderm and the notochord b.pdf
Propose a pathway(s) to explain how the ectoderm and the notochord block the ability of the
endoderm to express liver-specific genes during liver formation.
Solution
Some endodermal cells lie in the yolk sac of the cell, a subset of which move forward for the
formation of the liver. Fox-A proteins are responsible for the expression of liver-specific genes It
is the thickening of the intestinal rod tissues that is formed from the ectoderm that blocks the
formation of inner organ tissue at the initial stage. Morphogenesis takes place to facilitate gene
expression in the liver. The amniotes hhex and prox1 are responsible for liver gene expression.
The loss of hhex can retard the formation of liver reduce its size.
The mutants from the notochord block the endoderm to express liver-specific at the early stage
liver formation..
Potassium has one electron in its outer shell. Which of the followin.pdf
Potassium has one electron in its outer shell. Which of the following is most likely?
1. It will become positively charged
2. It will become negatively charged
3. It will form a covalent bond
4. None of these is likely to happen, it’s stable as is
Solution
presence of one valence electron in the valence shell the potassium is monovalent and have
positive charge. sodium and potassium metals in general donot form covalent bonds..
please use poisson probabilities. Chicago Tribune-Julius Peppers 1.pdf
please use poisson probabilities. Chicago Tribune-Julius Peppers 13 a deserving candidate for
SFL defensive player of the year But you can make a strong case that Brian Urlacher has been al
least as valuable to the Bear s According to coaches\' statistics. Urlacher accounted for 14
percent of the term\'s tackles this season. compared with 5 percent for Peppers, Of course,
Urlacher is supposed to make more tackles because of his position. Peppers is supposed to make
more impact plays. and he has But Urlacher has mode a lot as well In the 2011 season ( 16
games). Brian Urlacher made 102 tackles. Out of those 102 tackles. 84 were solo tackles while
the remaining 18 were assisted tackles.
Solution.
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Besides using the certificates, suggest alternate method to avoid th.pdf
Besides using the certificates, suggest alternate method to avoid th.pdf
X mun( oomiB9@@e SolutionAnswerThe image represents the.pdf
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Which of these is not a way for a cell to obtain nutrients and other.pdf
Which of these is not a way for a cell to obtain nutrients and other.pdf
Which of the following is not a contribution of Robert Koch and his .pdf
Which of the following is not a contribution of Robert Koch and his .pdf
When RNA from a specific strain of TMV is mixed with coat protein fro.pdf
When RNA from a specific strain of TMV is mixed with coat protein fro.pdf
What are the sources of Ductility for structures What is more du.pdf
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What are some examples of self love in Pride and PrejudiceSolut.pdf
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Using the phylogenetic tree shown, state the basal taxon Using the p.pdf
Using the phylogenetic tree shown, state the basal taxon Using the p.pdf
Use attached Table A-2 for Normal Distribution to find the critical .pdf
Use attached Table A-2 for Normal Distribution to find the critical .pdf
Based on the data provided through the U.S. Department of the Treasu.pdf
Based on the data provided through the U.S. Department of the Treasu.pdf
Trace the major historical developments of hospitals in the United S.pdf
Trace the major historical developments of hospitals in the United S.pdf
The role of Ca2+ in the control of muscle contraction is to1. caus.pdf
The role of Ca2+ in the control of muscle contraction is to1. caus.pdf
The following data. recorded in days, represent the length of time to.pdf
The following data. recorded in days, represent the length of time to.pdf
Suppose that A and B are in DSPACE(n). Prove that the following lang.pdf
Suppose that A and B are in DSPACE(n). Prove that the following lang.pdf
Some new protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP) version 6 are not .pdf
Some new protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP) version 6 are not .pdf
Selection of favorite fruits and responses of orange, grape, apple, .pdf
Selection of favorite fruits and responses of orange, grape, apple, .pdf
RNA and DNA differRNA and DNA differE-All of these are correct..pdf
RNA and DNA differRNA and DNA differE-All of these are correct..pdf
Propose a pathway(s) to explain how the ectoderm and the notochord b.pdf
Propose a pathway(s) to explain how the ectoderm and the notochord b.pdf
Potassium has one electron in its outer shell. Which of the followin.pdf
Potassium has one electron in its outer shell. Which of the followin.pdf
please use poisson probabilities. Chicago Tribune-Julius Peppers 1.pdf
please use poisson probabilities. Chicago Tribune-Julius Peppers 1.pdf
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Which of the following receptors is most likely to exhibit tonic adap.pdf
- 1. Which of the following receptors is most likely to exhibit tonic adaptation? olfactory nociceptors thermoreceptors pacinian gustatory True or False - Otoliths can only detect rotational acceleration, they cannot provide information about the relative position of the head in space True False Which membrane is responsible for our ability to detect pitch due to its structure of being narrow and stiff on one end and wide and flexible on the other? basilar membrane tympanic membrane tutorial membrane vestibular membrane The Insane Clown Posse Why do humans begin needing reading glasses around the age of 45? the zonular fibers attached to the lens lose their elasticity and can no longer flatten the lens as needed cone cells within the fovea begin dying off and cannot be replaced the lens becomes inflexible and can no longer get as spherical as needed to focus on nearby objects the lens becomes cloudy and no longer allows the proper amount of light through it parents just really want to embarrass their kids when they are ordering food in a public restaurant A person born with a mutation which prevented their body from making retinal would likely experience which of the following? they would suffer from myopia and only be able to see objects that were very to them they would not be able to transition from bright rooms to dark rooms as well as person with functional retinal would be able to they would have enhanced night vision because their retina would be unable to absorb excess light their photoreceptors would respond as if there were in constant bright light their photoreceptors would respond as if they were in constant darkness Solution 16. Tonic receptors adapt slowly to a stimulus and continue to produce action potentials over the duration of the stimulus. In this way it conveys information about the duration of the stimulus. In contrast, phasic receptors adapt rapidly to a stimulus. The response of the cell diminishes very quickly and then stops. It does not provide information on the duration of the stimulus. An example of a tonic receptor is pain receptor. Therefore option (b) nociceptors is most likely to exhibit tonic adaptation. Once it gets stimulated, it sends a signal along the nerves to the brain as long as the pain stimulus continues. Odor, touch, temperature, taste all are examples of phasic receptors. Pacinian corpuscles are sensitive to vibration and pressure and an example of phasic receptors. 17. The Vestibular system is the sensory system in mammals that provides the contribution to the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of balance and coordinated movement. The "Otolithic organs" in the human ear are the utricle and saccule. The Otolith organs sense gravity and linear acceleration such as from due to initiation of movement in a straight line. Persons or animals without otolith organs or defective otoliths have poorer abilities to sense motion as well as orientation to gravity.
- 2. The Otolith membrane serves to determine if the body or the head is tilted, in addition to the linear acceleration of the body. Therefore the option is b i.e. False. 18. Pitch is our perceptual perception of frequency. Option a is the correct answer as basiliar membrane helps in detection of pitch of sound due to its peculiar structure. It is moved by incoming sound waves and is essential for the sense of hearing. Hair cells (mechanoceptors) are present on the surface of basiliar membrane. Pitch discrimination results from the fact that the basilar membrane has different vibrational properties along its length, such that the base vibrates most strongly to high frequency sounds and the tip to low frequencies. The ear (auditory) canal directs the sound to the delicate eardrum (tympanic membrane), the boundary between external and middle ear. Tectorial membrane is present in the cochlea of the inner ear. Vestibular membrane separates cochlear duct from vestibular canal. 19. Option c is the correct answer. This condition, Presbyopia usually arises around age 40, when people experience blurred near vision while reading, sewing or working at the computer. This condition arises due to thickening and loss of flexibility of natural lens inside the eyes. 20. Option d is correct answer as mutation in retina leads to the death of photoreceptor rod cells which function in dim light. Therefore photoreceptor would respond as if they were in constant bright light.