A virtual knowledge session organized by the Fund Against Child Labour and KIT Royal Tropical Institute on 19 January 2021

1. Virtual Knowledge Session
Where do child labour and
living income intersect in the
cocoa sector?
Tuesday, 19 January 2021
Initiated by Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) / Fonds
Bestrijding Kinderarbeid (FBK) KIT Royal Tropical Institute

2. Welcome by Anne Kempers,
Dutch Fund against Child Labour (FBK)

3. Time Topic Speaker
15.00 –
15.10
Welcome and introduction Anne Kempers (FBK)
15.10 –
15.25
Cocoa sector transformation: Towards an
agricultural infrastructure effectively
addressing child labour and living income
Nico Roozen, Honorary President at Solidaridad Network
15.25 –
15.35
Can cash transfers help tackle child labour?
Megan Passey, Head of Knowledge and Learning at
International Cocoa Initiative
15.35 –
15.45
Child labour and living income, a perspective
of a development actor on the ground.
Emanuele Biraghi, Partnerships specialist at UNICEF –
Abidjan
15.45 –
15.50
Reflection on the presentations
Sophie De Coninck, ILO Specialist on Fundamental Principles
and Rights at Work in Abidjan
15.50 –
16.20
Q&A and discussion Facilitated by Anna Laven (KIT)
16.20 –
16.30
Next steps Anna Laven (KIT) and Anne Kempers (FBK)

4. FBK supports Dutch
companies to:
• Do research the root causes
of child labour in their
production chain;
• Take actions to prevent child
labour at a local level;
• Take measures to prevent
child labour in their
businesses.
• We can support with a
subsidy and a knowledge
project.
Child labour community app.
Interested? Send e-mail to
fbk@rvo.nl
Why? What’s in it for you?
• International entrepreneurs: insight into what
happens in the production chain: identify and
tackle
• Knowledge building, knowledge sharing,
network
• Breaking the taboo on child labor
• Contribution to the elimination of child labor
(SDG 8.7) for public and private parties

5. FBK cocoa projects
0
1
2
3
4
Aantal van Country
Country Districts/ region Applicant Partners Title Sector Intervention
Cameroon Centre (Obala, Bafia, Mbangasin
and Ntui), South (Sangmelima,
and Ebolowa), and South West
(Kumba, Munyenge, Bachuo and
Tombel)
Cargill Cocoa
& Chocolate
International Cocoa
Initiative
RB CLMRS CMR
(FBK19SO7AB)
Cocoa Risk-based CLMRS, targeted remediation
for child labour cases, income generating
activities
Ghana Ashanti Region Cocoanect
B.V.
Kokoo Pa,
Transroyal, CRI
Developing
VSLA+CHILD tool to
remediate child labour
in cocoa areas
(FBK18SO4B)
Cocoa VSLA+CHILD approach. based on the
VSLA+GALS concept (Village Savings and
Loan Associations + Gender Action
Learning System).
Ghana Bekwai Municipal, Bosome Freho,
Asene Manso Akroso, Birim
Central, Birim North, Kwahu West,
Asunafo North, Mpohor Wassa
East, Ahafo Ano North, Twifo
Lower Denkyira
Barry
Callebaut
Codesult Network,
Cocoa Horizons
Foundation,
Nyonkopa Cocoa
Buying Ltd, BC
Decorations
Community
Engagement for
Sustainable Elimination
of Child Labor
(FBK19S12B)
Cocoa CLMRS, empowerment of local
government structures (District Child
Protection Committees-DCPCs) and
linking them with the Community Child
Protection Committees (CCPCs)

6. FBK cocoa projects
Country Districts/ region Applicant Partners Title Sector Intervention
Ivory Coast Indenie-Djuablin, Loh-Djiboua,
Mé, San Pedro, Yamoussoukro
Unilever
Nederland BV
Rainforest Alliance,
Cargill
Cooperative-based
CLMRS to assess and
address child labour
(FBK19S06AB)
Cacao Joint operation of a CLMRS between
international and national supply chain
actors
Ivory CoastIvory Coast Barry
Callebaut
Barry Calleabut
Sourcing AG ,
Iternational cocoa
Initiative, Societe
Africaine de cacao
SA
Child labour Innovation
Models to Boost impact
(FBK20S07AB)
cacao en
chocolate
AI Child Labor Risk Model and list
experiments
Ivory CoastIvory Coast and Togo, Ivory coast:
Man, the Montagnes district,
western part of the country (supply
chain of APM). In Togo: Kpalimé
and Badou.
ETG
Commodities
B.V.
Oxfam Novib,
Beyond Beans,
Export Trading
Corporation Cote
d'Ivore SARL(ETC-
CI), Export
Trading Corporation
Togo AGRO SARL
(ETC Togo)
Revenu Vital contre le
Travail des Enfants
(REVITS) (FBK20S09AB)
Cacao develop of a Living Income monitoring
framework as a key predictor for child
labour
Nicaragua Nicaragua, El Tuma-La Dalia in the
Matagalpa department
Choxplore
A.K.A.
Mesjokke Or
The Chocolate
Explorers
Stichting Rainforest
Alliance, Cacao
Bisiesto, Caltrix,
Nicafrance
Digital innovation in
monitoring & tracing
(FBK19S08AB)
Cacao Development of an app to monitor and
remediate child labour

7. Could cash transfers
help tackle child
labour in cocoa?
Evidence and design
considerations
19 Jan 2021

8. © 2020 International Cocoa Initiative (ICI). All Rights Reserved.
When farmer incomes rise,
what happens to child labour?

9. The relationship between income
changes and child labour is complex
and the effects are not unidirectional.
?

10. © 2020 International Cocoa Initiative (ICI). All Rights Reserved.
Shocks causing an
unexpected rise in income
Policies and programmes to
increase household income
can cause increases or
decreases in child labour
cause mixed and nuanced
effects on child labour
Whenever the value of agricultural activities increases,
there is a risk that child labour will increase as well

11. © 2020 International Cocoa Initiative (ICI). All Rights Reserved.
unambiguous decreases in child work
decreases in work for some children, but not all
increases in child work
A review of evidence from 21 studies evaluating the causal impact
of cash transfers on child work in rural contexts shows:

12. Age: Cash transfers caused greater reductions in
work among older children, than younger ones.
Gender: Cash transfers caused greater reductions
in work for boys, than for girls.
Poverty: Cash transfers tend to cause greater reductions
in work for children from poorer families
Type of work: Cash transfers decrease paid work more
often than unpaid work, like chores or farm work.

13. © 2020 International Cocoa Initiative (ICI). All Rights Reserved.
Design considerations for a
cash transfer pilot in Ghana

14. Context
• Innovation pilot project, funded by
SECO and Nestlé
• Set-up of a new Child Labour
Monitoring & Remediation System
(CLMRS) in societies selling to ECOM in
Asunafo South and Suhum districts
• Aim to test feasibility and effectiveness
of cash transfers as a form of
‘remediation’, if possible through linking
to national LEAP programme

15. Amount: Should different households receive different
amounts of cash? If so, on what basis?
Regularity & duration: Lumpsum or smaller payments? How
often should transfers take place and when?
Recipient: would the gender of the recipient influence how the
transfer is spent?
Conditions: would adding conditions influence the way
cash is spent? If so, which? How to monitor compliance?

16. Measuring
the impact
Baseline prevalence survey
6 months of cash-transfers
for wave 1 (treatment group)
Endline prevalence survey
6 months of cash-transfers
for wave 2 (control group)
Comparison of
treatment and
control groups

17. Learnings to
date
• Linkages to national social protection
system (LEAP) abandoned, due to need
to align with existing targeting criteria
and national roll-out plans
• Farmer registration process revised at
coop level following name verification
exercise for cash transfer: agreement
to use only names on national IDs
• Farmers see cash transfer programme
as an incentive to sell to a certain
supplier: some farmers who had
previously left societies have returned

18. © 2020 International Cocoa Initiative (ICI). All Rights Reserved.
Thank you

19. © UNICEF/UN076661/Lister
Child labour and living income,
a perspective of a development
actor on the ground.
Emanuele Biraghi
Partnerships Specialist,
UNICEF Côte d’Ivoire,
19.01.2021

20. WHAT
HOW/
WHO

21. MONETARY
POVERTY
NON-MONETARY
POVERTY
INCOME
EXPENDITURE
ACCESS TO SOCIAL SERVICES (EDUCATION, HEALTH, ETC.)
FOOD SECURITY
COCOA
DIVERSIFICATION
SOCIAL COHESION (RISK OF SOCIAL CONFLICTS IMPACTING THE LIVING CONDITIONS OF
COMMUNITIES)
NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT

22. A CONCRETE EXAMPLE

23. Malaria and diarrhoea are key causes of illness and loss of
productivity and income [1].
Promote breastfeeding, ensure food security
throughout the year
Increasing access to safe drinking
water
Up to 2-3 hours per day spent fetching water; prevalence of
water quality-related parasitic diseases [3].
Underdevelopment of the brain and body due to stunted
growth is a lifelong loss of productivity [2].
Prevention and early treatment of malaria
and diarrhoea (e miner)
$
Reduce poverty in real terms
Increase productive time
Positive social externalities
Public-Private-Partnerships to drive people
productivity at scale through Health,
Nutrition, WASH interventions
$
• Poverty reduction
• Increase in productive time
• Indirect positive impact on child
labor
Interventions to boost farmers' productivity through
health, nutrition and water, sanitation and hygiene
(WASH) interventions
IMPROVE FARMER’S HEALTH TO REDUCE EXPENSES
AND DRIVE PRODUCTIVITY
23

24. WHAT
HOW/
WHO

25. STRENGHTEN NATIONAL SYSTEMS
SOCIAL PROTECTION
CHILD PROTECTION
CIVIL REGISTRATION
EDUCATION and PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

26. SOCIAL CENTERS AND SOCIAL WORKERS REFORM AS
KEY STRATEGY TO ADDRESS BOTH CHALLENGES
 Extension of universal health coverage
 Implementation of social safety nets
 operationalization of the single social registry
 Operationalization of quality child protection
services, including referral of women,
adolescents, vulnerable children to basic social
services and professional integration
RISK to have private interventions
replacing / weakening national systems
Joint advocacy + initial contribution

27. SECTOR-WIDE SUSTAINABILITY + INDIVIDUAL
COMPANIES CONTRIBUTION (FAIR SHARE)
Several actors are completely missing from
sustainability conversations (smaller
companies, local players, etc.)
Distinctions among DIRECT and INDIRECT supply chain
risk to drive focus away from the most vulnerable
situations (people in classified forests, unorganized
farmers, etc.)

28. AREA BASED APPROACH IN PRIORITY AREAS
(OR LANDSCAPE APPROACH)

29. PREVENTION, PREVENTION, PREVENTION

30. Questions… for you:
1. What needs to be true for a company to contribute to national system
strengthening?
Can legislations in importing countries (EU) create enabling conditions for this
to happen?
(e.g. framing systems building contributions as a form of compliance with
HRDD/UNGPs)
2. Would it be possible to set “fair share” criteria (e.g. based on volume, value,
etc.) to allow all businesses supporting a broader sector-wide sustainability
plan (aligned with National development plan)?
3. What is your current vision to address the issues of living income and child
labour in the indirect supply chain?

31. © UNICEF/UN0214033/Asselin
Thank You

32. Discussion

33. Final remarks and next steps
• Reflections from Rogier Verschoor (DISCO
Working group Living Income)
• Reflections from Anne Kempers (DISCO
Working Group Child Labour & FBK)
- Stay connected:
- Questions? contact Fonds Bestrijding
Kinderarbeid – FBK, FBK@rvo.nl
- Join the child labour community app
- Read the Digital Digest of this webinar