What is the difference between common stock and preferred stock?
Financial statement
M. Awais Sandhu
University of agriculture Fsd
MBA 3.5y
03007271202
The document defines a company and its key characteristics such as being an artificial legal person, limited liability, transferable shares, and perpetual existence. It discusses types of shares such as equity and preference shares. The capital structure of a company is explained including authorized, issued, subscribed, called up, and paid up capital. The process of issuing shares including prospectus, application, allotment, and calls is described. Journal entries are provided to record the issue of shares.
Corporations often have two types of stocks: common and preferred. There are both advantages and disadvantages to each. Let’s say you have $10,000 to invest in a corporation that issues both common and preferred stock. Your main goal is to maximize the amount of dividends received. Which of the types of stock would you invest in? Explain your answer.
The document provides an overview of derivatives markets, including the key terms and participants. It discusses how derivatives help transfer and hedge risks, facilitate price discovery, and catalyze economic activity. The main types of derivatives are forwards, futures, swaps, and options. Forwards and swaps are over-the-counter derivatives privately negotiated between parties, while futures and options are exchange-traded standardized contracts. Hedgers use derivatives to offset price risks, while speculators and arbitrageurs take positions to profit from price movements.
This document compares and contrasts money markets and capital markets. It defines money markets as markets for short-term debt instruments with maturities of 1 year or less, like treasury bills and commercial paper, while capital markets deal in longer term securities like stocks, bonds and debentures. Key differences include money markets focusing on liquidity and short-term borrowing needs, while capital markets help raise long term financing for businesses and infrastructure. Risk is also generally lower in money markets due to shorter durations, while returns are higher in capital markets. Both play important roles in channeling funds between lenders and borrowers in an economy.
Financial markets facilitate the buying and selling of financial instruments between savers and investors. They act as intermediaries that allow households to deposit surplus funds with banks or purchase securities from businesses, and allow businesses to access funds from households. Financial markets have several key functions, including mobilizing savings, facilitating price discovery, providing liquidity to financial assets, and reducing transaction costs. The major financial markets in India are the money market, stock market, and bond market. The money market deals in short-term debt instruments with maturities of up to one year and includes sub-markets for call money, treasury bills, commercial paper, and certificates of deposit.
This document provides an overview of Islamic modes of financing, including rental-based (ijara), participatory (mudarabah, musharakah), and trade-based (murabahah, musawamah, salam, istisna) modes. It discusses the definitions, key terms, and conditions for each type of financing arrangement. The document is presented to Dr. Saqib Sharif by Hira Ali, Durriya Hai, and Tehzeeb Tariq on the topic of Islamic modes of financing for managers.
The document discusses financial assets, money, and the role they play in the financial system. It describes how the financial system allows savings to be transformed into investment by connecting those with loanable funds to borrowers. Financial assets are claims against income or wealth that are usually represented by certificates and related to lending. They are sought after for future returns and as a store of value. The financial system provides an essential channel for the creation and exchange of financial assets between savers and borrowers to acquire real assets and accelerate economic growth.
The document discusses Musharakah, which is an Islamic financing structure based on profit-and-loss sharing partnership. It defines Musharakah and various types of Shirkah (partnership). It also describes how Musharakah works as a financing model, including diminishing Musharakah. The key differences between interest-based financing and Musharakah are that Musharakah shares profits and losses between partners according to contribution ratios, while interest guarantees a fixed return. The document proposes using market prices and rental data rather than interest rates to determine profit rates for Musharakah financing.
The document defines a company and its key characteristics such as being an artificial legal person, limited liability, transferable shares, and perpetual existence. It discusses types of shares such as equity and preference shares. The capital structure of a company is explained including authorized, issued, subscribed, called up, and paid up capital. The process of issuing shares including prospectus, application, allotment, and calls is described. Journal entries are provided to record the issue of shares.
Corporations often have two types of stocks: common and preferred. There are both advantages and disadvantages to each. Let’s say you have $10,000 to invest in a corporation that issues both common and preferred stock. Your main goal is to maximize the amount of dividends received. Which of the types of stock would you invest in? Explain your answer.
The document provides an overview of derivatives markets, including the key terms and participants. It discusses how derivatives help transfer and hedge risks, facilitate price discovery, and catalyze economic activity. The main types of derivatives are forwards, futures, swaps, and options. Forwards and swaps are over-the-counter derivatives privately negotiated between parties, while futures and options are exchange-traded standardized contracts. Hedgers use derivatives to offset price risks, while speculators and arbitrageurs take positions to profit from price movements.
This document compares and contrasts money markets and capital markets. It defines money markets as markets for short-term debt instruments with maturities of 1 year or less, like treasury bills and commercial paper, while capital markets deal in longer term securities like stocks, bonds and debentures. Key differences include money markets focusing on liquidity and short-term borrowing needs, while capital markets help raise long term financing for businesses and infrastructure. Risk is also generally lower in money markets due to shorter durations, while returns are higher in capital markets. Both play important roles in channeling funds between lenders and borrowers in an economy.
Financial markets facilitate the buying and selling of financial instruments between savers and investors. They act as intermediaries that allow households to deposit surplus funds with banks or purchase securities from businesses, and allow businesses to access funds from households. Financial markets have several key functions, including mobilizing savings, facilitating price discovery, providing liquidity to financial assets, and reducing transaction costs. The major financial markets in India are the money market, stock market, and bond market. The money market deals in short-term debt instruments with maturities of up to one year and includes sub-markets for call money, treasury bills, commercial paper, and certificates of deposit.
This document provides an overview of Islamic modes of financing, including rental-based (ijara), participatory (mudarabah, musharakah), and trade-based (murabahah, musawamah, salam, istisna) modes. It discusses the definitions, key terms, and conditions for each type of financing arrangement. The document is presented to Dr. Saqib Sharif by Hira Ali, Durriya Hai, and Tehzeeb Tariq on the topic of Islamic modes of financing for managers.
The document discusses financial assets, money, and the role they play in the financial system. It describes how the financial system allows savings to be transformed into investment by connecting those with loanable funds to borrowers. Financial assets are claims against income or wealth that are usually represented by certificates and related to lending. They are sought after for future returns and as a store of value. The financial system provides an essential channel for the creation and exchange of financial assets between savers and borrowers to acquire real assets and accelerate economic growth.
The document discusses Musharakah, which is an Islamic financing structure based on profit-and-loss sharing partnership. It defines Musharakah and various types of Shirkah (partnership). It also describes how Musharakah works as a financing model, including diminishing Musharakah. The key differences between interest-based financing and Musharakah are that Musharakah shares profits and losses between partners according to contribution ratios, while interest guarantees a fixed return. The document proposes using market prices and rental data rather than interest rates to determine profit rates for Musharakah financing.
The document discusses what investment is, why one should invest, when to start investing, and where to invest. It outlines various financial assets for short-term and long-term investment options such as stocks, mutual funds, bonds, debentures, and more. It also discusses stock exchanges, equity shares, debt instruments, securities, primary and secondary markets, and types of share issues.
Financial Markets - Money market-Organized and Unorganized-Sub markets
Capital market- Primary market-IPO-FPO- NFO, Book Building-Right Issue-Private placement- Bonus issue-Buyback
Secondary Market-Stock exchanges- Role and functions of Stock Exchanges- BSE-NSE.
Regulatory authorities and their functions – RBI, SEBI
The presentation slide is on stock valuation. We have tried to present the various techniques to stock valuation under which different methods are discussed with illustrations. Key concepts:
Zero Growth Model
Balance sheet Technique
Constant Growth Model
Two-stage growth Model
Feel Free to comment.
The financial system of a country is crucial to its economic development by providing necessary financial inputs. It consists of institutions that mobilize savings from surplus units and transfer them to deficit units through financial markets and services. Financial markets can be classified as money markets which deal in short term assets, and capital markets which include primary markets for new securities and secondary markets for existing securities. Together these markets and their instruments such as shares, bonds, and deposits help circulate funds in an economy.
This document discusses capital structure and financing decisions for businesses. It defines capital structure as the composition of a company's long-term capital, including debt and equity. The capital structure determines how a company finances its assets through different sources of funds. The document lists several factors that influence a company's capital structure decision, such as financial leverage, risk, growth opportunities, and costs of financing. It also describes different methods for evaluating capital budgeting proposals, such as net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period.
Financial services refer to services provided by the finance industry, such as banks, credit card companies, insurance companies, brokerages, and investment funds. There are two main types of financial services - fund or asset-based services, and fee-based services. Fund-based services involve raising funds through deposits, debt, or equity and investing those funds by lending or purchasing securities. These include services like leasing, housing finance, credit cards, venture capital, factoring, forfeiting, and bill discounting. Fee-based services involve earning income through fees, commissions, or brokerage on services like issue management, advisory, credit ratings, mutual funds, securitization, and stock broking.
A bond is a (written and signed promise) debt investment in which an investor loans money to an entity (typically corporate or governmental) which borrows the funds for a defined period of time at a variable or fixed interest rate (Coupon Rate).
The document discusses the Islamic capital market in Malaysia. It provides context on how the market functions in accordance with Shariah principles, prohibiting activities like riba (usury), maisir (gambling), and gharar (ambiguity). It then outlines some key components of the Islamic capital market, including various capital market products available for Muslim investors and the criteria for Shariah-compliant securities listed on Bursa Malaysia.
Descriptions and explanation of all types of derivative instruments to trade with on the capital market.
http://www.koffeefinancial.com/Static/Learn.aspx
The document discusses various topics related to bond valuation including:
1) It defines key bond terminology such as par value, coupon rate, yield to maturity, and duration.
2) It explains how bond prices are affected by changes in market interest rates and how the yield to maturity is calculated.
3) It describes the different types of risks that bondholders face, such as interest rate risk, reinvestment risk, and default risk.
Long term financing involves raising funds for periods of 7 years or more, typically to finance fixed assets or permanent working capital needs. Common sources of long term financing include equity such as common stock or preferred stock, as well as debt instruments like bonds or bank loans. The costs of these various long term financing options must be calculated, taking into account factors like interest rates, dividend yields, maturity periods, tax rates, and flotation costs. The appropriate price or value is then determined for equity and debt instruments based on these cost of capital calculations and future cash flow expectations.
This document defines and categorizes different types of financial intermediaries. It discusses insurance companies, mutual funds, non-banking finance companies, investment brokers, investment bankers, escrow companies, pension funds, and collective investment schemes. The main advantages of using financial intermediaries are that they help reduce costs compared to direct lending/borrowing, and help reconcile the conflicting needs of lenders and borrowers to prevent market failure. Financial intermediaries play a vital role in bringing together those with surplus funds to lend and those with shortage of funds to borrow.
The document provides an overview of Islamic banking concepts and practices. It defines Islamic banking as a system based on Islamic law that follows the rules of Fiqh Muamalat. The key practices discussed include Murabahah, Mudarabah, Musharakah, Ijarah, Istisna, and Qard which are based on trade, equity participation and service. The document also contrasts Islamic and conventional banking, highlighting that Islamic banking prohibits interest and involves profit and loss sharing.
This deck consists of total of seventy slides. It has PPT slides highlighting important topics of Investment Portfolio Management Power Point Presentation Slides . This deck comprises of amazing visuals with thoroughly researched content. Each template is well crafted and designed by our PowerPoint experts. Our designers have included all the necessary PowerPoint layouts in this deck. From icons to graphs, this PPT deck has it all. The best part is that these templates are easily customizable. Just click the DOWNLOAD button shown below. Edit the colour, text, font size, add or delete the content as per the requirement. Download this deck now and engage your audience with this ready made presentation.
This document discusses working capital management. It defines working capital as the current assets of a company, such as cash, inventory, and receivables. It also discusses current liabilities. The key points made are:
- Working capital refers to the capital required to meet short-term expenses like salaries and supplier payments. Proper management is important for business liquidity and efficiency.
- The three main approaches to financing working capital are: matching short-term assets with short-term debt (hedging approach), financing all working capital with long-term debt (conservative approach), and maximizing short-term debt usage (aggressive approach).
- Working capital management aims to balance liquidity, risk exposure
This document discusses the relationship between risk and return in investments. It defines total risk as the sum of systematic and unsystematic risk. Systematic risk stems from external market factors that affect all investments, while unsystematic risk is specific to a particular company. The expected return and risk of individual stocks varies, with higher risk investments generally offering higher returns. A portfolio combines multiple assets to reduce overall risk through diversification. The portfolio risk depends on the covariance and correlation between the individual assets' returns. Diversifying across assets with low correlation is an effective way to reduce risk.
Module iv fixed income securities finalSantu Mishra
Fixed income securities are investments that pay a fixed cash flow according to a predetermined schedule. The payments are known in advance unlike variable income securities where payments change. Popular types of fixed income securities include government securities, corporate bonds, treasury bills, and commercial paper. Treasury bills are short term securities issued by the government to finance short term needs. Corporate bonds are debt instruments issued by companies to raise funds and have various types that differ based on issuer, maturity, coupon paid, and redemption features. Fixed income securities provide stable returns compared to other asset classes but have lower liquidity and are sensitive to market interest rates.
This document discusses mudarabah agreements as a mode of Islamic financing. It defines mudarabah as a partnership where one partner provides capital and the other provides management and labor to invest in a business venture, with profits shared according to a predetermined ratio. It distinguishes mudarabah from musharakah, and outlines the types and conditions of mudarabah agreements, including distribution of profits and losses. It also discusses how mudarabah and musharakah can be combined or used to finance various transactions and projects.
Analysis & interpretation of financial statementsry_moore
This document discusses various methods for analyzing financial statements, including ratios to evaluate profitability, liquidity, and returns. It defines key ratios like stock turnover, gross/net profit percentages, current ratio, acid test ratio, and return on investment. These ratios are used to analyze aspects of the business like profit results, financial status, working capital, and mark-up/margin. Calculating and interpreting these ratios provides meaningful insights about the business's performance and financial health.
This document summarizes the key features of ordinary shares. Ordinary shareholders have a residual claim on the company's income and assets. They are entitled to any dividends declared after other financial obligations are met, but dividends are at the discretion of the board of directors and are not guaranteed. Ordinary shareholders also have voting rights that allow them to elect the board of directors and vote on major company decisions. Their shares represent ownership in the company but are also considered a risky investment due to uncertainty around dividends and potential for loss of investment value.
Financial management deals with planning and controlling a firm's financial resources. It involves three main functions: investment decisions, financing decisions, and dividend decisions. The investment decision involves deciding how funds should be allocated to long-term assets through capital budgeting and short-term assets through working capital management. The financing decision determines the optimal mix of debt and equity. The dividend decision establishes the portion of profits to distribute to shareholders versus retaining for reinvestment. The objectives of financial management are typically to maximize profits or shareholder wealth through efficient allocation of funds.
The document discusses what investment is, why one should invest, when to start investing, and where to invest. It outlines various financial assets for short-term and long-term investment options such as stocks, mutual funds, bonds, debentures, and more. It also discusses stock exchanges, equity shares, debt instruments, securities, primary and secondary markets, and types of share issues.
Financial Markets - Money market-Organized and Unorganized-Sub markets
Capital market- Primary market-IPO-FPO- NFO, Book Building-Right Issue-Private placement- Bonus issue-Buyback
Secondary Market-Stock exchanges- Role and functions of Stock Exchanges- BSE-NSE.
Regulatory authorities and their functions – RBI, SEBI
The presentation slide is on stock valuation. We have tried to present the various techniques to stock valuation under which different methods are discussed with illustrations. Key concepts:
Zero Growth Model
Balance sheet Technique
Constant Growth Model
Two-stage growth Model
Feel Free to comment.
The financial system of a country is crucial to its economic development by providing necessary financial inputs. It consists of institutions that mobilize savings from surplus units and transfer them to deficit units through financial markets and services. Financial markets can be classified as money markets which deal in short term assets, and capital markets which include primary markets for new securities and secondary markets for existing securities. Together these markets and their instruments such as shares, bonds, and deposits help circulate funds in an economy.
This document discusses capital structure and financing decisions for businesses. It defines capital structure as the composition of a company's long-term capital, including debt and equity. The capital structure determines how a company finances its assets through different sources of funds. The document lists several factors that influence a company's capital structure decision, such as financial leverage, risk, growth opportunities, and costs of financing. It also describes different methods for evaluating capital budgeting proposals, such as net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period.
Financial services refer to services provided by the finance industry, such as banks, credit card companies, insurance companies, brokerages, and investment funds. There are two main types of financial services - fund or asset-based services, and fee-based services. Fund-based services involve raising funds through deposits, debt, or equity and investing those funds by lending or purchasing securities. These include services like leasing, housing finance, credit cards, venture capital, factoring, forfeiting, and bill discounting. Fee-based services involve earning income through fees, commissions, or brokerage on services like issue management, advisory, credit ratings, mutual funds, securitization, and stock broking.
A bond is a (written and signed promise) debt investment in which an investor loans money to an entity (typically corporate or governmental) which borrows the funds for a defined period of time at a variable or fixed interest rate (Coupon Rate).
The document discusses the Islamic capital market in Malaysia. It provides context on how the market functions in accordance with Shariah principles, prohibiting activities like riba (usury), maisir (gambling), and gharar (ambiguity). It then outlines some key components of the Islamic capital market, including various capital market products available for Muslim investors and the criteria for Shariah-compliant securities listed on Bursa Malaysia.
Descriptions and explanation of all types of derivative instruments to trade with on the capital market.
http://www.koffeefinancial.com/Static/Learn.aspx
The document discusses various topics related to bond valuation including:
1) It defines key bond terminology such as par value, coupon rate, yield to maturity, and duration.
2) It explains how bond prices are affected by changes in market interest rates and how the yield to maturity is calculated.
3) It describes the different types of risks that bondholders face, such as interest rate risk, reinvestment risk, and default risk.
Long term financing involves raising funds for periods of 7 years or more, typically to finance fixed assets or permanent working capital needs. Common sources of long term financing include equity such as common stock or preferred stock, as well as debt instruments like bonds or bank loans. The costs of these various long term financing options must be calculated, taking into account factors like interest rates, dividend yields, maturity periods, tax rates, and flotation costs. The appropriate price or value is then determined for equity and debt instruments based on these cost of capital calculations and future cash flow expectations.
This document defines and categorizes different types of financial intermediaries. It discusses insurance companies, mutual funds, non-banking finance companies, investment brokers, investment bankers, escrow companies, pension funds, and collective investment schemes. The main advantages of using financial intermediaries are that they help reduce costs compared to direct lending/borrowing, and help reconcile the conflicting needs of lenders and borrowers to prevent market failure. Financial intermediaries play a vital role in bringing together those with surplus funds to lend and those with shortage of funds to borrow.
The document provides an overview of Islamic banking concepts and practices. It defines Islamic banking as a system based on Islamic law that follows the rules of Fiqh Muamalat. The key practices discussed include Murabahah, Mudarabah, Musharakah, Ijarah, Istisna, and Qard which are based on trade, equity participation and service. The document also contrasts Islamic and conventional banking, highlighting that Islamic banking prohibits interest and involves profit and loss sharing.
This deck consists of total of seventy slides. It has PPT slides highlighting important topics of Investment Portfolio Management Power Point Presentation Slides . This deck comprises of amazing visuals with thoroughly researched content. Each template is well crafted and designed by our PowerPoint experts. Our designers have included all the necessary PowerPoint layouts in this deck. From icons to graphs, this PPT deck has it all. The best part is that these templates are easily customizable. Just click the DOWNLOAD button shown below. Edit the colour, text, font size, add or delete the content as per the requirement. Download this deck now and engage your audience with this ready made presentation.
This document discusses working capital management. It defines working capital as the current assets of a company, such as cash, inventory, and receivables. It also discusses current liabilities. The key points made are:
- Working capital refers to the capital required to meet short-term expenses like salaries and supplier payments. Proper management is important for business liquidity and efficiency.
- The three main approaches to financing working capital are: matching short-term assets with short-term debt (hedging approach), financing all working capital with long-term debt (conservative approach), and maximizing short-term debt usage (aggressive approach).
- Working capital management aims to balance liquidity, risk exposure
This document discusses the relationship between risk and return in investments. It defines total risk as the sum of systematic and unsystematic risk. Systematic risk stems from external market factors that affect all investments, while unsystematic risk is specific to a particular company. The expected return and risk of individual stocks varies, with higher risk investments generally offering higher returns. A portfolio combines multiple assets to reduce overall risk through diversification. The portfolio risk depends on the covariance and correlation between the individual assets' returns. Diversifying across assets with low correlation is an effective way to reduce risk.
Module iv fixed income securities finalSantu Mishra
Fixed income securities are investments that pay a fixed cash flow according to a predetermined schedule. The payments are known in advance unlike variable income securities where payments change. Popular types of fixed income securities include government securities, corporate bonds, treasury bills, and commercial paper. Treasury bills are short term securities issued by the government to finance short term needs. Corporate bonds are debt instruments issued by companies to raise funds and have various types that differ based on issuer, maturity, coupon paid, and redemption features. Fixed income securities provide stable returns compared to other asset classes but have lower liquidity and are sensitive to market interest rates.
This document discusses mudarabah agreements as a mode of Islamic financing. It defines mudarabah as a partnership where one partner provides capital and the other provides management and labor to invest in a business venture, with profits shared according to a predetermined ratio. It distinguishes mudarabah from musharakah, and outlines the types and conditions of mudarabah agreements, including distribution of profits and losses. It also discusses how mudarabah and musharakah can be combined or used to finance various transactions and projects.
Analysis & interpretation of financial statementsry_moore
This document discusses various methods for analyzing financial statements, including ratios to evaluate profitability, liquidity, and returns. It defines key ratios like stock turnover, gross/net profit percentages, current ratio, acid test ratio, and return on investment. These ratios are used to analyze aspects of the business like profit results, financial status, working capital, and mark-up/margin. Calculating and interpreting these ratios provides meaningful insights about the business's performance and financial health.
This document summarizes the key features of ordinary shares. Ordinary shareholders have a residual claim on the company's income and assets. They are entitled to any dividends declared after other financial obligations are met, but dividends are at the discretion of the board of directors and are not guaranteed. Ordinary shareholders also have voting rights that allow them to elect the board of directors and vote on major company decisions. Their shares represent ownership in the company but are also considered a risky investment due to uncertainty around dividends and potential for loss of investment value.
Financial management deals with planning and controlling a firm's financial resources. It involves three main functions: investment decisions, financing decisions, and dividend decisions. The investment decision involves deciding how funds should be allocated to long-term assets through capital budgeting and short-term assets through working capital management. The financing decision determines the optimal mix of debt and equity. The dividend decision establishes the portion of profits to distribute to shareholders versus retaining for reinvestment. The objectives of financial management are typically to maximize profits or shareholder wealth through efficient allocation of funds.
The document discusses the role of managerial finance. It defines finance and outlines career opportunities in both financial services and managerial finance. Managerial finance concerns the duties of a financial manager in a business, including actively managing financial affairs. The document also discusses legal forms of business organization like sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. It emphasizes that the primary goal of finance is to maximize shareholder wealth by increasing share price through actions that benefit shareholders.
This document introduces corporate finance and the goals of corporate firms. It discusses three key questions corporate finance addresses: what investments a firm should engage in, how to raise money for investments, and how much cash is needed for short-term obligations. It also summarizes different business forms, the balance sheet model, and how debt and equity are contingent claims on firm value. Finally, it discusses traditional and alternative views on corporate goals, including profit maximization, earnings per share, and shareholder wealth maximization.
This chapter introduces corporate finance and the goals of corporate firms. It discusses the balance sheet model of the firm and how corporate finance addresses what investments firms should make, how to raise capital for investments, and how much cash is needed. It also covers different forms of business organization, the role of financial markets, and contrasts debt and equity as contingent claims on firm value.
Changes in shareholder equity can impact a company's performance and market value. Shareholder equity represents the total value of assets owned by shareholders and is calculated by subtracting total liabilities from total assets. An increase in shareholder equity is generally positive as it may result from reduced debt, increased assets or profits. However, the specific reasons for changes are important to understand. Shareholders play important roles in company financing, governance, and control. National Bank of Pakistan is a major Pakistani bank with a goal to enhance profitability and maximize shareholder value.
BUSINESS FINANCE SLIDES.pptxehhdhrhrhdhdhADNANSHEIKH87
The document provides information on various topics related to finance including:
1. Course content covers financial statements, time value of money, valuation, investment criteria, capital structure, risk and return.
2. Business finance refers to capital required to start and run a business which can be obtained through debt or equity financing.
3. Financial management involves planning, directing, monitoring financial resources to achieve objectives like adequate returns and safety of investment.
The document discusses various aspects of financial management including its definition, scope, traditional and modern approaches, functions, objectives, and sources of finance. Specifically, it defines financial management as dealing with planning and controlling a firm's financial resources. It also discusses the functions of investment, financing, and dividend decisions and how financial management aims to maximize profit and shareholder wealth.
The document defines financial management and discusses its scope and functions. Under the traditional approach, the scope of finance is restricted to procuring funds, while the modern approach covers both acquiring and allocating funds efficiently. The key functions of financial management are investment decisions, financing decisions, and dividend decisions. Investment decisions involve capital budgeting and working capital management. Financing decisions determine the optimal debt-equity ratio. Dividend decisions balance paying dividends to shareholders with retaining profits for reinvestment.
The document discusses key concepts related to financial reporting including:
1) Financial reporting provides formal records of a company's financial activities primarily for external users like shareholders and internal users like management. Annual reports contain key documents like directors reports and financial statements.
2) There are various forms of business organization but joint stock companies have features like limited liability, transferable shares, and elected management through directors.
3) The objective of financial reporting is to provide useful information to investors and creditors to make decisions about providing resources to an entity. Reports are limited and users need other sources of information as well.
It is an endeavour to provide literature to UGC NET aspirants in commerce. This pdf contains the notes of Sources of Finance from the Unit 4 - Business Finance.
Corporate financial reporting and features by hilal mir ktb.HILAL AHMAD MIR
Corporate finance involves the financing required to operate a corporation or business. It includes raising capital through various means like loans, equity shares, debentures, and deposits. The funds are then utilized to finance assets and meet working capital needs. Corporate financial reporting provides key financial information to stakeholders through reports like the income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and notes on financial policies. These reports show the company's profits/losses, financial position, cash flows, and explanatory details to help investors make informed decisions.
The document discusses the formation of a company, including the stages of formation and key documents involved. It provides details on:
- The four main stages of company formation: promotion, incorporation, raising share capital, and obtaining a certificate of commencement.
- Key documents in the formation process, including the memorandum of association, articles of association, and prospectus.
- Types of share capital a company can issue, such as preference shares and ordinary shares, and their different characteristics.
- Other topics covered include sources of company finance, underwriting commissions, and distinctions between the memorandum and articles of association.
The document provides an overview of corporate finance and discusses key concepts such as:
1) Corporate finance deals with sources of funding, capital structure, and tools to allocate financial resources to increase shareholder value.
2) The main forms of business organization are sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. Most business is conducted through corporations.
3) Managers should pursue policies that maximize shareholder wealth and stock price through decisions impacting cash flows, timing of cash flows, and cash flow certainty.
Common stocks represent partial ownership in a company. Holders of common stock can vote on corporate policies and elect board members. In the event of liquidation, common stockholders are paid out after bondholders, preferred shareholders, and debtholders. A stock certificate provides legal documentation of stock ownership in a corporation. Voting shares give stockholders voting rights on corporate matters. There is typically a separation of ownership and control in corporations, with shareholders electing board members who oversee management.
This document appears to be a student project submitted to a professor. It includes:
1) An acknowledgements section thanking various people for their support and guidance during the project.
2) A certificate page certifying that the student completed the project work.
3) A declaration by the student that the work is their original research.
4) An abstract providing an overview of share capital terms like authorized capital, issued capital, subscribed capital, etc.
5) Several pages discussing topics related to types of share capital, preference shares, calculating shareholders' equity, and rules for altering share capital.
Financial magment- Comparative Study of Sources of Financepillai college
This document is a project report submitted by Sunita Kumari Yadav to the University of Mumbai for her Master of Commerce degree. The project compares the sources of finance for MTNL and Reliance Communication based on their 2011-12 balance sheets and profit/loss statements. It provides definitions and classifications of different types of short-term, long-term, and medium-term sources of finance including shares, debentures, retained earnings, and loans. The bulk of the document discusses various types of ownership securities and creditorship securities as sources of security finance for companies.
Similar to What is the difference between common stock and preferred stock? And Financial statement? (20)
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
5. “Common stock possesses the traditional right
of ownership voting right, participation in
dividends, and a residual claim to assets in
the event of liquidation.”
6. “Preferred stock generally has a dividend that
must be paid out before dividends to
common stockholders and the shares usually
do not have voting rights is called preferred
stock”.
7. Function
Voting right
Redemption
Kind
Face value
Convertibility
Cumulative dividend rights
Dividend
8. Preferred stock is designed to function
primarily as a fixed-income security.
Whereas common stock is usually considered
to be a vehicle for long-term growth that
often does not deliver a regular income
stream.
9. Common stock holders have a right of voting
on corporate policy.
Due to their preferential treatment they do
not have the voting rights that come with
common stock.
10. Common stockholder usually receive their
dividend after preferred shareholder.
Preferred shareholders also usually receive
their dividends before anything is paid to
common shareholders.
11. Common stock do not have cumulated
dividend rights
The dividend preference carried by most
preferred stocks is a cumulative one.
12. Common stock is not convertible into
debentures.
The preferred stock may be convertible into
share
13. The face value of common stock shares is
usually low than preferred share.
The face value of preferred share is usually
higher.
14. The share has one type equity shares now.
The preferred share have two are three
types.
15. The common share not redeemable during
the lifetime.
The preferred share is redeemable
stockholder demand.
16. The principal means of reporting general
purpose financial information to person
outside a business organization is a set of
accounting reports called financial
statement. The person receiving these
reports is termed the user of the financial
statement.
17. A set of financial statement consist of four
related accounting reports that summarize in
a few pages the financial recourse,
obligations, profitability and cash
transactions of a business
1. Balance Sheet
2. Income Statement
3. Statement of Owner’s Equity
4. Cash Flow Statement
18. A balance sheet showing at a specific date
the financial position of the company by
indicating the resource that it owns, the
debt that it owes and the amount of the
owner’s equity or investment in the business.
19. An income statement indicating the
profitability of the business over the
preceding year or the time period.
20. It’s explaining certain change in the amount
of the owner’s equity in the business. In
business which is organized as corporation
the statement of owner’s equity is replaced
by the statement of retained earnings.
21. A statement of cash flow summarizing the
cash receipts and cash payment of business
over the same time period covered by the
income statement.
22. I am inviting you to ask any question about
my topic?