The document discusses different perspectives on love from various authors. It explores the chemistry of falling in love, defining love, sustaining long-term relationships through intimacy, passion and commitment, and cross-cultural differences in views of romantic love and marriage. Stephen Levine identifies 9 nouns and 3 verbs to describe love and its stages throughout life. Staying in love requires competence, repairing problems, sharing inner selves, and putting partners' needs first through genuineness, overcoming narcissism, and negotiation.

1. Love
What is love?
How do you define it?

2. Love
Unconditional positive regard
However according to Levine
(2007) adult relationships are highly
conditional – we are constantly
being evaluated by our partners.

3. Falling in love - a grave mental
disease
Plato
Falling in love is a time when the
normal become psychotic
Freud
Cupid‟s arrow

4. Chemistry of falling in love
What are the physical reactions that can accompany „falling in
love‟?
„high‟ feeling – excitement, elation, giddiness
Cause – increased activity of neurotransmitters in brain
[norepinephrine, dopamine, esp. phenylethylamine (PEA)]
Plus endorphins (morphine like substances) - calming chemicals
Love „highs‟ do not last – usually 6-18 months – possibly
because body develops tolerance … romantic love is short
lived.
Withdrawal – loss of mood lifting chemicals – similar effects to
withdrawal of amphets and loss of „calming‟ endorphins –
dramatic breakups cause pain. Liebowitz (1983). Chemistry of love.

5. Words to describe falling in love
 Your words?  Earth shattering
 Trance
 Beguiling
 Amazed
 Exhilarated
 Sudden and intense
 Trepidation
 Struck by Cupid‟s arrow

6. Romantic love and marriage around the world
 Romantic love not only a European invention
(developed from the Medieval tradition of courtly
love).
 Romantic love - experienced in all
cultures, although valued differently between
cultures.
 The more individuals are autonomous (ie. free, not
bound by strict family or tribal ties), the more they
consider romantic love a requirement for selecting a
partner
 The more bound by family or tribal ties, the less
romantic love is considered a prerequisite.

7. Romantic love is …
Knee identifies five components of romantic love:
(1) the belief that love conquers all;
(2) the belief that each person has only one true love;
(3) the expectation that the beloved will live up to the
ideals of the lover;
(4) love at first sight is possible; and
(5) it is better to follow your heart than your head
when choosing a partner.
Knee (1998)

8. Intimacy, passion & commitment
Stenberg‟s model of love consists of
1. intimacy
2. passion
3. commitment.
Various types of love arise as each of these 3 components
is added into the mix.
These range from non-love (an absence of all 3) to
consummate love (the presence of all 3).
Sternberg (1988)

9. Falling in love - why and with
whom???
If you have ever been in love – what attracted you
to your partner?
PROXIMITY
SIMILARITY
RECIPROCITY – when we receive actions of
liking or loving, we tend to return the same
response (Curtis and Miller, 1988)
PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS

10. Essential qualities required to sustain a
positive relationship
 An understanding you are not always right.
 A willingness to live mainly in the present.
 Promotion of the other‟s well being and also your
own.
 Active cooperation with each other.
 A willingness to accept that one‟s partner is not
perfect.
Coates (1999)

11. To keep your marriage brimming,
With love in the marriage cup,
Whenever you're wrong,
admit it,
Whenever you're right,
shut up.
Ogden Nash, 1962

12. Stephen Levine –
Demystifying love
9 nouns of love
- all stages may be experienced throughout
adult life
- range of possibilities of meaning
Levine, S.B. (2007). Demystifying love. Plain talk for health professionals.
New York: Routledge.

13. Stephen Levine –
Demystifying love
1. Love is an idealised ambition
- to achieve a lasting state of interpersonal
harmony with another – eg. raise
children, successful career and enjoyment of life
- sexual pleasure and fidelity
- a comfortable sense of individuality and
couplehood
- assist us to mature and cope with life‟s demands
Levine, S.B. (2007). Demystifying love. Plain talk for health professionals. New York: Routledge.

14. Stephen Levine –
Demystifying love
2. Love is an arrangement – a deal
- what will the person bring to my life?
- carefully consider potential partner‟s assets
- exchanges of hopes, expectations and deals
- young people in their first relationships usually
don‟t think in these terms
Levine, S.B. (2007). Demystifying love. Plain talk for health professionals. New York: Routledge.

15. Stephen Levine –
Demystifying love
3. Love is an attachment
- after the deal comes the attachment
- weaving together
- sex facilitates this attachment
Levine, S.B. (2007). Demystifying love. Plain talk for health professionals. New York: Routledge.

16. Stephen Levine –
Demystifying love
4. Love is a moral commitment
- eg. a marriage or some sort of ceremony
- raises the bar of expectations
- people vary in how seriously they take their
vows – moral dilemma – guilt around eg.
infidelity, divorce
Levine, S.B. (2007). Demystifying love. Plain talk for health professionals. New York: Routledge.

17. Stephen Levine –
Demystifying love
5. Love is a management process
- love exists publicly AND in the privacy of each
partner‟s mind
- both positive and negative (and sometimes keep
the negative private)
- we protect them – our partner needs the illusion
that we don‟t struggle to love them
- HIS relationship/ HER relationship
Levine, S.B. (2007). Demystifying love. Plain talk for health professionals. New York: Routledge.

18. Stephen Levine –
Demystifying love
6. Love is a force of nature
- biology – eg. reproduction
- how individuals behave
- throughout the ever changing relationship
Levine, S.B. (2007). Demystifying love. Plain talk for health professionals. New York: Routledge.

19. Stephen Levine –
Demystifying love
7. Love is a transient emotional
state
- a number of feelings
- pleasure, interest and sexual arousal
Levine, S.B. (2007). Demystifying love. Plain talk for health professionals. New York: Routledge.

20. Stephen Levine –
Demystifying love
8. Love is an illusion
- we want to believe in the illusion
- internal processes to maintain the
relationship
- society and esp media simplifies love as
though everyone knows what love is
Levine, S.B. (2007). Demystifying love. Plain talk for health professionals. New York: Routledge.

21. Stephen Levine –
Demystifying love
9. Love as a stop sign
- why?
- linked to illusion – a defence against self
discovery
- to end the enquiry – “I love him/her”
Levine, S.B. (2007). Demystifying love. Plain talk for health professionals. New York: Routledge.

22. Stephen Levine –
Demystifying love
Verbs of love
- falling
- being
- staying
Levine, S.B. (2007). Demystifying love. Plain talk for health professionals. New York: Routledge.

23. Staying in love
- a study in adult maturation
- working through many challenges
- putting “money in the bank” – maintains
our idealised image of partner
- requires competence in the relationship
Levine, S.B. (2007). Demystifying love. Plain talk for health professionals. New York: Routledge.

24. Staying in love –
predictors (Gottman)
- ability to repair their relationship – de-escalation of
negative thoughts and positive regard for other
despite problems
- women‟s soft presentation of problem and men‟s
willingness to stay involved in the conversation
- men‟s ability to accept influence from their partner
- Humour – environment of positive emotions – good
for WHOLE family
Gottman, J.M. (1998). Psychology and the study of the marital process. Annual Review of
Psychology, 49., 169-197.

25. Staying in love –
3 more competencies
1. Genuineness – sharing our inner world with
the other (Fromm)
2. Overcoming narcissism – putting the needs
of the other (and children) at times ahead of
own needs
3. Negotiation and share decision making
Levine, S.B. (2007). Demystifying love. Plain talk for health professionals. New York: Routledge.

26. Assisting people to
stay in love - speaking
1. The capacity to know what one thinks and
feels
2. The willingness to explain it to another
3. The skill to express the feelings and the
ideas with words
Levine, S.B. (2007). Demystifying love. Plain talk for health professionals. New York: Routledge.

27. Assisting people to
stay in love - listening
1. An uncritical acceptance of what is said
2. An awareness of the importance of the
moment for the speaker
3. A grasp of what is being said
4. A sense of privilege that he/she is present to
hear what the speaker has to say
Levine, S.B. (2007). Demystifying love. Plain talk for health professionals. New York: Routledge.

28. Fair communication
1. No name calling
2. No threatening to leave, divorce or other
withdrawal strategy
3. No needless assaults on the other person‟s
vulnerability (vulnerabilities that they each
know so well)
Levine, S.B. (2007). Demystifying love. Plain talk for health professionals. New York: Routledge.

29. “If you were going to die soon and had only one
phone call you could make,
who would you call and what would
you say? …
And why are you waiting?”
Stephen Levine

30. Dido – Thank you (No Angel 2000)
My tea’s gone cold,
I’m wondering why I got out of bed at all
The morning rain clouds up my window
And I can’t see at all.
And even if I could it’d all be grey
But your picture on my wall
It reminds me that it’s not so bad
It’s not so bad.
I drank too much last night,
Got bills to pay,
My head just feels in pain
I missed the bus
And there’ll be hell today.
I’m late for work again
And even if I’m there
They’ll imply that I might not last the day.

31. And then you call me and it’s not so bad
It’s not that bad and …
I want to thank you
For giving me the best day of my life.
Oh just to be with you
Is having the best day of my life.
Push the door, I’m home at last
And I’m soaking through and through
Then you handed me a towel
And all I see is you.
And even if my house falls down now,
I wouldn’t have a clue
Because you’re near me and …
I just want to thank you….