Love is a complex human emotion with biological, psychological, and social components. Biologically, love involves chemical reactions in the brain that cause feelings of attraction, attachment, and pleasure. Psychologically, theories view love as involving intimacy, passion, commitment, and attachment styles. Culturally, different societies conceptualize stages of love. While love generally involves positive feelings, it can also involve pain through jealousy, addiction-like cravings, and other negative emotions when unreciprocated. Maintaining both passionate and compassionate forms of love provides the most fulfilling relationships.
Psychologis Robert Sternberg planned a three-sided hypothesis of Adoration and contended that affection has three unique parts: Intimacy,Commitment and Passion.Intimacy is a structure where two individuals share confidences and different subtleties of their own lives, and is generally displayed in fellowships and heartfelt love affairs.Commitment then again is the assumption that the relationship is extremely durable, and the last type of affection is physical allure and passion.Passionate love is displayed in fixation as well as heartfelt love. All types of affection are seen as shifting blends of these three parts. Non-love does exclude any of these parts. Preferring just incorporates closeness. Charmed love just incorporates energy. Void love just incorporates responsibility. Heartfelt love incorporates both closeness and enthusiasm. Companionate love incorporates closeness and responsibility. Inane love incorporates energy and responsibility. In conclusion, perfect love incorporates every one of the three parts.
American clinician Zick Rubin tried to characterize love by psychometrics during the 1970s. His work expresses that three variables comprise love: connection, mindful, and closeness.
Clinician Erich Fromm kept up with in his book The Craft of Cherishing that adoration isn't simply an inclination but on the other hand is activities, and that as a matter of fact, the "feeling" of adoration is shallow in contrast with one's obligation to cherish through a progression of adoring activities over the long run. In this sense, Fromm held that affection is eventually not an inclination by any means, yet rather is a pledge to, and adherence to, cherishing activities towards another, oneself, or numerous others, over a supported span. Fromm likewise depicted love as a cognizant decision that in its beginning phases could start as a compulsory inclination, however which afterward no longer relies upon those sentiments, yet rather relies just upon cognizant responsibility.
Surely love is affected by chemicals (like oxytocin), neurotrophins (like NGF), and pheromones, and what individuals think and act in adoration is meant for by their originations of adoration. The ordinary view in science is that there are two significant drives in adoration: physical allure and connection. Connection between grown-ups is attempted to deal with the very rules that lead a newborn child to become appended to its mom. The customary mental view views love similar to a mix of companionate love and enthusiastic love. Energetic love is deep yearning, and is many times joined by physiological excitement (windedness, fast pulse); companionate love is warmth and a sensation of closeness not joined by physiological excitement.
In her book, Why We Love: The Nature and Science of Heartfelt Love, Helen Fischer - - - an American Anthropologist, human conduct researcher, and driving Master on science of adoration and attraction. She recommended that mankind has developed t
In the tapestry of human emotions, love and hate stand as powerful pillars, driving our actions and shaping our relationships. These contrasting emotions have been explored throughout history in various art forms, philosophical discussions, and scientific studies. But which emotion truly reigns supreme? Join us on a captivating journey as we delve into the depths of love and hate, seeking to understand which one emerges as the strongest and most profound force in our lives.
Love and hate are two of the most powerful and complex emotions that humans experience. They often seem diametrically opposed, yet both have the capacity to drive individuals to extreme actions. Exploring the depths of these emotions reveals a fascinating interplay between passion, psychology, and societal influence.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Psychologis Robert Sternberg planned a three-sided hypothesis of Adoration and contended that affection has three unique parts: Intimacy,Commitment and Passion.Intimacy is a structure where two individuals share confidences and different subtleties of their own lives, and is generally displayed in fellowships and heartfelt love affairs.Commitment then again is the assumption that the relationship is extremely durable, and the last type of affection is physical allure and passion.Passionate love is displayed in fixation as well as heartfelt love. All types of affection are seen as shifting blends of these three parts. Non-love does exclude any of these parts. Preferring just incorporates closeness. Charmed love just incorporates energy. Void love just incorporates responsibility. Heartfelt love incorporates both closeness and enthusiasm. Companionate love incorporates closeness and responsibility. Inane love incorporates energy and responsibility. In conclusion, perfect love incorporates every one of the three parts.
American clinician Zick Rubin tried to characterize love by psychometrics during the 1970s. His work expresses that three variables comprise love: connection, mindful, and closeness.
Clinician Erich Fromm kept up with in his book The Craft of Cherishing that adoration isn't simply an inclination but on the other hand is activities, and that as a matter of fact, the "feeling" of adoration is shallow in contrast with one's obligation to cherish through a progression of adoring activities over the long run. In this sense, Fromm held that affection is eventually not an inclination by any means, yet rather is a pledge to, and adherence to, cherishing activities towards another, oneself, or numerous others, over a supported span. Fromm likewise depicted love as a cognizant decision that in its beginning phases could start as a compulsory inclination, however which afterward no longer relies upon those sentiments, yet rather relies just upon cognizant responsibility.
Surely love is affected by chemicals (like oxytocin), neurotrophins (like NGF), and pheromones, and what individuals think and act in adoration is meant for by their originations of adoration. The ordinary view in science is that there are two significant drives in adoration: physical allure and connection. Connection between grown-ups is attempted to deal with the very rules that lead a newborn child to become appended to its mom. The customary mental view views love similar to a mix of companionate love and enthusiastic love. Energetic love is deep yearning, and is many times joined by physiological excitement (windedness, fast pulse); companionate love is warmth and a sensation of closeness not joined by physiological excitement.
In her book, Why We Love: The Nature and Science of Heartfelt Love, Helen Fischer - - - an American Anthropologist, human conduct researcher, and driving Master on science of adoration and attraction. She recommended that mankind has developed t
In the tapestry of human emotions, love and hate stand as powerful pillars, driving our actions and shaping our relationships. These contrasting emotions have been explored throughout history in various art forms, philosophical discussions, and scientific studies. But which emotion truly reigns supreme? Join us on a captivating journey as we delve into the depths of love and hate, seeking to understand which one emerges as the strongest and most profound force in our lives.
Love and hate are two of the most powerful and complex emotions that humans experience. They often seem diametrically opposed, yet both have the capacity to drive individuals to extreme actions. Exploring the depths of these emotions reveals a fascinating interplay between passion, psychology, and societal influence.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...
Love
1. LOVE
“As humans, we too are seeking unity, and love is the word we
use for that search”
The science behind lust, attraction, and
companionship
What is Love?
2. “As humans, we too are seeking unity, and love is the word we use for that search”
Why do people fall in love? And why are some forms of love long-lasting while others are
so fleeting? Psychologists and researchers have proposed several different theories of
love to explain how it forms as well as how it endures.
Love is the emotional excitement (or some might say stress) that raises the
body’s cortisol levels, causing a racing heart, butterflies in our stomach, and
inconveniently sweaty palms. Other chemicals in play are oxytocin, which
deepens feelings of attachment, and vasopressin, which has been linked to trust,
empathy, and sexual monogamy.
Love is a basic human emotion. But understanding how and why it happens is not
necessarily easy. In fact, for a long time, many suggested that love was something too
primal, mysterious, and spiritual for science to ever fully understand.
Love according to Vedas talks about body, soul, relations, harmony, and even
jealousy and domination. Love in Ancient India takes you through a timeless saga of
royalty and grandeur, beauty and infidelity, all of which are interspersed with the
concept of the world’s most bewitching expression - love.
3. Triangular Theory of Love
In 1986, psychologist Robert Sternberg proposed the triangular theory of love.
Under this theory, love has three components:
Intimacy
Passion
Commitment
4. Dr. Helen Fisher at Rutgers, romantic love can be broken down into three
categories lust, attraction, and attachment. Each category is characterized by its
own set of hormones stemming from the brain
Ancient India’s 5 Stages Of Love
5. 1. “Kama,” or sensory craving
At first, the desire to merge gets expressed through physical attraction or kama.
Technically speaking, kama means “craving for sense objects,” but it is usually
translated as sexual desire.
2. “Shringara,” or rapturous intimacy
6. Shringara means "Love" and often also "beauty". Narrowly speaking,
Shringara means to enjoy the company of the opposite sex, in a very lovely and
romantic manner. In a broader sense, Shringara is the mood in which we
concentrate on creating a lovely atmosphere, on family and friends, on good
manners and romance, on art, culture, and decoration, on dressing attractively
and behaving nicely, and on beauty and enjoyment.
3. “Maitri,” or generous compassion
A small gesture or expression of care can make any person create a soft corner for
you within. These small gestures are not just signals but are magical as they have
the power to turn any negative personality into a perfect being.
The simplest acts of kindness are by far more powerful than a thousand heads
bowing in prayer.” said MAHATMA GANDHI.
compassion is something that we naturally feel towards kids or pets. The
underlying reason behind it is innocence. So, being away from all the
materialistic and complicated creations of the world will make people
compassionate towards you.
4. “Bhakti,” or impersonal devotion
Devotion is a very strong word in itself. It has the capacity to make impossible-
possible. Luckily for those who aren’t conventionally religious, bhakti need not be
focused on God in the usual sense. It can be directed toward whatever higher
ideal speaks to us most powerfully, be that kindness, truth, or social justice.
5. “Atma-Prema,” or unconditional self-love
7. Atma-prema can be translated as “self-love.” This is not the self as we usually
think of it, but the essential self, the self that exists at the center of all of us.
What this means in practice is that we see ourselves in others and see others in
ourselves.
Sternberg’s triangular theory
Types of love
The seven kinds of love in Sternberg’s triangular theory cover a range of
relationship types:
● Liking. You share emotional intimacy, but there’s no physical passion or
commitment. Friendship falls under this category.
● Infatuation. Passion is the key component of infatuation. If you’re
physically attracted to another person but haven’t developed emotional
intimacy or established a commitment, this is infatuation.
● Empty. What Sternberg calls “empty love” is a committed relationship
that lacks passion or intimacy. Examples include an arranged marriage
or a previously emotional or physical relationship that’s lost its spark.
● Romantic. When you’re romantically involved with another person, you
share a physical passion and emotional intimacy, but you haven’t made
any long-term plans or commitments.
● Companionate. You are committed and emotionally connected, such as
best friends or family. Marriages can also be companionate if the
passion is gone, but you still share the commitment and emotional
bond.
8. ● Fatuous. If you’ve been swept up by passion into an engagement or
marriage without emotional intimacy, this is fatuous love.
● Consummate. Consummate love is the goal for many when they
envision marriage or a spousal partnership. This kind of love includes
commitment, passion, and emotional intimacy.
Zink Rubin believed that romantic love is made up of three elements:
A close bond and dependent needs
The predisposition to help
Feelings of exclusiveness and absorption
9. Let’s Get Chemical
Lust is driven by the desire for sexual gratification. The evolutionary basis for
this stems from our need to reproduce, a need shared among all living things.
Through reproduction, organisms pass on their genes and thus contribute to the
perpetuation of their species.
10. The hypothalamus of the brain plays a big role in this, stimulating the production
of the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen from the testes and ovaries.
While these chemicals are often stereotyped as being “male” and “female,”
respectively, both play a role in men and women. As it turns out, testosterone
increases libido in just about everyone. The effects are less pronounced with
estrogen, but some women report being more sexually motivated around the time
they ovulate when estrogen levels are highest.
The Color Wheel Model of Love
In his 1973 book The Colors of Love, psychologist John Lee compared styles of love to
the color wheel. Just as there are three primary colors, Lee suggested that there are
three primary styles of love:
11. Eros: The term Eros stems from the Greek word meaning "passionate" or
"erotic." Lee suggested that this type of love involves both physical and emotional
passion. It represents love for an ideal person.
Ludus: Ludus comes from the Greek word meaning "game." This form of love is
conceived as playful and fun but not necessarily serious. Those who exhibit this
form of love are not ready for commitment and are wary of too much intimacy.
So, it represents love as a game.
Storge: Storge stems from the Greek term meaning "natural affection." This
form of love includes familial love between parents and children, siblings, and
12. extended family members. This love can also develop out of friendship, where
people who share interests and commitments gradually develop affection for one
another. Therefore, it represents love as friendship.
Lee’s 6 Styles of Loving
Lee later proposed that just as the primary colors can be combined to create other
colors, the three primary styles of love could also be combined to create secondary love
styles. So, in 1977, Lee expanded the list of love styles.
The three new secondary love styles were:
Mania: A combination of Eros and Ludus, representing obsessive love
Pragma: A combination of Ludus and Storge, representing realistic and
practical love
Agape: A combination of Eros and Storge, representing selfless love
13.
14. Attachment Theory of Love
In 1987, Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver, two researchers from the University of
Denver, theorized that romantic love is a biosocial process similar to how
children form attachments with their parents. Their theory is modeled on
psychologist John Bowlby's attachment theory.
According to Hazan and Shaver's attachment theory of love, a person's
attachment style is partially formed by the relationship they had with their
parents in childhood. This same basic style then continues into adulthood, where
it becomes part of their romantic relationships.
The three styles of adult attachment are
Anxious/ambivalent: A person with this style often worries that their
partner doesn't love them. Sometimes they want to be with their partner so
much that it scares the other person away.
15. Avoidant: Someone with this style is uncomfortable getting close to
others. They also typically experience difficulty with developing trust.
16. Secure: As its name suggests, the secure attachment style involves being
secure in the relationship. Someone who is secure has very few worries of
abandonment or fears of someone else getting too close.
Compassionate vs. Passionate Love
In 1988, psychologist Elaine Hatfield proposed that there are two basic types of
love: compassionate love and passionate love.
17. Compassionate love is characterized by mutual respect, attachment,
affection, and trust. This love usually develops out of feelings of mutual
understanding and shared respect for one another.
Passionate love is characterized by intense emotions, sexual attraction,
anxiety, and affection. When these intense emotions are reciprocated,
people feel elated and fulfilled, while unreciprocated love leads to
feelings of despondency and despair.
18. Hatfield suggests that passionate love arises when cultural expectations
encourage falling in love, when the person meets one's preconceived ideas of
ideal love, and when one experiences heightened physiological arousal in the
presence of the other person.
Passionate love is transitory, according to Hatfield, usually lasting between 6
and 30 months.7
Ideally, passionate love leads to compassionate love, which is
far more enduring.
While most people desire relationships that combine the security and stability
of compassionate love with intense passionate love, Hatfield believes that this
is rare.
Passionate love may be quick to fade, but compassionate love endures.
19. LOVE HURTS
This all paints quite the rosy picture of love: hormones are released, making
us feel good, rewarded, and close to our romantic partners. But that can’t be
the whole story: love is often accompanied by jealousy, erratic behavior,
and irrationality, along with a host of other less-than-positive emotions and
moods. It seems that our friendly cohort of hormones is also responsible for
the downsides of love.
Dopamine, for instance, is the hormone responsible for the vast majority of
the brain’s reward pathway – and that means controlling both the good and
the bad. We experience surges of dopamine for our virtues and our vices. In
fact, the dopamine pathway is particularly well-studied when it comes to
addiction. The same regions that light up when we’re feeling attraction light
up when drug addicts take cocaine and when we binge eat sweets. For
example, cocaine maintains dopamine signaling for much longer than
usual, leading to a temporary “high.” In a way, attraction is much like an
addiction to another human being. Similarly, the same brain regions light
up when we become addicted to material goods as when we become
emotionally dependent on our partners (Figure 2). And addicts going into
withdrawal are not unlike love-struck people craving the company of
20. someone they cannot see
The Thin line between Love and Hate
Hate can be raw and destructive and, some say, is the only thing stronger
than a lover’s love, although that’s quite a bleak take on things.
Robert Sternberg, a professor of human development at Cornell
University and author of the Psychology of Hatred, has spent a portion of
his career analyzing this complex emotion and has distilled it down to
three basic components, which form the triangular theory of hatred.
For Sternberg, the main elements are repulsion, passion, and contempt.
Different combinations of these three components give rise to different
forms of hatred – cold and calculating, simmering loathing, and need for
total annihilation.
21. When psychologists surveyed nearly 600 people, they found that we
mostly hate people that we know and most often because they’ve
betrayed us in some way.
Extreme aversion to others’ personalities can also be a factor. Ex-
husbands are among the most common objects of hatred, along with
colleagues and other family members. Over a lifetime, people reported
they hated about five people on average.
These definitions tend to focus on broad feelings of love rather than the
momentary experience. Barb Frederickson argues that we need to rethink
our definitions of love and focus more on love as a moment of positive
connection between two people. These moments of connection can happen
with loved ones but also with strangers. When we think of love as a moment
of connection, it is not bound by attachment or commitment.
In short, feeling close to someone can soothe anxiety. Love encourages
healthy habits. The correlation between adherence to mental health treatment
and a positive relationship with your partner suggests a larger trend: a positive
relationship with your partner supports healthy behaviors on all levels.