This document provides an overview of the history of philosophy from ancient to modern times. It discusses major philosophical eras, thinkers, and ideas. Some of the key topics covered include Greek and Roman philosophy, medieval scholasticism, the scientific revolution with figures like Copernicus, Galileo and Bacon, and modern philosophical movements such as rationalism, empiricism, idealism, and existentialism. Major philosophers from each era like Descartes, Locke, Kant, and Sartre are also mentioned.

1. Lecturer: syed noman ali

2. ● Ancient Philosophy
Greek, Hellenistic ,Roman
● Medieval Philosophy(5th
-15t
hc
e
ntu
ry)
Greco-Roman, Scholastic, Renaissance
● Modern Philosophy (15th to 17th century)
Age of reasons, revolution and enlightenment

3. ● Intellectual speculation
● Scientific methods
● Theories of knowledge
● Theories of truth
● Humanism
● Comprehensive understanding
● Skepticism
● Individualism
● Liberalism
● Historical progress
● Philosophical methods

4. ● Scientific experiments.
● Skeptic
● Historical
● Dogmatic
● Phenomenological
● Transcendental
● Logical positivism
● Analytical
● Dialectical

5. ● Rationalism
Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz
● Empiricism
Locke, Berkeley, Hume
● Idealism
Kant, Hegel
● Pragmatism
Pierce ,William James, Dewey
● Existentialism
Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Sartre

6. ●Age of science
Copernicus and Galileo
● Age of revolution
Bacon ,Hobbes and Pascal.
●Age of reason
Descartes –Hume
● Age of enlightenment
Rousseau

7. Nicolas Copernicus
(1473-1543)
“The earth revolves around the sun”

8. ● He revolutionize the conception of man on the
earth.
● The sun remain in a fixed positions.
● The planet and the earth rotate in their own axis.
● It rotate full turn in 24 hours and complete in 364
days.
● Using Pythagoras calculations he managed to
predict.
● Copernicus revolution gave birth to scientific age.
● It helped in removing many superstitious belief.
● It would lead to new scientific inquiry and
invention

9. Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642)

10. ● He observed from telescope astronomical objects.
● Milky way was made up of million of stars.
● Scientific and theological method should not be
confused.
● Discovered the moon of Jupiter & phase of Venus.
● Principle of inertia body moves in straight line
● Body moves in uniform velocity .
● The book of nature is written in language of math.

11. Francis Bacon –lawyer-englishman
(1561-1627)
“Knowledge itself is power”

12. ● The sme incident never give same results.
● By far the knowledge is proof by sensory experiences.
● It advances new laws that make new invention possible
● Idol is metaphor for human error.
● Idol of the cave that knowledge is universal.
● Idol of the tribe that each one has different intellects.
● Idol of marketplaces that error of use language.
● Idol of theatre that flaws i.n system of knowledge
● Human are anti-philosophers in nature.
● Applied deductive reasons in practical forms.
● Skeptical in reason always and be humanist in nature.
● This scientific revolution produced Newton & Galileo.

14. ● All creature are flesh. Nothing without substance exist.
● Everything in the universe is physical form.
● Everything has some cause and effects: laws of motion.
● Life is a motion of limbs. Senses work as mechanical.
● Heart is battery, nerves are string ,joints are wheels.
● Spirit carried information through nervous systems.
● The world is governed by mechanical law of motion.
● Human are bound by the rule of nature.
● Later ,Julien present mechanistic view of human beings
● All religious entities are the matter of belief not
science.
● God is the first cause of all creator in universe.

16. ● Imagine is a powerful force override our reasons.
● Imagination lead us astray what we see in real.
● Truth produce through imagination is incorrect.
● Wrong judgments are made from the dress code.
● All human evil cause come from ,sitting in a room.
● The heart has its own reason which mind don’t
have.

18. ● Adam and eve are perfect natural humans
● Knowledge make human corrupted as selfish
● Education perpetuating the evils of society
● Laws imposed by society condemn to chain our life
● Property right bind the people in unjust ways.
● Laws prescribed according to law of general man.
● Liberty is found in obedience to a self imposed law.
● Everyone should be considered equals
● Man would receive independence in exchange of
freedom
● Back to the nature ,away from injustice modernism

20. ● Reasons ought to be slave of the passions
● Reasons and feelings does not fight each others
● Human action are led by feeling and reasoning
● Habitual association of mind is working with felt
● Emotions are copies of our impression of imagining.
● Feeling is discoverable source of causality
● Belief are not demonstrated by reason or
experiments
● Anything that is not given in experience is invention
● It is a denial of certainty in proof of existence.
● Rid of all scientific experiment based on inventions.

22. ● There is nothing of which can be certain
● Doubting everything reach toward true knowledge
● Doubting is a kind of thinking
● Anything that is thinking exists
● Believe in own existence cannot be doubted
● I am , I exist .It is direct self evident intuition
● We inquire all sort of knowledge
● God has innate ideas ,He is perfect doesn't deceive
● Evil genius has employed all energies to deceive us

23. Truth is in unfolding history of ideas.

24. ● Truth is uncovered through unfolding history the
ideas
● Thought is in progression toward through absolute
● Ideas are concepts which has thesis or antithesis
● Two opposite ideas produce new position of synthesis
● Absolute reality with understanding of contradiction
● All phenomenon are single spirit “ idea”
● All ideas are interconnected in process of dialectic.
● World is a history of consciousness ,self-knowledge
● Future consciousness belongs to reality as whole
● Change occur with time and in accordance of pattern.

25. “existence precedes essence”

26. ● Man exist first without purpose or definition
● We have our own choice to determine value
● Reality is based on individual existence
● We are what we choose to be
● No one to blame for own choices
● A person identity is from his struggle
● Human define their own meaning in life by actions
● The destiny of man is placed within himself

27. “knowledge is produced to be sold”

28. ● Relative meaning are provided according to
situation
● scientific knowledge is to become the game of rich
● Wealthiest has the best chance to be right or truth
● Efficiency = wealth = truth
● Meanings are analogy to play game
● Narratives attempt to change whole human history
● technology has changed knowledge into information
● Information is occupied by large corporations
● Knowledge become useful when it is saleable
● Transformed attitude through mercantile

29. ● Scruton Roger ,(1999),A short history of modern
philosophy ,London, Routledge.
● Russell Bertrand ,(2010),History of western
philosophy, London, Routledge classic.
● Durant will ,History of philosophy