LPT REVIEWER includes FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING & MOTIVATION FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE REPUBLIC ACTS LITERATURE VOCABULARY FILIPINO

1. FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
● John Locke � was an English philosopher
and physician "Father of Liberalism" ; to
form character (mental, physical, and
moral) ; Education as Training of the
mind/Formal discipline ; Notable ideas -
"Tabula rasa"
● Francis Bacon � was an English
philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist,
orator and author. "Father of scientific
method" "Father of empiricism"
● Jean Jacques Rousseau � was a
Francophone Genevan philosopher, writer
and composer of the 18th century."Hollistic
education"(physical,moral, intellectual)
Notable ideas - moral simplicity of humanity;
child centered learning; Famous novel:
"Emile" or On Education; Human
Development
● Edgar Dale � was an American educator
who developed the "Cone of Experience"
aka "Father of Modern Media in Education"
● Erik Erikson � was a German-born
American developmental psychologist and
psychoanalyst known for his theory on
"psychosocial development" of human
beings.
● Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi � was a swiss
pedagogue and educational reformer who
exemplified Romanticism in his approach.
"Social regeneration of humanity" Notable
ideas: "Four-sphere concept of life" his
motto was " Learning by head, hand and
heart"
● Friedrich Frobel � was a German
pedagogue a student of Pestalozzi who laid
the "foundation of modern education"
based on the recognition that children have
unique needs and capabilities. "Father of
kindergarten"
● Johann Herbart � was a German
philosopher, psychologist and founder of
pedagogy as an academic discipline. ;
● Edward Lee Thorndike � was an American
psychologist ; " Father of Modern
educational psychology; connectionism; law
of effect. ; "Realize the fullest satisfaction of
human wants"
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
EDUCATION
● IDEALISM � Plato (own ideas) nothing
exist except in the mind of a man/ what we
want the world to be
● REALISM � Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius;
Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon;
Locke
▶ (experience) fully mastery of knowledge
● BEHAVIORISM � always guided by
standards/by procedure; purpose is to
modify the behavior

2. ● EXISTENTIALISM � Kierkegaard; Sartre;
"Man shapes his being as he lives"
▶Focuses on self/individual
● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM
�WilliamJames; John Dewey - learn from
experiences through interaction to the
environment
▶Emphasizes the needs and interests of the
children
● PERENNIALISM � Robert Hutchins
▶focuses on unchanging/universal truths
● ESSENTIALISM � WilliamBagley - teaching
the basic/essential knowledge
▶ Focuses on basic skills and knowledge
● PROGRESSIVISM � Dewey/Pestalozzi
(process of development)
▶focuses on the whole child and the
cultivation of individuality
● CONSTRUCTIVISM�Jean Piaget
▶Focused on how humans make meaning in
relation to the interaction b/w their
experiences and their ideas. Nature of
knowledge w/c represents an
epistemological stance.
● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM � George
Counts - recognized that education was the
means of preparing people for creating his
new social order
▶highlights social reform as the aimof
education
➡
ACCULTURATION - learning other culture;
the passing of customs, beliefs and tradition
through interaction and reading.
➡
ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's
custom, beliefs and traditions from one
generation to the next generation
➡
Convergent questions - are those that
typically have one correct answer.
➡
Divergent questions - also called open-
ended questions are used to encourage
many answers and generate greater
participation of students. Higher order
thinking skills; to think more creatively.
➡
90 days - enrolled bills becomes a law
➡
30 days - "lapse"
PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING &
MOTIVATION
● Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis -
Sigmund Freud
● Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's
Theory of Personality
● Ecological Theory - Eric Brofenbrenner's
Theory of Development
● Sociohistoric Cognitive Linguistic Theory -
Lev Semanovich Vygotsky

3. ● Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget;
John Dewey; Jerome Brunner
● Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow; Carl
Rogers; Louis Raths
● Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike; Ivan
Pavlov; Burrhus Frederick Skinner
● Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg
● Ivan Pavlov - classicalconditioning
● Edward Thorndike - connectionism
● B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning &
reinforcement
● Albert Bandura - "bobo doll" experiment;
modelling; self-efficacy
● David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception
Theory
● Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning
Theory/Inquiry method
● Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning
Problem
● Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's -
Information Processing Theory
● Robert Gagne's - Cumulative Learning
Theory
● Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligence
● Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his concept of
life space
● Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System
Theory
● Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism; Zond
of Proximal Development (ZPD) * gap b/w
actual and potential development
● Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach
● Max Wertheimer - Gestalt psychology
● Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern
Psychology"
● WilliamJames - wrote the "Principles of
psychology"/ consciousness
● Hypothalamus - brain's stress center
● Abraham Maslow - physiological needs;
"Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" ; safety &
security; love & belongingness; self-esteem;
self-actualization
● John B. Watson - (behaviorist approach)
an American psychologist who established
the psychological school of behaviorism.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
● Metaphor - is a comparison made b/w
things w/c are essentially not alike.
Ex: "Nobody invites Edward to parties
because He is a wet blanket"
● Simile - is like a metaphor and often uses
the words "like" or "as"
Ex: "Jamie runs as fast as the wind"
● Personification - when something that is
not human is given human-like qualities,
this is known as personification.
Ex: "The leaves danced in the wind on the
cold October afternoon"
● Hyperbole - exaggerating, often in a
humorous way to make a particular point is
known as hyperbole.
Ex: "My eyes widened at the sight of the
mile-high ice cream cones we we're having
for dessert"

4. ● Onomatopoeia - when you name an
action by imitating the sound associated
with it.
Ex: "The bees buzz angrily when their hive is
disturbed"
● Idiom - an idiom is an expression used by
a particular group of people with a meaning
that is only known through common use.
Ex: "I'm just waiting for him to kick the
bucket."
● Synecdoche - a synecdoche is a figure of
speech using a word/words that are a part
to represent a whole.
Ex: referring to credit cards as "plastic" is a
synecdoche
● Assonance - when you repeat a vowel
sound in a phrase, it is an assonance.
Ex: "It's true, I do like Sue."
● Metonymy - a metonymy is a figure of
speech where one thing is replaced w/a
word that is closely associated with it such
as using "Washington" to refer to the
United States
REPUBLIC ACTS
● RA #⃣7836 - Philippine Teacher
Professionalization Act of 1994
● RA #⃣7796 - TESDA Act of 1994
● Article XIV 1987 Philippine Constitution
(Educ. Sci & Tech, Arts, Culture& Sports)
�this is the very fundamental legal basis of
education in the philippines.
● Education Act of 1982 (Batas Pambansa
232, Sept 11, 1982) �an Act providing for
the Establishment & Maintenance of an
Integrated System of Education
● RA #⃣4670 - Magna Carta for Public
School Teachers (June 18, 1966)
● RA #⃣6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical
Standards for Public Officials and
Employees
● RA #⃣7877 - Anti-sexual Harassment Act
of 1995
● RA #⃣9155 - Decentralization; Legal basis
of Shared Governance in Basic Education
● RA #⃣7784 - Establishment of Center of
Excellence
● K-12 Curriculum - Enhanced Basic
Education Curriculum
● RA #⃣90210 - "An Act to Integrate
Information Technology into the Public
Elementary & Secondary Curricula &
Appropriating funds
● RA #⃣10121 - DRMM approval headed by
OCO office of Civil defense May 2010
LITERATURE
● Folklore - traditionally derived and orally
transmitted literature
● Folktales - reflect the people's beliefs
handed down from generation to
generation by word of mouth
● Epilogue - conclusion or final part of non-
dramatic literary work

5. ● Genre - distinctive type of literary
composition such as epic, tragedy, comedy
& novel
● "Quo Vadis" - means "where are you
going"
● Hieroglyphics - oldest form of Egyptian
writing
● Allegory - narrative whose meaning is
beneath the surface
● Elegy - a meditated poem of grief
● Sonnet - verse w/14 iambic pentameter
lines
● Epic - long poem w/c depicts the
adventure of a great hero who reveals his
country's aspirations; narrates heroic deeds
and supernatural happenings w/local actor
in w/c people sing/chant
● Soliloquy - speech made by a person who
reveals his thoughts
● Manuel Arcilla - "How my brother Leon
brought home a wife"
● Washington Irving - "The Legend of a
Sleepy Hollow"
● Fall of the house of usher - hypochondriac
living in morbid fear
● Cyrano de Bergerac - poet & soldier noted
for his Peculiar nose
● "The Iliad of Homer" - great epic poem
whose plot centers around the anger &
wrath of Achilles against Agamemnon
● "The Bells" - "If eyes are made for seeing,
then beauty is its own excuse for being"
● Cacophony - literary term w/c means
harsh & discordant sounds introduced for
poetic effect
● George Bernard Shaw - know for his
excellence of characterization, swiftness of
narrative & clarity of style.
● Edgar Allan Poe - greatest American
writer of horror and detective stories
● Rabindranath Tagore - best known for his
collection of poems called Gitanjali/song
offerings
● Robert Frost - ranked as one of the best
modern American poets.
● Geoffrey Chaucer - Morning Star of
English Literature
● Mark Twain - "Samuel Clemens"
● Harriet Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
● Charles Darwin - Origin of species
● Lazlo Biro - invented the ball point pen
● Harry Potter - epic kind of story
VOCABULARY
Emulate 〰 imitate
Vouchsafe 〰 grant
Abeyance 〰 suspended
Denigrate 〰 malign
Furtive 〰 sneaky
Remonstrate 〰protest
Corroborate 〰confirm
Gullible〰easily deceived
Germane〰relevant
Plebeian〰common
Vulpine〰cunning
Spendthrift〰spender
Impolitic〰unwise
Terse〰concise

6. Parsimonious〰stingy
Stupefy〰make numb
Pariah〰outcast
Wizened〰shrivelled
Dubious〰doubtful
Incriminates〰accuse
Frivolous〰worthless
Susceptible〰inclined
Impertinent〰irrelevant
Ostracized 〰excluded
Conglomeration〰diffusion
Cacophonous〰loud and unpleasant
Carnal〰worldly
Aplomb〰composure
Candor 〰honesty
Contemptuous 〰 scornful
Feeble 〰 weak
Inevitable 〰 certain
FILIPINO
● Ang panubong - handog sa dalagang may
kaarawan (koronang bulaklak)
● Florante at Laura - (awit) "katiwalian ng
mga kastila"
● Jose dela Cruz - tungkod ng tulang tagalog
● Noli Me Tangere - (Rizal) suliraning
panlipunan ng bayan
● "Doktrina Kristiyana" - Fr. Domingo de
Nieva � unang aklat na nalimbag sa pilipinas
● Severino Reyes - Ama ng dulaang tagalog
● Juan Luna - La Spolarium
● "Alim" - pinakamatandang epiko ng
pilipinas
● Jose Palma - naglikha ng "Himno Nacional
Filipino"
● Liwayway - nabigyan ng pagpapahalaga
ang sariling wika
● Lope K.Santos - "Ama ng balarila ng
pilipino"
● Andres Bonifacio - "anak bayan"
● Pupdok/Kinting kulirat - hindi kailanman
ginamit ni Marcelo del Pilar
● Teodoro Agoncillo - isang kilalang
manunulat ng kasaysayan
● Manuel Quezon - Ama ng Wikang
Pambansa
● Constancio de Guzman - lumikha ng awit
na "Ang Bayan Ko"
● Pascual Poblete - Ama ng pahayagang
tagalog