Week 4 PowerPoint assignment Resources: Review Ch. 7 of Oxford History of Art: Twentieth-Century American Art, the Week Four Electronic Reserve Readings, your Video Reflections, and at least one additional scholarly online or library resource. Prepare a 5- to 10-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation in which you examine the connection between the work of Andy Warhol and popular culture. Include responses and discussion of the following in your presentation: An overview of Andy Warhol's biography A description of Pop Art A description of at least 3 works produced by Andy Warhol A discussion of how Warhol's themes and subjects examined American culture Submit your Pop Art and Andy Warhol Presentation. For Local Campus students, these are oral presentations accompanied by Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations. For Online and Directed Study students, these are Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations with speaker's notes which support and expand upon your bulleted text. Format your presentation consistent with APA guidelines and include a slide with all references. Submit your assignment using the Assignment Files tab above. Rational theories Overview of Rational Theories Late 1970s – 1980s Outgrowth of victimization data More conservative criminology Borrowed from economic models of behavior Social Context1970s eventsConservative movementOil crisis & Iranian hostage incidentIndividual responsibility Political use of crimeCrime control & “lock ‘em up” CJS policiesJust deserts punishment philosophyWar on crime and drugs Victim rights Intellectual ContextNew methodology and data – victimization statistics Concept of “evil” or self-interested personEffect of Travis Hirschi’s view of human natureNeed for punishment – return of deterrenceRational nature of humans – offenders responsible for their own decisions Incorrect thinking – cognitive & personality theory More efficient CJS was needed Major Rational Theories Rational Choice Theory Cornish & Clark Lifestyle Theory Hindelang, Garofalo, & Gottfredson Routine Activities Cohen & Felson Precursors to Rational Theories The beginnings of rational criminals/victims Environmental Design (1969/1971) C. Ray Jeffery creates a form of crime prevention based not on treating criminal motivation, but on making it more difficult to commit a crime by changing the physical crime environment. Defensible Space (1972) Architect Oscar Newman develops a theory of physical spaces designed to reduce crime, primarily based on territoriality and surveillance of people who live in them. Routine Activities Theory * Lawrence Cohen & Marcus Felson (1979) Originally based on changes in routine social behaviors across timeRoutine activities are normal daily patterns of social interactionThey involve things like the where & how often: Going to work Work patterns Time spent at home Recreational activities Shopping behaviors Dropping off/picking up kids Theory evolved from observations .

1. Week 4 PowerPoint assignment
Resources: Review Ch. 7 of Oxford History of Art: Twentieth-
Century American Art, the Week Four Electronic Reserve
Readings, your Video Reflections, and at least one additional
scholarly online or library resource.
Prepare a 5- to 10-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation
in which you examine the connection between the work of Andy
Warhol and popular culture.
Include responses and discussion of the following in your
presentation:
An overview of Andy Warhol's biography
A description of Pop Art
A description of at least 3 works produced by Andy Warhol
A discussion of how Warhol's themes and subjects examined
American culture
Submit your Pop Art and Andy Warhol Presentation.
For Local Campus students, these are oral presentations
accompanied by Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations.
For Online and Directed Study students, these are Microsoft®
PowerPoint® presentations with speaker's notes which support
and expand upon your bulleted text.
Format your presentation consistent with APA guidelines and
include a slide with all references.
Submit your assignment using the Assignment Files tab above.

2. Rational theories
Overview of Rational Theories
Late 1970s – 1980s
Outgrowth of victimization data
More conservative criminology
Borrowed from economic models of behavior
Social Context1970s eventsConservative movementOil crisis &
Iranian hostage incidentIndividual responsibility
Political use of crimeCrime control & “lock ‘em up” CJS
policiesJust deserts punishment philosophyWar on crime and
drugs Victim rights
Intellectual ContextNew methodology and data – victimization
statistics
Concept of “evil” or self-interested personEffect of Travis
Hirschi’s view of human natureNeed for punishment – return of
deterrenceRational nature of humans – offenders responsible for
their own decisions Incorrect thinking – cognitive &
personality theory
More efficient CJS was needed
Major Rational Theories
Rational Choice Theory
Cornish & Clark

3. Lifestyle Theory
Hindelang, Garofalo, & Gottfredson
Routine Activities
Cohen & Felson
Precursors to Rational Theories
The beginnings of rational criminals/victims
Environmental Design (1969/1971)
C. Ray Jeffery creates a form of crime prevention based not on
treating criminal motivation, but on making it more difficult to
commit a crime by changing the physical crime environment.
Defensible Space (1972)
Architect Oscar Newman develops a theory of physical spaces
designed to reduce crime, primarily based on territoriality and
surveillance of people who live in them.
Routine Activities Theory
*
Lawrence Cohen & Marcus Felson (1979)
Originally based on changes in routine social behaviors across
timeRoutine activities are normal daily patterns of social
interactionThey involve things like the where & how often:
Going to work Work patterns
Time spent at home Recreational activities
Shopping behaviors Dropping off/picking up
kids
Theory evolved from observations of changes in gender-based

4. work/home patterns since WWII with increased burglary rates
Routine Activities Theory: Characteristics
*The theory is not particularly interested in offender
motivation.Focuses on the characteristics of crime rather than
on the offenderLooks at range of options offenders select from
when committing a crime
Has been used to explain:Rates of victimization for specific
crimesRates of urban homicideHot spots – areas that get a
disproportionate number of crimes
Assumptions of Routine Activities
Offenders disproportionately find victims in certain
settings.Three elements of a crime:
Volume of criminal offenses is related to normal everyday
patterns of interactionWork, leisure, school, errands, socializing
Absence of a Capable Guardian
Suitable Target
Likely Offender
Crime Rates and Victimization
Not related to social and cultural conditions
Crime rates rise with:An increase in the number of suitable
victims The absence of protectors
Individuals are more likely to be victimized:The more they

5. associate with, or come in contact with, members of
demographic groups containing a greater number of offenders
(young, males)
Patterns of Routine Activities
Now take place further from home (since WWII)
Routine patterns of work, play, leisure affect the convergence in
TIME and PLACE of motivated offenders, suitable targets, &
absence of guardians.If one component of 3 is missing, crime is
unlikely to be committedIf all 3 are present & one is
strengthened, then crime risk is likely to increaseTheory does
not look at offender motivation
Lifestyle Theory
*
Michael Hindelang, James Garofalo, & Michael Gottfredson
(1978 article)
Originated in an attempt to explain different victimization rates
among groups of peopleThose with patterns of activities
(lifestyles) which bring them more frequently into contact with
criminals and criminal environments are more likely to be
victimizedTime of day, frequency of nighttime activities,
physical location of activities
Lifestyle Elements
*Social rolesBased on expectations of others, individuals
construct lifestyles more conducive to victimizationPosition in

6. social structureVictimization rates are the inverse of social
status, based on normal places frequented and activitiesRational
decisionsChoices to engage in more or less risky behavior
Similarities of Victim & Offender
*
Similar demographics & lifestyles
People who are disproportionately victimized by personal
crimes have demographic traits similar to those who are
offenders.These demographics are NOT causal, but are
indicators of:Constraints (structural, economic, family,
legal)Expectations (roles, duties, schedules)
Lifestyle Characteristics
*Same people often alternate between offender & victim (in
serious assaults) in both official (police) reports & self-
reportsLifestyle patterns are determined by adaptations
(individual & subcultural) to structural constraints & role
expectationsIntervening variables of associations & exposures
determine whether or not victimization results from lifestyle
Rational Choice Theory
*
Derek Cornish & Ronald Clarke (1986/7)
Crime is a way to meet basic needsUsually monetary, usually
property crimeRationality is a decision-making processWhat
opportunities exist?What are the potential costs of action?What

7. are the anticipated benefits?Does not require full rationality,
sophisticated thinking, or accurate information
Components of Rational Decision
*
Two types of decisions
Details can vary by type of crime – part of the reason why
offenders specialize
Involvement Decisions
Is it worthwhile?
Are risks reasonable?
Or pass up opportunity?
Event Decisions
Tactics (methods) are acceptable, easy enough – helps to justify
involvement
Policy Implications of Rational Theories
*

8. Crime prevention
Improve environment for feel of safetyUse adjacent businesses,
parks, shops, nearness of suitable activitiesTarget hardening
Neighborhood Watch
Mapping of crime “hot spots”
Design greater costs and reduce benefits of offenses
Policy Implications: Environmental Design
*
Typical approaches to indicators of refuge, prospect, & escape
Refuge for potential offenderTall shrubs, alcoves, blind corners
Prospect for userLong lines of sight, wide angle of view
Escape for userMultiple exit points close at hand
The Ecology of Crime
*
Routine Activities, Defensible Space, Crime Prevention
Guardians are not the only inhibitors of crimeLook at
architecture, use of space, traffic patterns, lighting, vegetation
Combines traditional techniques with new technologies
(electronic IDs, CCTV)

9. Target hardening