Discussion 1
In Chapter 7 of Crime Prevention, Robinson states that "Rational choice and deterrence theories are two related theories that help understand why criminal justice – including crime control and crime prevention activities of police, courts, and corrections – should help us reduce crime in society" (2012). Answer one of the following questions:
THIS ASSIGNMENT HAS ALREADY BEEN DONE ABOVE. THE NEXT ASSIGNMENT YOU NEED TO DO IS PROVIDE FEEDBACK ON TWO CLASSMATES POSTS. THE LENGTH MUST BE 200 WORDS EACH POST. THERE ARE TWO FEEDBACKS YOU MUST DO. MUST BE POSITIVE FEEDBACK, PROPER GRAMMAR/SENTENCE STRUCTURE, AND ANY OUTSIDE SOURCES YOU USE THAT RELATES TO THE FEEBACK FROM THE STUDENT MUST BE PROPERLY CITED/SCHOLARY SOURCE.
Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts.
Robinson discusses many theories in Chapters 3 through 7. Some of these theories are: Biological Theories, Psychological Theories, Integrated Theories, Social Learning Theories, Social Control Theories, Routine Activity Theories, Crime Pattern Theories, Anomie Theories, Strain Theories, Institutional Anomie Theories, Contextual anomie and strain theories, Cultural deviance or subcultural theories.
Select a theory other than rational choice or deterrence theories, and compare and/or contrast it to the post of your classmates’ and/or your instructor.
Does one of these theories clarify your understanding of the crime or criminal issue you intend to examine in your Final Project?
DISCUSSION RESPONSE FROM STUDENT ONE JAYMES W.
Rational choice theories are among the fastest growing theories in social science today. Many sociologists and political scientists defend the claim that rational choice theory can provide the basis for a unified and comprehensive theory of social behavior. What distinguishes rational choice theory from other forms of theory is that it denies the existence of any kinds of action other than the purely rational and calculative. All social action can be seen as rationally motivated, as instrumental action, however much of it may appear to be irrational or non-rational.
General deterrence strategies focus on future behaviors, preventing individuals from engaging in crime or deviant by impacting their rational decision making process. Specific deterrence focuses on punishing known deviants in order to prevent them from ever again violating the specific norms they have broken. Through the rational use of punishment as a negative sanction, problematic behavior can be cut down dramatically. Some examples are: shock sentencing, corporal punishment, mandatory arrests for certain behaviors.
Specific deterrence strategies, focuses on punishing known deviants in order to prevent them from ever again violating the specific norms they have broken. The concern here is that motives and rationales that lie behind the original behavior can, perhaps, never be delineated, but through the rational use of punishment as a negative sanction, problematic beh.
Now that you have examined two theories of crime and how they migh.docxhenrymartin15260
Now that you have examined two theories of crime and how they might explain any particular crime, it is time to examine how criminal justice responses to crime may be shaped by these theories. For this part of your course project, complete the following:
Discuss your first theory and how criminal justice responses may be formed based on the assumptions of this theory.
Discuss your second theory and how criminal justice responses may be formed based on the assumptions of this theory.
Examine any actual criminal justice responses that have been implemented based on the assumptions of these theories.
This assignment should be at least two 2-3 pages in length (adding to the final paper).
Use at least 3-5 scholarly sources that discuss a criminal justice response. These sources must be properly cited using APA format. Students should seek out peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles from LIRN to complete this assignment or explore the National Criminal Justice Reference Service for examples of how the criminal justice system has responded.
Abstract and conclusion
Abstract
This paper will be on two criminology theories; the positivist and the classical theory. These two theories will be discussed and how the criminal justice system responded towards the assumptions. It explains how certain crimes are looked at and also dealt with.
The commitment of various criminal activities attracts action from the criminal justice system. However, on many different occasions, the criminal justice system has been criticized for handling those who commit crime with great leniency and mercy. The only way that crime can be reduced and those who intend to commit crimes in future stopped is through institution of various reforms in the criminal justice system. Through two of the criminal theories, the criminal justice system can be reformed and help and guide on making adjustments in the theory (Siegel, 2012). The two theories are the positivist theory of criminology and the classical theory of criminology. The two could help enhance the responses of the criminal justice system in the following ways.
This theory of criminology holds on to the fact and aspect that the intelligence of an individual is a central factor and issue in committing various criminal activities. A low level of intelligence in individuals is believed to be at the center of engagement in various crimes. On the basis of this theory, the criminal justice system t can benefit in the following ways in enhancing to cases where individuals engage in criminal activities such as child abuse due to low levels of intelligence.
The criminal justice system should ensure that individuals who commit crimes that they are very well aware of and capable of preventing themselves from engaging in have a mental check up before they convict them and institute heavy penalties. There should be no mercy to an individual who commits a crime and the best way to penalize such individuals by the criminal justice.
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public.docxShiraPrater50
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public Policy 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Evaluate various types of public policy ideologies.
1.1 Explain the controversies surrounding the death penalty.
2. Compare and contrast internal and external influences on criminal justice public policy.
3. Assess the role of criminal justice public policy.
4. Evaluate the impact of public opinion on criminal justice policies over the past 50 years.
4.1 Evaluate public opinion on criminal justice laws.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 9
Final Exam
2 Final Exam
3 Final Exam
4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 9
Final Exam
Reading Assignment
Chapter 9: The Death Penalty
Unit Lesson
Introduction
First, thank you for your patience during the last seven units. Public policy related to criminal justice is a
difficult and often nerve-racking subject. The thing that makes policymaking in this arena so difficult is the
delicate balance that the stakeholders must navigate. It is a fact that the debate regarding whether to punish,
to treat and rehabilitate, or to demonstrate retribution has plagued the United States for over 200 years. Gau
(2019) states “One truism that should have emerged plainly in previous chapters is that purely punishment-
and control-based approaches do not reduce recidivism, prevent crime, or enhance public peace” (p. 242).
The criminal justice system is based in social control through law, and the police are the duly-appointed
representatives sworn to carry out that function. There are two questions that we must revisit. Initially, do we
have too many laws that prohibit behavior in the United States, and secondly, as has been asked before in
this course, do we incarcerate too many people for non-violent offenses? The answer to both questions is
yes. Therefore, what do we do to amend criminal codes across the United States, and how do we deter
crime?
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Community-Based Crime Control
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public Policy 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Community-Based Crime Control Strategies
Community-based initiatives begin and end with the involvement of those who live and work in a specific
geographic area. Bursik and Grasmick (as cited in Gau, 2019) stated, “Ultimately, the goal is social control.
Social control is the attempt to protect the area from threats that may undermine its regulatory ability” (p. 245).
To be successful, community-based strategies must begin with the family and the immediate circle of
associates in the neighborhood; this is a private method of control espoused by Hunter (as cited in Gau,
2019). Once the private method of control is demonstrated to be effective, control expands to a larger area
(parochial) that involves similar cooperation from the business community, commun ...
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public.docxadkinspaige22
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public Policy 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Evaluate various types of public policy ideologies.
1.1 Explain the controversies surrounding the death penalty.
2. Compare and contrast internal and external influences on criminal justice public policy.
3. Assess the role of criminal justice public policy.
4. Evaluate the impact of public opinion on criminal justice policies over the past 50 years.
4.1 Evaluate public opinion on criminal justice laws.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 9
Final Exam
2 Final Exam
3 Final Exam
4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 9
Final Exam
Reading Assignment
Chapter 9: The Death Penalty
Unit Lesson
Introduction
First, thank you for your patience during the last seven units. Public policy related to criminal justice is a
difficult and often nerve-racking subject. The thing that makes policymaking in this arena so difficult is the
delicate balance that the stakeholders must navigate. It is a fact that the debate regarding whether to punish,
to treat and rehabilitate, or to demonstrate retribution has plagued the United States for over 200 years. Gau
(2019) states “One truism that should have emerged plainly in previous chapters is that purely punishment-
and control-based approaches do not reduce recidivism, prevent crime, or enhance public peace” (p. 242).
The criminal justice system is based in social control through law, and the police are the duly-appointed
representatives sworn to carry out that function. There are two questions that we must revisit. Initially, do we
have too many laws that prohibit behavior in the United States, and secondly, as has been asked before in
this course, do we incarcerate too many people for non-violent offenses? The answer to both questions is
yes. Therefore, what do we do to amend criminal codes across the United States, and how do we deter
crime?
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Community-Based Crime Control
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public Policy 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Community-Based Crime Control Strategies
Community-based initiatives begin and end with the involvement of those who live and work in a specific
geographic area. Bursik and Grasmick (as cited in Gau, 2019) stated, “Ultimately, the goal is social control.
Social control is the attempt to protect the area from threats that may undermine its regulatory ability” (p. 245).
To be successful, community-based strategies must begin with the family and the immediate circle of
associates in the neighborhood; this is a private method of control espoused by Hunter (as cited in Gau,
2019). Once the private method of control is demonstrated to be effective, control expands to a larger area
(parochial) that involves similar cooperation from the business community, commun.
Now that you have examined two theories of crime and how they migh.docxhenrymartin15260
Now that you have examined two theories of crime and how they might explain any particular crime, it is time to examine how criminal justice responses to crime may be shaped by these theories. For this part of your course project, complete the following:
Discuss your first theory and how criminal justice responses may be formed based on the assumptions of this theory.
Discuss your second theory and how criminal justice responses may be formed based on the assumptions of this theory.
Examine any actual criminal justice responses that have been implemented based on the assumptions of these theories.
This assignment should be at least two 2-3 pages in length (adding to the final paper).
Use at least 3-5 scholarly sources that discuss a criminal justice response. These sources must be properly cited using APA format. Students should seek out peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles from LIRN to complete this assignment or explore the National Criminal Justice Reference Service for examples of how the criminal justice system has responded.
Abstract and conclusion
Abstract
This paper will be on two criminology theories; the positivist and the classical theory. These two theories will be discussed and how the criminal justice system responded towards the assumptions. It explains how certain crimes are looked at and also dealt with.
The commitment of various criminal activities attracts action from the criminal justice system. However, on many different occasions, the criminal justice system has been criticized for handling those who commit crime with great leniency and mercy. The only way that crime can be reduced and those who intend to commit crimes in future stopped is through institution of various reforms in the criminal justice system. Through two of the criminal theories, the criminal justice system can be reformed and help and guide on making adjustments in the theory (Siegel, 2012). The two theories are the positivist theory of criminology and the classical theory of criminology. The two could help enhance the responses of the criminal justice system in the following ways.
This theory of criminology holds on to the fact and aspect that the intelligence of an individual is a central factor and issue in committing various criminal activities. A low level of intelligence in individuals is believed to be at the center of engagement in various crimes. On the basis of this theory, the criminal justice system t can benefit in the following ways in enhancing to cases where individuals engage in criminal activities such as child abuse due to low levels of intelligence.
The criminal justice system should ensure that individuals who commit crimes that they are very well aware of and capable of preventing themselves from engaging in have a mental check up before they convict them and institute heavy penalties. There should be no mercy to an individual who commits a crime and the best way to penalize such individuals by the criminal justice.
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public.docxShiraPrater50
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public Policy 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Evaluate various types of public policy ideologies.
1.1 Explain the controversies surrounding the death penalty.
2. Compare and contrast internal and external influences on criminal justice public policy.
3. Assess the role of criminal justice public policy.
4. Evaluate the impact of public opinion on criminal justice policies over the past 50 years.
4.1 Evaluate public opinion on criminal justice laws.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 9
Final Exam
2 Final Exam
3 Final Exam
4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 9
Final Exam
Reading Assignment
Chapter 9: The Death Penalty
Unit Lesson
Introduction
First, thank you for your patience during the last seven units. Public policy related to criminal justice is a
difficult and often nerve-racking subject. The thing that makes policymaking in this arena so difficult is the
delicate balance that the stakeholders must navigate. It is a fact that the debate regarding whether to punish,
to treat and rehabilitate, or to demonstrate retribution has plagued the United States for over 200 years. Gau
(2019) states “One truism that should have emerged plainly in previous chapters is that purely punishment-
and control-based approaches do not reduce recidivism, prevent crime, or enhance public peace” (p. 242).
The criminal justice system is based in social control through law, and the police are the duly-appointed
representatives sworn to carry out that function. There are two questions that we must revisit. Initially, do we
have too many laws that prohibit behavior in the United States, and secondly, as has been asked before in
this course, do we incarcerate too many people for non-violent offenses? The answer to both questions is
yes. Therefore, what do we do to amend criminal codes across the United States, and how do we deter
crime?
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Community-Based Crime Control
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public Policy 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Community-Based Crime Control Strategies
Community-based initiatives begin and end with the involvement of those who live and work in a specific
geographic area. Bursik and Grasmick (as cited in Gau, 2019) stated, “Ultimately, the goal is social control.
Social control is the attempt to protect the area from threats that may undermine its regulatory ability” (p. 245).
To be successful, community-based strategies must begin with the family and the immediate circle of
associates in the neighborhood; this is a private method of control espoused by Hunter (as cited in Gau,
2019). Once the private method of control is demonstrated to be effective, control expands to a larger area
(parochial) that involves similar cooperation from the business community, commun ...
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public.docxadkinspaige22
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public Policy 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Evaluate various types of public policy ideologies.
1.1 Explain the controversies surrounding the death penalty.
2. Compare and contrast internal and external influences on criminal justice public policy.
3. Assess the role of criminal justice public policy.
4. Evaluate the impact of public opinion on criminal justice policies over the past 50 years.
4.1 Evaluate public opinion on criminal justice laws.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 9
Final Exam
2 Final Exam
3 Final Exam
4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 9
Final Exam
Reading Assignment
Chapter 9: The Death Penalty
Unit Lesson
Introduction
First, thank you for your patience during the last seven units. Public policy related to criminal justice is a
difficult and often nerve-racking subject. The thing that makes policymaking in this arena so difficult is the
delicate balance that the stakeholders must navigate. It is a fact that the debate regarding whether to punish,
to treat and rehabilitate, or to demonstrate retribution has plagued the United States for over 200 years. Gau
(2019) states “One truism that should have emerged plainly in previous chapters is that purely punishment-
and control-based approaches do not reduce recidivism, prevent crime, or enhance public peace” (p. 242).
The criminal justice system is based in social control through law, and the police are the duly-appointed
representatives sworn to carry out that function. There are two questions that we must revisit. Initially, do we
have too many laws that prohibit behavior in the United States, and secondly, as has been asked before in
this course, do we incarcerate too many people for non-violent offenses? The answer to both questions is
yes. Therefore, what do we do to amend criminal codes across the United States, and how do we deter
crime?
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Community-Based Crime Control
MCJ 6530, Critical Analysis of Criminal Justice Public Policy 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Community-Based Crime Control Strategies
Community-based initiatives begin and end with the involvement of those who live and work in a specific
geographic area. Bursik and Grasmick (as cited in Gau, 2019) stated, “Ultimately, the goal is social control.
Social control is the attempt to protect the area from threats that may undermine its regulatory ability” (p. 245).
To be successful, community-based strategies must begin with the family and the immediate circle of
associates in the neighborhood; this is a private method of control espoused by Hunter (as cited in Gau,
2019). Once the private method of control is demonstrated to be effective, control expands to a larger area
(parochial) that involves similar cooperation from the business community, commun.
ISSUES 2
3-2 Milestone One: Submit Selection of Contemporary Criminal Justice Issue
Destiny Nance
ISSUES 2
Southern New Hampshire University
In every other nation, the criminal justice system plays a very huge role in delivering justice and punishing those who break the law. However, all around the globe, there are several issues that almost every other justice system is struggling to deal with. One of the most common issues that are being dealt with is the issue of inordinate/ excessive use of force by law enforcement. In the least technical terms possible, the use of excessive force can be defined as the use of too much force by the police when dealing with people. In most cases, the use of this excess force may end up harming the same people that the police forces are initially supposed to protect. Even though police forces are punishable by the courts of law for use of excessive force, the issue remains one of the major issues that affect the criminal system to date. (Hargreaves‐Heap, 2002).
In the modern day, people tend to think that excessive use of force by police officers is an issue of the past and one that no one should talk about. However, this is not all true as discrimination has not ended but has only evolved. In the old days, policemen mainly used excessive force on people of color or even slaves who at that time did not have rights that could make the officers be punished for doing this. However, in the modern days, the issue has evolved all over the globe, there have been cases where policemen have used excessive force on their subjects regardless of their color. One of the things that have made the issue keep changing is the advancement of technology where police officers are expected to wear body cams that will monitor all their actions while on duty. different amendments that have been made to the constitution with the main aim of empowering people of color.
For quite some time now, people have been fighting against the use of excessive force. However, I believe that recently there might have been a breakthrough all because of technology. technology has changed people's perspectives especially by showing them how brutal police officers can be when they use excessive force. For instance, in the year 2020, a man named George Floyd was murdered by a police officer due to the use of excessive force. The video of the incident went viral and people came together to protest against the issue. This was one of the biggest protests where people protested together regardless of their color, culture, and even location (Hutson, 2009).
References
Ajilore, O., & Shirey, S. (2017). Do# AllLivesMatter? An evaluation of race and exc ...
STUDENT FIRST RESPONSE from P EDWARDSThere are several avenues t.docxemelyvalg9
STUDENT FIRST RESPONSE from P EDWARDS
There are several avenues to take to approach crime prevention programs towards groups. One crime prevention strategy for groups is gang suppression. Gang suppression efforts are made with the community, schools, and groups and those within are used to help prevent gangs (Robinson, 2013). The weaknesses in gang suppression are primarily when programs are geared toward impacting communities. Studies indicate that school and community based programs that focus on zero-tolerance policing do not show any solid evidence that they are effective. Schools have implemented anti-gang programs at within the schools to discourage gang related activities. However, some community based programs that are at a more individual level are more likely to produce positive results and less likely to participate in gang activities (Robinson, 2013).
Other strategy strengths focus more on the parent involvement with the child's life. “To reduce the risk of children joining gangs, COPS stresses the importance of parents spending time with children; getting involved with their schools; knowing children's friends and their parents; being a good role model; enforcing good study habits; teaching kids to deal with peer pressure, to resist bullying, and to resolve conflicts nonviolently; and enrolling kids in after-school and other recreational activities. COPS also suggests talking to your children about the dangers of gangs and setting clear rules and consequences for gang involvement, as well as getting actively involved in your neighborhood” (Robinson, 2013, p. 4.4). The presence of parent involvement encourages positive acceptable behaviors promoting social behaviors and enables the parents to be proactive in discouraging unacceptable behavior.
References
Robinson, M. (2013). Crime Prevention. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
(YOU NEED TO PROVIDE FEEDBACK ON THIS STUDENT’S RESPONSE IN 200 WORDS LENGTH. NOTHING NEGATIVE BUT POSITIVE FEEDBACK WITH PROPER GRAMMAR PRONUNCIATIONS AND SENTENCING.
After reviewing the initial post determine which area is targeted - select one of the other two and discuss a complementary program that addresses the same issue identified in the initial post which would give a complimentary and more comprehensive program?
SECOND RESPONSE FROM STUDENT Heather F.
This week our text addresses targeting crime prevention programs towards individuals, groups and community’s, I choose to address targeting crime prevention programs through the community. In our text it states that “A community is often treated synonymously with a neighborhood in criminology” (Robinson, M. B. (2013). A community is a group of neighbors who live close together and work together and to care for one another. There have been some studies on several theories on what causes crime in a community such as social disorganization theory, routine activity theory, and crime pattern theory. Social disorganization is where.
Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent, management, causes, control, consequences,
and prevention of criminal behavior, both on individual and social levels.
DISCUSSION 1Some mandatory sentencing laws, called three-strikes.docxduketjoy27252
DISCUSSION 1
Some mandatory sentencing laws, called three-strikes laws, were created in the 1990s as citizens and lawmakers became fed up withviolent crime. Intended to be used to lock up repeat violent offenders for life, the laws were not widely implemented in all states, and only California has used its threestrikes law widely.
YOUR ASSIGNMENT IS TO:
Search for "California three-strikes law" on the Internet and read about its benefits as well as costs.
Focus on what type of offenders have been most affected, the law's impact on crime, its financial impact, and whether it has been applied in a racially biased way.
Then, argue one way or the other, whether the law is good or bad. Explain.
THIS ASSIGNMENT ABOVE HAS ALREADY BEEN DONE. THE NEXT ASSIGNMENT YOU NEED TO DO IS:
PROVIDE FEEDBACK ON TWO CLASSMATES POSTS. THE LENGTH MUST BE 200 WORDS EACH POST. THERE ARE TWO FEEDBACKS YOU MUST DO. MUST BE POSITIVE FEEDBACK, PROPER GRAMMAR/SENTENCE STRUCTURE, AND ANY OUTSIDE SOURCES YOU USE THAT RELATES TO THE FEEDBACK FROM THE STUDENT MUST BE PROPERLY CITED/SCHOLARY SOURCE.
Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts.PLEASE ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS BELOW IN THE FEEDBACK YOU PROVIDE TO EACH STUDENT.
In your responses to their posts, address the following:
Is there a crime prevention program in the policing or corrections areas that would complement the initiative addressed by your classmates?
What concept or theory would support your position?
Will the initiative positively or negatively impact social justice for all groups or just targeted segments of society?
FIRST DISCUSSION RESPONSE FROM CHRISTOPHER E.
Drug Courts
The activity I chose was drug courts. I chose this activity because drugs seem to be a main gateway into criminal activity and individuals becoming offenders and ending up in the criminal justice system. Drug courts are a system that treats drug addicted and mentally ill individuals for their addiction without putting them into the traditional criminal justice system. The drug courts program offer the offender counseling, mental health services as well as job placement programs and vocational training (Robinson, 2013). Like a spoke of drug abuse is the gateway that leads to addiction and this only leads to crimes like robberies, theft or other crimes to support these habits. Some of these crimes are petty crimes and the crime and the cause has to be taken into consideration, so that’s why drug courts are so important. Treating a petty criminal who is drug addicted in the drug courts alleviates the offender going to prison which are already overcrowded and this only costs the government or state more funds to incarcerate this individual. The key is keeping the individual in the program long enough for it to work.
The reward system for the individual for doing well and sanctions for not conforming to the treatment are innovative ways to energize the individual to take the treatment serious. The fact that usually after the.
Running head CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICECULTURAL DIV.docxjoellemurphey
Running head: CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2
Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Alternative theory and strategy in the criminal justice system
There is no doubt that restorative justice is one strategy of avoiding the stereotyping of the individuals in the criminal justice system. According to restorative justice is a process through which parties to a particular criminal offense come to a collective resolution of how best to deal with the aftermath of the criminal offense as well as the impact in the near future. The one aspect of restorative justice is the reintegrative shaming theory that refers to the use of shaming as a form of sanction in the criminal justice system that results in strengthening the bond between the criminal offender and the community from which theoffenders comes from. The theory is the best alternative to the labeling theory as itcomprises of two different process namely stigmatic and reitegrative shaming. While the first results in ruined ties between the offender and the society, the latter involves bringing back the offender to the society as a reformed member of the society.
The major tenets of concern under the reintegrative theory include the tolerance of the fact that crime worsens things, disrespectful, and outlasting shaming of crime worsens the crime and reintegrative shaming, or disapproval of the act within a continuum of respect for the offender, disapproval terminated by rituals of forgiveness, prevents crime.That means that the failure by parenting that is permissive to disapprove and confront the children’s misconduct as well as authoritarian parentingbothresults in delinquency. Therefore, restorative justice mainly makes things easy since it provides the moral rezoning for the families concerning the nextcourse of action concerning the crime being an alternative punishment from the state.
The good thing about the restorative justice is that there are conferenceswhere both the offender and the victims are invited together with the closealleys for discussion concerning the consequences of the crime. The discussion culminates in both parties drawing out the feelings of the harmed persons aswellas how best to repair the harm andthe step0s necessary in preventing reoffending. Particularly, reintegrative theory would focus on the shame of the most respected and trusted personsinvolved in the crime. That means that the conference structure comprises of the discussion of the consequences of the crime to the victims and thosein support of the offender structures’ reintegration into the society.
There are various scholarly studies attest to the fact that reintegrative theory results in the offenders experiencing more remorse and more forgiveness as compared to the court process. The reformed “offenders” have another leaf tomingle with the society andcarry out meaningful development having been taught the ...
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR RESEARCH Mental health or addiction issues: Underlying ment...fatoomaobaid
ndividual Factors:
•Mental health or addiction issues: Underlying mental health problems
or substance abuse can contribute to criminal behavior. With
treatment, these issues can make it difficult to develop impulse control
or make positive life choices.
•Lack of opportunity: Limited access to education, employment, or
social support can make it hard to find legitimate ways to make a living,
pushing some back to crime.
•Socialization and environment: Growing up in a high-crime
environment or associating with criminals can normalize criminal
behavior and make it seem like the only option.
There are severalreasons why people might not change their
criminal behavior after convictions:
4
I
Discussion Prompt #1 - Rational Choice and CrimeAfter many ywiddowsonerica
Discussion Prompt #1 - Rational Choice and Crime
After many years of study, there is still no definite answers as to what compels people to commit egregious crimes. Criminologists study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior. How does rational choice theory play a role in an offender’s decision to commit a crime? Is there another criminological theory you propose for this question? Explain in detail.
Discussion Prompt #2 - Crime Deterrence
The idea behind general deterrence is that potential offenders fear legal punishment, so they tend to avoid committing a crime. Specific deterrence’s view is if that threat of punishment cannot deter a potential offender from committing a crime, but that the actual punishment itself may be severe enough to prevent the offender from committing the same crime again. In our current society, which deterrent is most effective? Explain your answer.
...
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Examines theories that attempt to explain the motivation for criminal behavior in order to help reduce recidivism and relapse among people with and without addictions in the criminal justice system
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 1 Cour.docxikirkton
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Define terms related to corrections.
1.1 Define terms related to sentencing and diversion.
2. Assess the purpose, implementations, and effectiveness of corrections.
2.1 Identify the seven goals of criminal sentencing.
2.2 Examine the concept of diversion.
2.3 Analyze the concept of probation and the job of the probation officer.
8. Appraise the legal rights of inmates and the use of capital punishment.
8.1 Discuss various landmark cases referenced in the book and how they
apply to the current correctional system.
8.2 Match various landmark cases to their outcomes.
Unit Lesson
The general public has an expectation that those people that cannot conform to the
basic rules and law of society be punished for their lack of regard for the law. The
concept of punishment versus reform is one that has been constantly debated for
hundreds of years. In this unit, we discuss the goals of sentencing as they relate to
punishment.
There are seven goals of punishment that you need to understand in this unit. They
are as follows:
revenge,
retribution,
just deserts,
deterrence,
incapacitation,
rehabilitation or reformation, and
restoration.
There are also five sentencing options available to the offender:
fines and other monetary sanctions,
probation,
intermediate sanctions,
incarceration, and
death penalty.
One question we need to ask ourselves is, “do the five sentencing options fit into the
seven goals of punishment?” The death penalty does provide revenge, but does it
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 3:
Sentencing: To Punish or
to Reform?
Chapter 4:
Diversion and Probation:
How Most Offenders are
Punished
Learning Activities
(Non-Graded)
See information below.
Key Terms
1. Absconding
2. Conditional diversion
3. Correctional
econometrics
4. Determinate
sentencing
5. Diversion
6. Equity
7. Just deserts
8. Mandatory
sentencing
9. Restorative justice
10. Revocation hearing
11. Social debt
12. Unconditional
diversion
UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Sentencing, Diversion, and Sanctions
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 2
provide deterrence? Most would say that it does not provide any deterrence at all.
People are still committing crimes that justify the use of the death penalty in every
state in the country. When we look further into criminal activity like sex crimes, or more
specifically Internet sting operations where law enforcement makes contact with
individuals seeking to engage in sexual acts with minors, we see that the threat of
incarceration and years of probation have no effect on the goals of deterrence or
reform. The shame associated with being displayed on the television show “To Catch
a Predator” would seem to provide some sort ...
Original Work, NO PLAGERIESM, CITE, REFERENCE 100 words each quest.docxgerardkortney
Original Work, NO PLAGERIESM, CITE, REFERENCE 100 words each question
1. Describe the burden of non-communicable diseases on mortality and morbidity in the United States
2. Identify the roles that vaccinations can play in preventing communicable diseases
Neighborhood Watch Proposal 1
Unit 8 draft proposal: Neighborhood Watch Programs
Student Name
University
CJ 490 Research Methods in Criminal Justice
Professor
Date
Neighborhood Watch Proposal 2
Neighborhood Watch Programs
The term “home,” can have several meanings to many different people. But most
people associate this word with their place of residence or where they seek refuge. Of all places,
a person’s home should not be a place they fear falling victim to crime, but instead, as a place
where they feel safe and secure. When a person comes home after a long day of work to discover
their home has been broken into and all of their prized possessions have been stolen, it is normal
to feel angry, and violated because that’s what it is, a violation. For the most part, burglaries are
a crime of opportunity. A burglar can sit and watch someone’s house all day and know exactly
what time they go to work and return home. According to the Texas Crime Statistics and Rates
Report, in 2009 there were 240,233 burglary incidents and a total of 995,145 property crime
incidents in Texas (“Texas Crime Statistics,” n.d.). Reports from 2012 are already showing an
increase in these numbers compared to 2009 (“Texas crime statistics,” n.d.). This is alarming and
neighborhood watch could be the solution. In 1972, the National Sheriffs’ Association founded
the Neighborhood Watch Program with the intentions of helping police reduce crimes in
neighborhoods (Campbell, n.d.). While the main focuses of Neighborhood Watch programs are
to prevent crime, they may also educate and strengthen the community.
Review of Literature:
Almost 2 years ago, residents of Salisbury, New Hampshire lost their police department
when their 2-man force suddenly resigned. Since then, they have been unable to fill the empty
positions, so the state police have been providing coverage for the community. Members of the
Salisbury community are now looking to create a neighborhood watch program, not to replace
law enforcement, but to enhance the coverage already being supplied by the state (McCrystal,
Neighborhood Watch Proposal 3
2012). The idea of a neighborhood watch program in this community already exists, it’s just not
formalized. Many residents already watch for suspicious people or behavior so formalizing the
program will simply give them someone to call when suspicious behavior or activity does take
place. Members of the Salisbury community have great reason to push for the implementation of
Neighborhood Watch programs. Not only is it believed to reduce crime, but it is also thought to
bring the community tog.
Discussion questions – Twain, The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion questions – Twain, “The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg”
Mark Twain wrote this story in 1898, toward the end of his career, and long after publishing his masterpieces
Tom Sawyer
and
Huckleberry Finn
. However, “Hadleyburg” reflects one concern that interested Twain throughout his entire career: the sarcastic skewering of middle-class morality and mannerisms. We will examine Twain’s critique of the false righteousness and hidden hypocrisies of common, civilized life as an example of Realism.
1. Hadleyburg prides itself on the honesty of its citizens. However, this focus on honesty has allowed other, less moral attitudes to take root and grow among the people. Find 2 passages that reveal at least two different sinful attitudes shared by the citizens of Hadleyburg.
2. The stranger’s plot is perfectly designed to attack the one source of pride of the townspeople. Focus on the scene describing the night the owner of the sack of gold is to be revealed. Explain what Twain to saying about human nature through the behavior of Wilson the lawyer. Find 1 passage that supports your interpretation. (Hint: Does Wilson tell the truth?)
2a. Also, Dr. Harkness ends up buying the sack of (fake) gold. Why does he do this, and what is Twain trying to say about politics and morality through that subplot? Find 1 passage that supports your interpretation. (Hint: Harkness creates a fake story about the gold. Also, why is he desperate to win the election?)
3. The Richardses were spared the humiliation the other nineteen families experienced. They even receive a reward for $38,500! However, their lives end miserably. Their miserable end is related to the one moral weakness that Richards consistently exhibits throughout the story. What is this weakness (it’s not greed) and explain how it causes a terrible ending to the Richardses’ lives. Find 1 passage that reveals this weakness.
.
Discussion Questions The difficulty in predicting the future is .docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Questions
: “The difficulty in predicting the future is that the outcomes are unreliable, due to the occurrence of wild-card events that distort the relatively well-understand trends for the near to mid-future.” Offer an example of such a “wild-card” event and some ways in which the security professional might address it in an effective manner. Regarding the need for the security industry as a whole to maintain the professionalism and competencies needed to address emerging threats and hazards, what do you feel are its primary areas of weakness and what proposals could you offer to address them?
The Future of the Security
When considering what awaits the security profession in the years to come and those that will operate within it, developments and forecasts related to security science will in large part be impacted by what has occurred in the past and in present day. What
might
occur, what is most
plausible
and
feasible
given current and expected occurrences, and what has proven to be effective (or not) will all need to be considered in determining those issues that will remain relevant or change. So predicting the future (not in the form of Nostradamus or similar prophets) as it relates to security is a technique that considers probable or desirable outcomes in the face of known or anticipated risks. So given this backdrop, where is security heading?
Physical Security
As long as there are structures that people operate within and house various assets, there will continue to be a need to offer needed protection related to them. All of the topics discussed in this course related to walls, fencing, sensors, alarm systems, guards, locks, and other such issues will be needed in some form or fashion. Whether through manual or technological means, these will remain a constant for the security administrator in providing appropriate defensive measures for the material, tangible assets they oversee. Concerning technology, the same trend will continue in serving as a needed aid in providing security moving forward. Mobile devices of various types, functions, capabilities, and their ability to access data, the ever-increasing use of robotics and the functions they can carry out, sensors that will be able to gain more intelligence regarding detection, and high frequency security cameras that will have the capability to verify the chemical compound of an object at a distance are just some of the many technical innovations on the horizon. Yet, just as technology has taken on a greater role in providing these efforts, so too does technology represent ever-increasing concerns to the security manager.
Cyber Security
As society becomes connected on an ever-increasing basis, attention must be directed towards what implications this environment has related to not only security, but related privacy concerns as well. In
Future Scenarios and Challenges for Security and Privacy
(2016, Williams, Axon, Nurse, & Creese), the researchers took a ver.
Discussion questions – Dunbar Paul Lawrence Dunbar was a pio.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion questions – Dunbar
Paul Lawrence Dunbar was a pioneering African-American literary artist. He was among the first black writers who achieved fame among predominantly white audiences with the accurate use of black vernacular and realistic depictions of the attitudes of African Americans while using the literary styles and conventions familiar to white writers. Only within the past twenty years have literary critics begun to appreciate the subtle and perceptive criticism of racial relations he provides beneath the smooth artistry of his works.
1. Dunbar’s “Mr. Cornelius” is extremely naturalistic, with Cornelius struggling against, and eventually losing to, large forces. What are the forces that are arrayed against him (2)? Find a passage that describes each force.
(Hint: Economics, discrimination, as well as emotional weakness are some examples of large forces.)
2. Dunbar was well aware of the story of the slave’s flight north to freedom, a traditional African-American narrative made famous by such works as Frederick Douglass’s
Narrative
and Harriet Beecher Stowe’s
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
. How is Dunbar’s story an ironic, inverted version of the flight-to-freedom story? What is Dunbar trying to say about the status of African Americans in a society newly changed by slavery’s end?
(Hint: Cornelius is from the south. Washington D.C. is north. Does going north mean freedom for him? He must return south at the end—what does going south mean for him?)
.
Discussion Questions Identify the top three threats to the home.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Questions:
Identify the top three threats to the homeland and describe why you chose those as the primary threats. Considering specific terrorist tactics that have been or could be used in the homeland, which do you consider to be the most intimidating and which do you see as the most likely to be used?
.
Discussion questions – Hurston
Zora Neal Hurston attended Howard University, then Barnard College, and studied anthropology while becoming a popular figure of the Harlem Renaissance. Her studies earned her a post-graduate fellowship to study Southern black folktales. These folktales become the basis for her fiction. During her life, Hurston’s writing, while popular with general audiences, was not well-received by critics, particular black literary reviewers who wanted her to focus more on racial inequality. After being wrongly accused of a crime, Hurston finished her career in poverty and obscurity. She has recently become an extremely important writer for her depictions of black women, particularly in the now-acclaimed
Their Eyes Were Watching God
(1937).
2. Hurston’s “How It Feels to Be Colored Me” is a modernist-style literary montage—a series of (loosely organized) images, impressions, memories, observations on experiencing life as a black woman. The montage is quite humorous since she often states that she doesn’t know what “colored” is. The montage can be broken down into a diverse set of themes. Find 1 passage for each theme:
a. earliest memories of life before she knew what “race” was
b. the idea of “race” is imposed on her by others
c. moments where she recognizes her racial identity emerging suddenly
d. she lives a life that is bigger than what “race” tells her she must be
Please use the Answer Sandwich method to answer each question. The passages you add to your answer should be around 2-4 sentences long. Please include a page reference.
Keep in mind that I may select any of these questions to be the upcoming quiz question. Also, I use these discussion questions to create the exams and the major paper assignment. So do your best on each question.
https://bucket-hozzify.storage.googleapis.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/08211149/Robert-S.-Levine_-Michael-A.-Elliott_-Sandra-M.-Gustafson_-Amy-Hungerford_-Mary-Loeffelholz-The-Norton-Anthology-of-American-Literature-Volumes-C-D-E-W.-W.-Norton-Company-2016.pdf
.
More Related Content
Similar to Discussion 1In Chapter 7 of Crime Prevention, Robinson states th.docx
ISSUES 2
3-2 Milestone One: Submit Selection of Contemporary Criminal Justice Issue
Destiny Nance
ISSUES 2
Southern New Hampshire University
In every other nation, the criminal justice system plays a very huge role in delivering justice and punishing those who break the law. However, all around the globe, there are several issues that almost every other justice system is struggling to deal with. One of the most common issues that are being dealt with is the issue of inordinate/ excessive use of force by law enforcement. In the least technical terms possible, the use of excessive force can be defined as the use of too much force by the police when dealing with people. In most cases, the use of this excess force may end up harming the same people that the police forces are initially supposed to protect. Even though police forces are punishable by the courts of law for use of excessive force, the issue remains one of the major issues that affect the criminal system to date. (Hargreaves‐Heap, 2002).
In the modern day, people tend to think that excessive use of force by police officers is an issue of the past and one that no one should talk about. However, this is not all true as discrimination has not ended but has only evolved. In the old days, policemen mainly used excessive force on people of color or even slaves who at that time did not have rights that could make the officers be punished for doing this. However, in the modern days, the issue has evolved all over the globe, there have been cases where policemen have used excessive force on their subjects regardless of their color. One of the things that have made the issue keep changing is the advancement of technology where police officers are expected to wear body cams that will monitor all their actions while on duty. different amendments that have been made to the constitution with the main aim of empowering people of color.
For quite some time now, people have been fighting against the use of excessive force. However, I believe that recently there might have been a breakthrough all because of technology. technology has changed people's perspectives especially by showing them how brutal police officers can be when they use excessive force. For instance, in the year 2020, a man named George Floyd was murdered by a police officer due to the use of excessive force. The video of the incident went viral and people came together to protest against the issue. This was one of the biggest protests where people protested together regardless of their color, culture, and even location (Hutson, 2009).
References
Ajilore, O., & Shirey, S. (2017). Do# AllLivesMatter? An evaluation of race and exc ...
STUDENT FIRST RESPONSE from P EDWARDSThere are several avenues t.docxemelyvalg9
STUDENT FIRST RESPONSE from P EDWARDS
There are several avenues to take to approach crime prevention programs towards groups. One crime prevention strategy for groups is gang suppression. Gang suppression efforts are made with the community, schools, and groups and those within are used to help prevent gangs (Robinson, 2013). The weaknesses in gang suppression are primarily when programs are geared toward impacting communities. Studies indicate that school and community based programs that focus on zero-tolerance policing do not show any solid evidence that they are effective. Schools have implemented anti-gang programs at within the schools to discourage gang related activities. However, some community based programs that are at a more individual level are more likely to produce positive results and less likely to participate in gang activities (Robinson, 2013).
Other strategy strengths focus more on the parent involvement with the child's life. “To reduce the risk of children joining gangs, COPS stresses the importance of parents spending time with children; getting involved with their schools; knowing children's friends and their parents; being a good role model; enforcing good study habits; teaching kids to deal with peer pressure, to resist bullying, and to resolve conflicts nonviolently; and enrolling kids in after-school and other recreational activities. COPS also suggests talking to your children about the dangers of gangs and setting clear rules and consequences for gang involvement, as well as getting actively involved in your neighborhood” (Robinson, 2013, p. 4.4). The presence of parent involvement encourages positive acceptable behaviors promoting social behaviors and enables the parents to be proactive in discouraging unacceptable behavior.
References
Robinson, M. (2013). Crime Prevention. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
(YOU NEED TO PROVIDE FEEDBACK ON THIS STUDENT’S RESPONSE IN 200 WORDS LENGTH. NOTHING NEGATIVE BUT POSITIVE FEEDBACK WITH PROPER GRAMMAR PRONUNCIATIONS AND SENTENCING.
After reviewing the initial post determine which area is targeted - select one of the other two and discuss a complementary program that addresses the same issue identified in the initial post which would give a complimentary and more comprehensive program?
SECOND RESPONSE FROM STUDENT Heather F.
This week our text addresses targeting crime prevention programs towards individuals, groups and community’s, I choose to address targeting crime prevention programs through the community. In our text it states that “A community is often treated synonymously with a neighborhood in criminology” (Robinson, M. B. (2013). A community is a group of neighbors who live close together and work together and to care for one another. There have been some studies on several theories on what causes crime in a community such as social disorganization theory, routine activity theory, and crime pattern theory. Social disorganization is where.
Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent, management, causes, control, consequences,
and prevention of criminal behavior, both on individual and social levels.
DISCUSSION 1Some mandatory sentencing laws, called three-strikes.docxduketjoy27252
DISCUSSION 1
Some mandatory sentencing laws, called three-strikes laws, were created in the 1990s as citizens and lawmakers became fed up withviolent crime. Intended to be used to lock up repeat violent offenders for life, the laws were not widely implemented in all states, and only California has used its threestrikes law widely.
YOUR ASSIGNMENT IS TO:
Search for "California three-strikes law" on the Internet and read about its benefits as well as costs.
Focus on what type of offenders have been most affected, the law's impact on crime, its financial impact, and whether it has been applied in a racially biased way.
Then, argue one way or the other, whether the law is good or bad. Explain.
THIS ASSIGNMENT ABOVE HAS ALREADY BEEN DONE. THE NEXT ASSIGNMENT YOU NEED TO DO IS:
PROVIDE FEEDBACK ON TWO CLASSMATES POSTS. THE LENGTH MUST BE 200 WORDS EACH POST. THERE ARE TWO FEEDBACKS YOU MUST DO. MUST BE POSITIVE FEEDBACK, PROPER GRAMMAR/SENTENCE STRUCTURE, AND ANY OUTSIDE SOURCES YOU USE THAT RELATES TO THE FEEDBACK FROM THE STUDENT MUST BE PROPERLY CITED/SCHOLARY SOURCE.
Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts.PLEASE ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS BELOW IN THE FEEDBACK YOU PROVIDE TO EACH STUDENT.
In your responses to their posts, address the following:
Is there a crime prevention program in the policing or corrections areas that would complement the initiative addressed by your classmates?
What concept or theory would support your position?
Will the initiative positively or negatively impact social justice for all groups or just targeted segments of society?
FIRST DISCUSSION RESPONSE FROM CHRISTOPHER E.
Drug Courts
The activity I chose was drug courts. I chose this activity because drugs seem to be a main gateway into criminal activity and individuals becoming offenders and ending up in the criminal justice system. Drug courts are a system that treats drug addicted and mentally ill individuals for their addiction without putting them into the traditional criminal justice system. The drug courts program offer the offender counseling, mental health services as well as job placement programs and vocational training (Robinson, 2013). Like a spoke of drug abuse is the gateway that leads to addiction and this only leads to crimes like robberies, theft or other crimes to support these habits. Some of these crimes are petty crimes and the crime and the cause has to be taken into consideration, so that’s why drug courts are so important. Treating a petty criminal who is drug addicted in the drug courts alleviates the offender going to prison which are already overcrowded and this only costs the government or state more funds to incarcerate this individual. The key is keeping the individual in the program long enough for it to work.
The reward system for the individual for doing well and sanctions for not conforming to the treatment are innovative ways to energize the individual to take the treatment serious. The fact that usually after the.
Running head CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICECULTURAL DIV.docxjoellemurphey
Running head: CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2
Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Alternative theory and strategy in the criminal justice system
There is no doubt that restorative justice is one strategy of avoiding the stereotyping of the individuals in the criminal justice system. According to restorative justice is a process through which parties to a particular criminal offense come to a collective resolution of how best to deal with the aftermath of the criminal offense as well as the impact in the near future. The one aspect of restorative justice is the reintegrative shaming theory that refers to the use of shaming as a form of sanction in the criminal justice system that results in strengthening the bond between the criminal offender and the community from which theoffenders comes from. The theory is the best alternative to the labeling theory as itcomprises of two different process namely stigmatic and reitegrative shaming. While the first results in ruined ties between the offender and the society, the latter involves bringing back the offender to the society as a reformed member of the society.
The major tenets of concern under the reintegrative theory include the tolerance of the fact that crime worsens things, disrespectful, and outlasting shaming of crime worsens the crime and reintegrative shaming, or disapproval of the act within a continuum of respect for the offender, disapproval terminated by rituals of forgiveness, prevents crime.That means that the failure by parenting that is permissive to disapprove and confront the children’s misconduct as well as authoritarian parentingbothresults in delinquency. Therefore, restorative justice mainly makes things easy since it provides the moral rezoning for the families concerning the nextcourse of action concerning the crime being an alternative punishment from the state.
The good thing about the restorative justice is that there are conferenceswhere both the offender and the victims are invited together with the closealleys for discussion concerning the consequences of the crime. The discussion culminates in both parties drawing out the feelings of the harmed persons aswellas how best to repair the harm andthe step0s necessary in preventing reoffending. Particularly, reintegrative theory would focus on the shame of the most respected and trusted personsinvolved in the crime. That means that the conference structure comprises of the discussion of the consequences of the crime to the victims and thosein support of the offender structures’ reintegration into the society.
There are various scholarly studies attest to the fact that reintegrative theory results in the offenders experiencing more remorse and more forgiveness as compared to the court process. The reformed “offenders” have another leaf tomingle with the society andcarry out meaningful development having been taught the ...
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR RESEARCH Mental health or addiction issues: Underlying ment...fatoomaobaid
ndividual Factors:
•Mental health or addiction issues: Underlying mental health problems
or substance abuse can contribute to criminal behavior. With
treatment, these issues can make it difficult to develop impulse control
or make positive life choices.
•Lack of opportunity: Limited access to education, employment, or
social support can make it hard to find legitimate ways to make a living,
pushing some back to crime.
•Socialization and environment: Growing up in a high-crime
environment or associating with criminals can normalize criminal
behavior and make it seem like the only option.
There are severalreasons why people might not change their
criminal behavior after convictions:
4
I
Discussion Prompt #1 - Rational Choice and CrimeAfter many ywiddowsonerica
Discussion Prompt #1 - Rational Choice and Crime
After many years of study, there is still no definite answers as to what compels people to commit egregious crimes. Criminologists study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior. How does rational choice theory play a role in an offender’s decision to commit a crime? Is there another criminological theory you propose for this question? Explain in detail.
Discussion Prompt #2 - Crime Deterrence
The idea behind general deterrence is that potential offenders fear legal punishment, so they tend to avoid committing a crime. Specific deterrence’s view is if that threat of punishment cannot deter a potential offender from committing a crime, but that the actual punishment itself may be severe enough to prevent the offender from committing the same crime again. In our current society, which deterrent is most effective? Explain your answer.
...
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Examines theories that attempt to explain the motivation for criminal behavior in order to help reduce recidivism and relapse among people with and without addictions in the criminal justice system
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 1 Cour.docxikirkton
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Define terms related to corrections.
1.1 Define terms related to sentencing and diversion.
2. Assess the purpose, implementations, and effectiveness of corrections.
2.1 Identify the seven goals of criminal sentencing.
2.2 Examine the concept of diversion.
2.3 Analyze the concept of probation and the job of the probation officer.
8. Appraise the legal rights of inmates and the use of capital punishment.
8.1 Discuss various landmark cases referenced in the book and how they
apply to the current correctional system.
8.2 Match various landmark cases to their outcomes.
Unit Lesson
The general public has an expectation that those people that cannot conform to the
basic rules and law of society be punished for their lack of regard for the law. The
concept of punishment versus reform is one that has been constantly debated for
hundreds of years. In this unit, we discuss the goals of sentencing as they relate to
punishment.
There are seven goals of punishment that you need to understand in this unit. They
are as follows:
revenge,
retribution,
just deserts,
deterrence,
incapacitation,
rehabilitation or reformation, and
restoration.
There are also five sentencing options available to the offender:
fines and other monetary sanctions,
probation,
intermediate sanctions,
incarceration, and
death penalty.
One question we need to ask ourselves is, “do the five sentencing options fit into the
seven goals of punishment?” The death penalty does provide revenge, but does it
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 3:
Sentencing: To Punish or
to Reform?
Chapter 4:
Diversion and Probation:
How Most Offenders are
Punished
Learning Activities
(Non-Graded)
See information below.
Key Terms
1. Absconding
2. Conditional diversion
3. Correctional
econometrics
4. Determinate
sentencing
5. Diversion
6. Equity
7. Just deserts
8. Mandatory
sentencing
9. Restorative justice
10. Revocation hearing
11. Social debt
12. Unconditional
diversion
UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Sentencing, Diversion, and Sanctions
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 2
provide deterrence? Most would say that it does not provide any deterrence at all.
People are still committing crimes that justify the use of the death penalty in every
state in the country. When we look further into criminal activity like sex crimes, or more
specifically Internet sting operations where law enforcement makes contact with
individuals seeking to engage in sexual acts with minors, we see that the threat of
incarceration and years of probation have no effect on the goals of deterrence or
reform. The shame associated with being displayed on the television show “To Catch
a Predator” would seem to provide some sort ...
Original Work, NO PLAGERIESM, CITE, REFERENCE 100 words each quest.docxgerardkortney
Original Work, NO PLAGERIESM, CITE, REFERENCE 100 words each question
1. Describe the burden of non-communicable diseases on mortality and morbidity in the United States
2. Identify the roles that vaccinations can play in preventing communicable diseases
Neighborhood Watch Proposal 1
Unit 8 draft proposal: Neighborhood Watch Programs
Student Name
University
CJ 490 Research Methods in Criminal Justice
Professor
Date
Neighborhood Watch Proposal 2
Neighborhood Watch Programs
The term “home,” can have several meanings to many different people. But most
people associate this word with their place of residence or where they seek refuge. Of all places,
a person’s home should not be a place they fear falling victim to crime, but instead, as a place
where they feel safe and secure. When a person comes home after a long day of work to discover
their home has been broken into and all of their prized possessions have been stolen, it is normal
to feel angry, and violated because that’s what it is, a violation. For the most part, burglaries are
a crime of opportunity. A burglar can sit and watch someone’s house all day and know exactly
what time they go to work and return home. According to the Texas Crime Statistics and Rates
Report, in 2009 there were 240,233 burglary incidents and a total of 995,145 property crime
incidents in Texas (“Texas Crime Statistics,” n.d.). Reports from 2012 are already showing an
increase in these numbers compared to 2009 (“Texas crime statistics,” n.d.). This is alarming and
neighborhood watch could be the solution. In 1972, the National Sheriffs’ Association founded
the Neighborhood Watch Program with the intentions of helping police reduce crimes in
neighborhoods (Campbell, n.d.). While the main focuses of Neighborhood Watch programs are
to prevent crime, they may also educate and strengthen the community.
Review of Literature:
Almost 2 years ago, residents of Salisbury, New Hampshire lost their police department
when their 2-man force suddenly resigned. Since then, they have been unable to fill the empty
positions, so the state police have been providing coverage for the community. Members of the
Salisbury community are now looking to create a neighborhood watch program, not to replace
law enforcement, but to enhance the coverage already being supplied by the state (McCrystal,
Neighborhood Watch Proposal 3
2012). The idea of a neighborhood watch program in this community already exists, it’s just not
formalized. Many residents already watch for suspicious people or behavior so formalizing the
program will simply give them someone to call when suspicious behavior or activity does take
place. Members of the Salisbury community have great reason to push for the implementation of
Neighborhood Watch programs. Not only is it believed to reduce crime, but it is also thought to
bring the community tog.
Discussion questions – Twain, The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion questions – Twain, “The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg”
Mark Twain wrote this story in 1898, toward the end of his career, and long after publishing his masterpieces
Tom Sawyer
and
Huckleberry Finn
. However, “Hadleyburg” reflects one concern that interested Twain throughout his entire career: the sarcastic skewering of middle-class morality and mannerisms. We will examine Twain’s critique of the false righteousness and hidden hypocrisies of common, civilized life as an example of Realism.
1. Hadleyburg prides itself on the honesty of its citizens. However, this focus on honesty has allowed other, less moral attitudes to take root and grow among the people. Find 2 passages that reveal at least two different sinful attitudes shared by the citizens of Hadleyburg.
2. The stranger’s plot is perfectly designed to attack the one source of pride of the townspeople. Focus on the scene describing the night the owner of the sack of gold is to be revealed. Explain what Twain to saying about human nature through the behavior of Wilson the lawyer. Find 1 passage that supports your interpretation. (Hint: Does Wilson tell the truth?)
2a. Also, Dr. Harkness ends up buying the sack of (fake) gold. Why does he do this, and what is Twain trying to say about politics and morality through that subplot? Find 1 passage that supports your interpretation. (Hint: Harkness creates a fake story about the gold. Also, why is he desperate to win the election?)
3. The Richardses were spared the humiliation the other nineteen families experienced. They even receive a reward for $38,500! However, their lives end miserably. Their miserable end is related to the one moral weakness that Richards consistently exhibits throughout the story. What is this weakness (it’s not greed) and explain how it causes a terrible ending to the Richardses’ lives. Find 1 passage that reveals this weakness.
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Discussion Questions The difficulty in predicting the future is .docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Questions
: “The difficulty in predicting the future is that the outcomes are unreliable, due to the occurrence of wild-card events that distort the relatively well-understand trends for the near to mid-future.” Offer an example of such a “wild-card” event and some ways in which the security professional might address it in an effective manner. Regarding the need for the security industry as a whole to maintain the professionalism and competencies needed to address emerging threats and hazards, what do you feel are its primary areas of weakness and what proposals could you offer to address them?
The Future of the Security
When considering what awaits the security profession in the years to come and those that will operate within it, developments and forecasts related to security science will in large part be impacted by what has occurred in the past and in present day. What
might
occur, what is most
plausible
and
feasible
given current and expected occurrences, and what has proven to be effective (or not) will all need to be considered in determining those issues that will remain relevant or change. So predicting the future (not in the form of Nostradamus or similar prophets) as it relates to security is a technique that considers probable or desirable outcomes in the face of known or anticipated risks. So given this backdrop, where is security heading?
Physical Security
As long as there are structures that people operate within and house various assets, there will continue to be a need to offer needed protection related to them. All of the topics discussed in this course related to walls, fencing, sensors, alarm systems, guards, locks, and other such issues will be needed in some form or fashion. Whether through manual or technological means, these will remain a constant for the security administrator in providing appropriate defensive measures for the material, tangible assets they oversee. Concerning technology, the same trend will continue in serving as a needed aid in providing security moving forward. Mobile devices of various types, functions, capabilities, and their ability to access data, the ever-increasing use of robotics and the functions they can carry out, sensors that will be able to gain more intelligence regarding detection, and high frequency security cameras that will have the capability to verify the chemical compound of an object at a distance are just some of the many technical innovations on the horizon. Yet, just as technology has taken on a greater role in providing these efforts, so too does technology represent ever-increasing concerns to the security manager.
Cyber Security
As society becomes connected on an ever-increasing basis, attention must be directed towards what implications this environment has related to not only security, but related privacy concerns as well. In
Future Scenarios and Challenges for Security and Privacy
(2016, Williams, Axon, Nurse, & Creese), the researchers took a ver.
Discussion questions – Dunbar Paul Lawrence Dunbar was a pio.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion questions – Dunbar
Paul Lawrence Dunbar was a pioneering African-American literary artist. He was among the first black writers who achieved fame among predominantly white audiences with the accurate use of black vernacular and realistic depictions of the attitudes of African Americans while using the literary styles and conventions familiar to white writers. Only within the past twenty years have literary critics begun to appreciate the subtle and perceptive criticism of racial relations he provides beneath the smooth artistry of his works.
1. Dunbar’s “Mr. Cornelius” is extremely naturalistic, with Cornelius struggling against, and eventually losing to, large forces. What are the forces that are arrayed against him (2)? Find a passage that describes each force.
(Hint: Economics, discrimination, as well as emotional weakness are some examples of large forces.)
2. Dunbar was well aware of the story of the slave’s flight north to freedom, a traditional African-American narrative made famous by such works as Frederick Douglass’s
Narrative
and Harriet Beecher Stowe’s
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
. How is Dunbar’s story an ironic, inverted version of the flight-to-freedom story? What is Dunbar trying to say about the status of African Americans in a society newly changed by slavery’s end?
(Hint: Cornelius is from the south. Washington D.C. is north. Does going north mean freedom for him? He must return south at the end—what does going south mean for him?)
.
Discussion Questions Identify the top three threats to the home.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Questions:
Identify the top three threats to the homeland and describe why you chose those as the primary threats. Considering specific terrorist tactics that have been or could be used in the homeland, which do you consider to be the most intimidating and which do you see as the most likely to be used?
.
Discussion questions – Hurston
Zora Neal Hurston attended Howard University, then Barnard College, and studied anthropology while becoming a popular figure of the Harlem Renaissance. Her studies earned her a post-graduate fellowship to study Southern black folktales. These folktales become the basis for her fiction. During her life, Hurston’s writing, while popular with general audiences, was not well-received by critics, particular black literary reviewers who wanted her to focus more on racial inequality. After being wrongly accused of a crime, Hurston finished her career in poverty and obscurity. She has recently become an extremely important writer for her depictions of black women, particularly in the now-acclaimed
Their Eyes Were Watching God
(1937).
2. Hurston’s “How It Feels to Be Colored Me” is a modernist-style literary montage—a series of (loosely organized) images, impressions, memories, observations on experiencing life as a black woman. The montage is quite humorous since she often states that she doesn’t know what “colored” is. The montage can be broken down into a diverse set of themes. Find 1 passage for each theme:
a. earliest memories of life before she knew what “race” was
b. the idea of “race” is imposed on her by others
c. moments where she recognizes her racial identity emerging suddenly
d. she lives a life that is bigger than what “race” tells her she must be
Please use the Answer Sandwich method to answer each question. The passages you add to your answer should be around 2-4 sentences long. Please include a page reference.
Keep in mind that I may select any of these questions to be the upcoming quiz question. Also, I use these discussion questions to create the exams and the major paper assignment. So do your best on each question.
https://bucket-hozzify.storage.googleapis.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/08211149/Robert-S.-Levine_-Michael-A.-Elliott_-Sandra-M.-Gustafson_-Amy-Hungerford_-Mary-Loeffelholz-The-Norton-Anthology-of-American-Literature-Volumes-C-D-E-W.-W.-Norton-Company-2016.pdf
.
Discussion Questions Compare and contrast through a critical an.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Questions
: Compare and contrast through a critical analysis of the following laws and strategies with an emphasis on how they enhance port maritime operations: Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, The SAFE Port Act, and The Small Vessel Security Strategy.
Response must be 400 words or more in APA style format.
.
Discussion questions (self evaluation)
Examine nursing roles that meet the emerging health needs of individuals, families, communities and populations.
Explore historical, legal, social, cultural, political, and economic forces that influence the client, nursing practice, and the health care system.
Evaluate strategies that can be used by public and community health nurses to improve the health status and eliminate health disparities of vulnerable populations.
Predict trends in lifestyles that will affect the health of communities and the future challenges for nursing.
Plan, analyze, implement and evaluate public health surveillance and outbreak investigation
Develop strategies to deliver nursing care in the preparedness, response, and recovery phases of disaster management.
Initial should have 400 words. Reference in APA format 7th edition.
.
Discussion QuestionReflecting on what you have learned abou.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Question:
Reflecting on what you have learned about the social determinants of health, SDOH, how can nurses work collaboratively with physicians and other health care professionals to improve primary care, reduce overutilization and improve underutilization of healthcare services? Include in your response how fostering an environment of diversity and cultural awareness among healthcare providers builds a stronger healthcare team and improves care delivery to healthcare consumers.
Initial 400 words. Reference APA format 7th edition.
.
Discussion questionMotivation is the all-ensuing mechanism t.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion question
Motivation is the all-ensuing mechanism that determines how much and how well a student will learn. Treating it as strictly an internal mechanism, explain how learners; needs, goals, beliefs, interests, and emotions can influence their motivation to learn.
RESPOND TO THESE STUDENTS POSTS
Tashi post
Motivation is something that looks different in everyone. When we look at what motivates one person and assume we can teach based on that, we will not be successful in reaching all students. Looking at motivation strictly from an intrinsic lens, meaning a student’s needs, goals, beliefs, interests and emotions, teachers need many resources. I think that one of the biggest tools that teachers need is relationships. Understanding where a student’s motivation is coming from, or not coming from, can lead to engagement. For example, if a student’s basic needs are not being met, they will not be motivated to learn their math facts because they have greater needs. This is where the relationship and understanding of where students are at is so important for a teacher. They have the ability to create goals with these students. However, on the flip side, a student that knows they want to go to college may be motivated based on their goals for themselves and will engage because they want to do well and achieve a goal in the future.
Motivation can create opportunity as well as hinder progress. It is so important in education. A student’s belief in themselves can create these opportunities or hinder their progress as well. Understanding how a teacher can use motivation through an intrinsic lens can help all students in their class.
Jasmine post
Motivation is defined as the processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior. Motivated students put out more effort, persist longer, learn more, and score higher on tests (Lazowski & Hulleman, 2016). Intrinsic motivation is the natural human tendency to seek out and conquer challenges as we pursue personal interests and exercise our capabilities. When we are intrinsically motivated, we do not need incentives or punishments, because the activity itself is satisfying and rewarding (Anderman & Anderman, 2014; Deci & Ryan, 2002; Reiss, 2004). When I think of intrinsic motivation I don't associate it with younger children as much as I would with older children. I can relate to intrinsic motivation myself because just learning something new motivates me to learn more. Also, seeing those A's and B's keeps me wanting to learn more. I feel the more I learn the more I'll be able to teach someone in the future. That is motivation enough for me to keep going. The students I currently work with get excited when they are able to identify numbers and letters and this motivates them to keep learning. You can see the excitement on their faces when they answer something correctly.
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Discussion QuestionHow much, if any, action on ergonomics in th.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Question:
How much, if any, action on ergonomics in the work-place should rely on the voluntary actions of employers (as favored by George W. Bush) and how much should be mandatory on the part of managements. Explain.
Read the following:
Chapter 9 – Institutional Issues under Collective Bargaining
Chapter 10 – Administrative Issues under Collective Bargaining
Chapter Summaries
Chapter 9 – Institutional Issues under Collective Bargaining
The rights and duties of the employers, employees, and unions are the institutional issues of collective bargaining. On occasion, they can be more troublesome than the economic questions involved with wages and benefits. Some of the longest and most bitter strikes have resulted from conflict over the institutional questions of labor relations.
One of the most controversial issues is union membership as a condition of employment. Labor organizations seeking greater security have negotiated a number of compulsory union membership devices, the most common being the union shop. The closed shop, maintenance-of-membership arrangement, agency shop, and the preferential shop are other security measures that appear less frequently. The growth of the union shop is best explained by the Taft-Hartley prohibition of the closed shop in firms engaged in interstate commerce. The goal of each of these measures is to establish and maintain the institutional security of the union. Such devices are present in about 82 percent of today’s collective bargaining contracts.
There are elements of morality, labor relations stability, and power in this area. Union security may provide stability in industrial relations, but is it moral to compel a worker to join a union? Are these ideological and philosophical issues a mere disguise for the real goal, increased power and influence? Some twenty-two states now have legislation that bans any form of compulsory union membership. These “right-to-work” laws are formidable obstacles in the path of union institutional security. Although Congress has preemptive power in the field of interstate commerce, this state legislation is likely to be allowed to stand.
More than 95 percent of current contracts contain a checkoff procedure by which the employer collects union dues, and often other fees, by deduction from the worker’s paycheck. The advantage to the union is a savings of time and money. The checkoff also can benefit the employer, which explains why it is not a crucial issue of negotiation. Taft-Hartley requires the written authorization of the employee for such an arrangement, which is irrevocable for one year, or the duration of the contract, whichever is shorter. Usually the individual has an annual opportunity to rescind his authorization. If he or she does not, the checkoff remains in force for another year.
The obligations of the union are typically set down in one or more provisions of the contract. The most important is a pledge by the union not to strik.
Discussion QuestionConsider a popular supplement you andor y.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Question:
Consider a popular supplement you and/or your family and friends take.
Can you think of a supplement that is commonly taken that could easily be replaced by eating more of a certain food or type of foods?
Is there a population group that would find it more difficult to get the recommended amount of vitamins and minerals through diet changes?
.
Discussion QuestionDiscuss opportunities for innovation and en.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Question
Discuss opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship in emerging global markets, particularly those with a growing middle class, or those where harsh economic conditions dictate the need for innovation if basic human needs are to be met.
What steps must be taken to encourage innovation in these markets?
Will the same incentives and techniques be effective in all emerging markets?
What can be done in instances where government does not encourage or is even hostile to entrepreneurship?
Design and present a list of talking points you might use when you meet with industry and government leaders in one of these markets as you attempt to build a creative mind-set among local civic leaders, businesses, and citizens.
The final paragraph (three or four sentences) of your initial post should summarize the one or two key points that you are making in your initial response.
Your posting should be about 1 page (400 to 500 words) in length.
.
Discussion Question(s)Im interested in the role of women-- in t.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Question(s)
I'm interested in the role of women-- in the colonial family, in colonial society, etc. Based on what you've read in the book (and in lecture), how much power do you think women had in colonial Latin America? what kind of control were they able to exert? (keep in mind two things: the patriarchal system, and the fact that patriarchy does not equal one-sided dominance.)
Lecture 9
Your author for this course, Burkholder (et. al.)*, states from the outset of the chapter we are reading this week that the Family is the foundation of colonial society (p. 216). That is a bold statement, especially since so much of colonial Latin America is built on violence, religion, labor, and the construction of Spanish political structures once Spaniards started settling in the Americas. However, he states it more clearly than I can when he says, "while race, wealth, occupation, and gender all helped to identify an individual's position in the social structure,
these elements were usually evaluated in the framework of a broadly defined family
" (p. 216).
Think about some of the issues that we talked about last week concerning race (which I know is still fresh in your mind!). Among the issues that the lecture, the reading, and all the rest of us in this class discussed was how race was a bit more slippery than we usually think about it in the United States (this of course does not make it any less harmful, just different). Nonetheless, if we think about all the moves that some people were able to make racially-- up or down the ladder/hierarchy, depending on the situation-- a lot of those moves were not only based on the ideology of the family, but they were also decided on those terms as well. In other words, the ideology of the family helped organize colonial Latin American societies-- not just husband, wife, kids, grandparents, etc. Families were more than blood relations, but rather a collective of biological and fictive relationships that offer a means for people navigate colonial society both economically and politically.
Family meant a lot of different things, but most of all, it is important to remember that being a member of a family was certainly about marriage and blood relations, but it was also kind of like being a member of a "crew" (is that a word that people use these days? Yes? No? I'm a little old, so maybe there is a new word). Anyway, marriages, parentage, god-parentage, and even simply being close enough to a family to be considered part of it almost always had political implications. Like I said, it was how people made their moves.
Let's take marriage as an example. Because the population of colonial Latin America was diverse from the beginning (marriages or coupling between native folks and Spaniards in the early years of conquest and settlement started the ball rolling on a rather mixed population), people in different
castas,
(or "racial castes"-- people who were of mixed descent/race) would use marria.
Discussion Question(s)Why do you think that Native Allies and Af.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Question(s)
Why do you think that Native Allies and African Conquistadors were not mentioned in European accounts of the conquest? Do you think it was intentional or unintentional? Why?
Portrayals of Malintzin have been unfair to her, historically. My question is this: why do you think the stories have been so unfair to her, while Cortes and other conquistadors are either rewarded or ignored for actually carrying out the conquest?
How do your readings connect to either of these questions?
Lecture 3- Steamrolling?
"Malintzin was the indigenous woman who translated for Hernando Cortés in his dealings with the Aztec emperor Moctezuma in the days of 1519 to 1521. "Malintzin," at least, was what the Indians called her. The Spanish called her doña Marina, and she has become known to posterity as La Malinche. As Malinche, she has long been regarded as a traitor to her people, a dangerously sexy, scheming woman who gave Cortés whatever he wanted out of her own self-interest.
The life of the real woman, however, was much more complicated. She was sold into slavery as a child, and eventually given away to the Spanish as a concubine and cook. If she managed to make something more out of her life--and she did--it is difficult to say at what point she did wrong."
Actually, that is a good question: what did she do wrong? Not much, it turns out-- having been sold by her family, and again by the subsequent owners, exactly what kind of loyalty was she supposed to have? Who was it that she was supposed to not "sell out?" No one, it turns out. Historians today know that she was doing her best to stay alive, and make a life for herself, and given her situation and life experiences, it is hard to expect anything more.
For me, at least, this raises a simple question: why are people in such a hurry to blame Malintzin for the conquest, when, in fact, they should be blaming the Spanish? Why did the blame shift to her, instead of where it should have been-- on Cortes and his men? Just curious.
The Indigenous Allies:
Check out this Prezi presentation! Short and sweet! Think about it alongside your readings! (Links to an external site.)
ñ
Spanish, Slavery, and Encomiendas (Early Colonial Period)
In U.S. History, people debate quite a lot about the plight of Native Americans. Some people believe that Native Americans were given a chance to be a part of the developing American culture, others say they were not. Still others, citing the diminishing numbers of Native Americans and the active role that the U.S. government and its white citizens took in killing and displacing Native Americans, call it genocide. In Latin America, it is a little more complicated.
The removal, displacement, and murder of Native Americans is undeniable in U.S. history, but such actions did not take place in Mexico, or other parts of Latin America, at least not on the same scale. The reason for this is that the goals of the British and the Spanish were different wh.
Discussion Question(This post must be at least 200 words.)What d.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Question(This post must be at least 200 words.)
What do you think of the tone of "Orders Given to the Twelve"? What
was
the tone? Do you think it is appropriate for the kind of document it is, given when it was written, and why it was written? Why or why not? How does that contrast to the tone in the second document (The Holy Men Respond...)?
Lecture, Week 4
Lecture------
Here is an excerpt from a historian (Camille Townsend) who talks about some of the myths surrounding Cortes's arrival in Mexico (keep an eye out for what I put in bold):
"In 1552, Francisco López De Gómara, who had been
chaplain
and secretary to Hernando Cortes while he lived out his old age in Spain, published an account of the conquest of Mexico. López de Gómara himself had never been to the New World, but he could envision it nonetheless. "Many [Indians] came to gape at the strange men, now so famous, and at their attire, arms and horses, and they said,
'These men are gods!' "
The
chaplain
was one of the first to claim in print that the Mexicans had believed the conquistadors to be divine. Among the welter of statements made in the Old World about inhabitants of the New, this one found particular resonance. It was repeated with enthusiasm, and soon a specific version gained credence: the Mexicans had apparently believed in a god named Quetzalcoatl, who long ago had disappeared in the east, promising to return from that direction on a certain date. In an extraordinary coincidence, Cortes appeared off the coast in that very year and was mistaken for Quetzalcoatl by the devout Indians."
Of course, Townsend continues by saying that no educated person really believes this story. In fact, it was largely fabricated by a chaplain who had never been to the Americas, but rather was taking care of Cortes in Spain during his last years.
Much has been made about the role of the church during the early years of the conquest, and I think that much of what has been written in recent years has been fair, even if they have been criticizing the church for many years. The truth is, the Catholic church (or its representatives back in the colonial period in Latin America) were quite rough on the indigenous people throughout Latin America, calling it a "spiritual conquest."
You will also remember from last week's lecture, when we talked about the ways in which encomiendas were being used, and how Antonio de Montesinos basically called out all of the
encomenderos
and called them bad Christians for not preaching to them while they were essentially enslaving indigenous folks on the land that the Spanish crown granted them.
I bring up this point because it is often forgotten that the military conquest and the "spiritual conquest" of Latin America go hand in hand.
A few years ago, Pope Francis admitted as much (not quite), when he apologized for all of the things that the Catholic Church and its representatives did to the indigenous people in Latin America durin.
Discussion Question(s)What were the colonial misgivings about m.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Question(s)
What were the colonial misgivings about "monarchy-wide
cortes
in February of 1810 (p. 350). What do you think of the relationship between the monarchy (or the Central Junta) and the colonials in Spanish America? Do you think that the
criollos
were waiting for independence the whole time? Why or why not?
Lecture 13
Over the last two weeks, we talked about the Caroline and Bourbon Reforms in Spanish America, and I am sure that after reading Chapters 9 and 10, you feel like movements for Independence in colonial Latin America were only days away from happening (maybe only a week, since I post these on Sunday). But no!
As upset as the
criollos
might have been by the dramatic economic and political changes that occurred (not the least of which the fact that the power that they had worked for generations to gain was being taken away by
peninsulares
), the
criollos
still remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. Independence was certainly something that was whispered about in dark corners, but only by the bold, and perhaps the stupid. If we start during this era of Independence in the Americas, we
have
to start with the American Revolution--
Hey-- I'm not happy about it either (this is
Latin American History
darn it!)!
But the American Revolution was the first war for independence in the Americas, so it certainly played an important role.
Kind of.
I mean, your book is kind of right-- the French Revolution definitely played a much bigger role, but keep in mind:
1) The American Revolution was fought from around 1775 to about 1783
2) The French Revolution was fought from 1789 through the 1790s.
Just because the American Revolution was first does not mean that it had a bigger influence than the French (it did NOT). However, keep in mind that the movements for independence throughout Latin America were just as much about ideas as they were about economics-- ok, they were
almost
as much about ideas as economics-- and thus, knowing that there was a neighbor to the north that was able to shrug off colonial power certainly had a psychological effect, if not quite a political one.
The truth is, the eventual movements of independence throughout Latin America was really a combination of things, but one of the largest factors was
time--
time was needed for these ideas to sink in, and time was needed for things to totally unravel in Europe.
And it really did start with the French Revolution, and Napoleon's rise to power:
No, not that Napoleon, THIS Napoleon:
Also happening in the late 18th century (the late 1700s) was the Haitian Revolution, which, if the world wasn't turned upside down already, it definitely was by then. Check out the generally informative Powerpoint I put together about the Haitian Revolution (via your email), and connect it to your text.
Freedom was happening everywhere, and it was happening in many different ways (and in Spain, it was happening largely in the context of Napoleon's at.
Discussion Question(s)The reading for this week was a grab bag o.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Question(s)
The reading for this week was a grab bag of different perspectives on life under colonial rule, or "living in an empire." They talked about the city and the countryside, religious life and secular life, popular culture, education, and intellectual development, and so on. Which of these sections struck you as being most interesting? Which struck you as being most important for the study of colonial (and perhaps modern!) Latin America? Why?
Lecture 10
What does it mean to live in an empire?
No, that's probably not what you were thinking. Instead, were you thinking something like this?
Maybe. Star Wars, for people who might not know (I don't know what college students are into these days), looks like a simple tale of good against evil. The evil empire fighting against a scrappy band of rebels intent on overthrowing their evil masters. In a sense, this might be the way that you see colonial Latin America, too-- the evil Spanish against the good indigenous people of the Americas. I wouldn't blame you, either-- after weeks of learning about the conquest, encomiendas, the mita system (under the Spanish) and the doings of the Catholic church (especially during the conquest), it would be easy to think of the Spanish empire (or the Spanish) as evil. In fact, I don't think I am going to try and convince you otherwise.
However, it might be worth remembering that we are looking at this history right now, in 2015-- not in the period itself. Therefore, whereas today you might think of the Spanish as evil, as time passed during the colonial era in Latin America, for the poor, the castas, and yes the indigenous folks, the Spanish and the Spanish colonial system was simply a way of life. It was something that they lived with, adjusted to, and yes, even sometimes rebelled against (locally, of course, not on a large scale. That happens later).
Therefore, to stretch the Star Wars metaphor even further (yikes), I would say that even though most of you might think of Spanish colonialism like this--
-- it is more likely that it was much more like this:
In other words, we can all agree that in hindsight that colonial Latin America was oppressive, but for most people, instead of plotting rebellion in their basements or back rooms, most people just tried to find a way to survive in the middle of it all, and make the best life they could for themselves despite the horrible conditions. So we can think about how nice and pure life would have been without the invasion of the Spanish, but since that was a luxury that the poor, the castas, and the indigenous people living in colonial Latin America did not have, we might instead think about the ways in which colonial society forced adjustments upon how various groups of people lived, as the colonial empire itself expanded and became more and more complex.
Spain asserted its control through urban planning. Cities were laid out in grids, centered on the most important government buil.
Discussion Question(s)Could Latin American reactions to the Bour.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Question(s)
Could Latin American reactions to the Bourbon (Caroline era) Reforms be attributed to intellectual change (Enlightenment), religious changes (expulsion of the Jesuits, for instance), economic change (taxes), or political change (taking criollos off their prestigious jobs and replacing them with Peninsulars)? Was it any one of these specifically? All of them? (and if you are going to say "all of them," do you think one might have had more influence than the others?) Why?
Lecture 12
This is where things start to get serious, because Spain isn't playing around anymore. Yes, we are still talking about the Bourbon Reforms- but more specifically, the Caroline Reforms (which happened during the reign of King Charles III, from 1759-1788). The reason that this is so important is because there was a lot of stuff happening during this period: rebellions, revolts, the expulsion of the Jesuits (a specific Catholic order of priests) from Spanish America and Spain, and perhaps most of all, more political reorganization.
But the question is the same as it was last week: why? Well, as we noted last week, there were a lot of conflicts in which Spain had found itself on the wrong side. Take, for example, The Seven Years' War: this particular war is known these days as the first true World War, but for a long time it was called the French and Indian War.
Oooh!!!!--- why was it called the "French and Indian War"? Because the people who named it that (British and British colonists in North America) believed that the world revolved around them. "we are fighting the French and the Indians-- let's call it the French and Indian War!" Of course, when you call it that you are ignoring the fact that it wasn't just the French, Indians, and British fighting one another. In fact, here is who was fighting:
1) France
2) Native Americans (on both sides in North America)
3) Britain
4) Saxony
5) Sweden
6) Russia
7) Prussia (basically Germany)
8) Hanover (basically more Germany)
9) Spain (later)
10) Portugal (later)
And this war (the fighting), with all these people involved, took place in:
1) Europe
2) Africa
3) North America
4) Philippines
5) India
6) Central America
The war was happening everywhere, it seems. And yet, people in the United States called it The French and Indian War. Dorks. I kind of want to tell the British and their colonists in North America this:
But that's why they called it the French and Indian War for so long.
In any case, Spain-- as noted above-- came late to the party, and joined the war on the French side in 1762.
As you might have predicted, this did not go well. France lost, but more importantly for our purposes, Spain lost by extension. And they lost big! First and foremost, they lost Cuba (albeit temporarily), they lost Florida-- gone forever in the Spanish empire (however, considering what it turned into in the 21st century,
maybe they dodged a bullet (this link is not for the faint of heart.
Discussion Question(s)Clearly there is potential for major probl.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Question(s)
Clearly there is potential for major problems as the Bourbon Reforms are enacted over much of the 18th century. What were those problems? In what way do you think the Spanish crown could have lessened the pain of these reforms while still maintaining control over the Spanish colonies? Or was there no hope? (and if there was no hope, why do you say that?)
Lecture 11
Wen I was a young undergraduate (at a community college in southern California that will remain nameless-- I will give you all one guess in our discussion forum), I remember the week that my class was to discuss The Bourbon Reforms.
Sadly, it was not about what I was hoping.
Sigh.
Nonetheless, I remember being really interested in what was happening, because it was at this point in the class that I started to see the long chain of events that led to independence throughout most Latin American countries.
See, before I learned about the Bourbon Reforms, I was under the impression that the Independence movements (and wars) in Latin America happened from the bottom-up, which is to say that I thought they were led by Mestizos, Castas, and indigenous folks. For example, think of Mexico: Father Hidalgo, a priest and a champion of the peasant classes in New Spain (Mexico), he brings all these different people together-- people who have been stepped on for too long by colonial powers, and he issues "El Grito,", which was a unified cry of the underrepresented people for independence! Together, they would finally throw off the yoke of Spanish oppression and lead their own country to INDEPENDENCE! Yaaaaaayyyyy!
Sadly, it didn't happen like that.
Yes, Father Hidalgo did issue "El Grito de Dolores," but the conditions that led to the independence movement in New Spain (and the changing of its name to Mexico) didn't hit the peasants the hardest (the peasants were already being hit pretty hard), and the Independence movement was not led by peasants, the working classes, nor the indigenous people-- even if they did spark it. In fact, some say that Father Hidalgo and the people following him didn't want independence...they just wanted a better king.
But let's save that disappointment for later.
See, when I took that class and learned what the Bourbon Reforms were, I started to understand why independence happened throughout much of Latin America in the early 19th century (1800s).
The Bourbon Reforms (and the Caroline Reforms within them) were a set of political, economic, and administrative changes that came from Spain.
Now, speaking quite generally, one of the biggest changes was one that happened gradually, then suddenly: the termination of the sale of
audiencia
positions. See, up until this point, much of Spanish Latin America operated on that old saying that I have brought up a few times, "
obedezco pero no cumplo
", which roughly translated means, "I obey but I do not comply." (you may have a better translation-- give it a shot in the forum!)
.
Discussion Question Week #1· Discover which agencies, in.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Question Week #1
· Discover which agencies, in your state, are responsible for public health of citizens.
· Research if there are centralized or decentralized management of state responsibilities?
· Determine minimum 3 key indicators of health.
· Review the agency sites and upload the links to the Moodleroom, week #1
· Be prepared to discuss in class, week #2
STATE IS FLORIDA!!
.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
Discussion 1In Chapter 7 of Crime Prevention, Robinson states th.docx
1. Discussion 1
In Chapter 7 of Crime Prevention, Robinson states that
"Rational choice and deterrence theories are two related
theories that help understand why criminal justice – including
crime control and crime prevention activities of police, courts,
and corrections – should help us reduce crime in society"
(2012). Answer one of the following questions:
THIS ASSIGNMENT HAS ALREADY BEEN DONE ABOVE.
THE NEXT ASSIGNMENT YOU NEED TO DO IS PROVIDE
FEEDBACK ON TWO CLASSMATES POSTS. THE LENGTH
MUST BE 200 WORDS EACH POST. THERE ARE TWO
FEEDBACKS YOU MUST DO. MUST BE POSITIVE
FEEDBACK, PROPER GRAMMAR/SENTENCE STRUCTURE,
AND ANY OUTSIDE SOURCES YOU USE THAT RELATES
TO THE FEEBACK FROM THE STUDENT MUST BE
PROPERLY CITED/SCHOLARY SOURCE.
Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts.
Robinson discusses many theories in Chapters 3 through 7.
Some of these theories are: Biological Theories, Psychological
Theories, Integrated Theories, Social Learning Theories, Social
Control Theories, Routine Activity Theories, Crime Pattern
Theories, Anomie Theories, Strain Theories, Institutional
Anomie Theories, Contextual anomie and strain theories,
Cultural deviance or subcultural theories.
Select a theory other than rational choice or deterrence theories,
and compare and/or contrast it to the post of your classmates’
and/or your instructor.
Does one of these theories clarify your understanding of the
crime or criminal issue you intend to examine in your Final
Project?
2. DISCUSSION RESPONSE FROM STUDENT ONE JAYMES W.
Rational choice theories are among the fastest growing theories
in social science today. Many sociologists and political
scientists defend the claim that rational choice theory can
provide the basis for a unified and comprehensive theory of
social behavior. What distinguishes rational choice theory from
other forms of theory is that it denies the existence of any kinds
of action other than the purely rational and calculative. All
social action can be seen as rationally motivated, as
instrumental action, however much of it may appear to be
irrational or non-rational.
General deterrence strategies focus on future behaviors,
preventing individuals from engaging in crime or deviant by
impacting their rational decision making process. Specific
deterrence focuses on punishing known deviants in order to
prevent them from ever again violating the specific norms they
have broken. Through the rational use of punishment as a
negative sanction, problematic behavior can be cut down
dramatically. Some examples are: shock sentencing, corporal
punishment, mandatory arrests for certain behaviors.
Specific deterrence strategies, focuses on punishing known
deviants in order to prevent them from ever again violating the
specific norms they have broken. The concern here is that
motives and rationales that lie behind the original behavior can,
perhaps, never be delineated, but through the rational use of
punishment as a negative sanction, problematic behavior can be
extinguished. Examples: shock sentencing, corporal punishment,
mandatory arrests for certain behaviors, domestic violence, etc.
Crime prevention or at least crime reduction may be achieved
3. through policies that convince criminals to refrain from
criminal activities, delay their actions, or avoid a particular
situation. People will engage in criminal and deviant activities
if they do not fear apprehension and punishment. Norms, laws,
and enforcement are to be designed and implemented to produce
and maintain the image that "negative" and disruptive behaviors
will receive attention and punishment.
References:
(1) Bennett, T. (1986).Situational Crime Prevention from the
Offenders Perspective. In Heal, K. and G. Laylock (eds.),
Situational Crime Prevention: From Theory into Practice.
London, England: Her Majesty s Stationary Office.
(2) Cornish, D. & Clarke, R. (1987). Understanding Crime
Displacement: An Application of Rational Choice Theory,
Criminology, 25, 933 947.
DISCUSSION RESPONSE FROM SECOND STUDENT ALICIA
R.
The relationships between these innovations require
examination to plan for the future. Among the goals of the
Office of Community Oriented Policing Services is “to help
develop an infra- structure to support and sustain community
policing after Federal funding has ended.” It is hoped that this
report, and its accompanying guidelines, will make a
contribution to achieving that goal. Infrastructures require a
context, so that decisions can be made that are consistent with
strengthening opportunities and minimizing threats in this
instance, with respect to the overarching goal of delivering
safety in a democracy. Community policing, community justice,
and restorative justice all touch upon this mission in varying
degrees, depending on their implementation. Experiments with
community policing since the 1970s are widely regarded as
4. having con- tribute to a welcome maturation of law enforcement
organizations. After years of organizational distance from their
communities, the police are taking stock of their position in
society and in relation to citizens. Strong police-public
relationships make for mutual respect, confidence, and
improved information flow. Community policing also has
significant potential for handling the challenges presented by
the changing nature of crime. Crime can no longer be thought of
only in terms of isolated incidents of victimization. Crime has
come to represent a series of phenomena, including school
violence and youth delinquency, the growth of the teen “super-
predator,”2 white-collar crime, gang and group violence, drug
turf wars, stalking, gun trafficking, domestic and child abuse,
road rage, hate crimes—all wreaking havoc across U.S. society.
Crime has also become a catchall word covering a broader range
of problems that are seen to threaten the social order, including
the homeless, the mentally ill, quality-of-life infringements,
teenage mothers, and urban poverty.
Local communities are increasingly recognized as the primary
source and recipient of these breakdowns in law and order.
Crime is intercommunity and requires local solutions; these
facts make a case for attentive policing that is sensitive to the
dynamics within different neighborhoods and groups and is
geared to community safety. In many areas, communities are
now viewed as partners in tackling crime as well as customers
of police services. Police leaders are acknowledging that the
police can no longer be the Omni competent force for dealing
with crime, fear, disorder, and public safety. The police are
seen as needing to work with communities, sharing
responsibility and being creative in applying joint resources to
recurring problems and to advancing community well-being.
Finding the appropriate framework for this collaboration is
proving difficult in the face of traditional public dependence on
the police, on the one hand, and rapidly changing social
conditions (including crime), on the other. Controlling crime
and maintaining order are widely seen by the police and public
5. alike—as police functions. The police are recognized as being
organized and equipped to fulfill these functions. Communities
seem to be chaotic, to have deeply entrenched problems, and to
require professional help to mobilize and organize resources.
Communities may be seen as having the capacity for self-
strengthening and self-building, if given strong service
institutions, including the police. A tension exists between the
calls for more police and the recognition that communities need
to be regenerated.
References:
Nicholl, C. G. (1999). COPS Publication. Retrieved April 02,
2014, from Community Policing, Community Justice and
Restorative Justice: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov
Identify a crime or criminal issue that you believe has a law
enforcement solution. Considering the Problem Analysis Chart
(Step 8) in Crime Analysis for Problem Solvers in 60 Small
Steps (assigned reading for Week Two) and the Twenty Five
Techniques of Situational Prevention chart, propose a potential
solution to the crime or criminal issue you identified. Explain
how the technique will effectively reduce the possibility of the
crime occurring. If the technique is effective, what is the
expected result on social and criminal justice? You may use this
research in your Final Project.
THIS ASSIGNMENT HAS ALREADY BEEN DONE ABOVE.
THE NEXT ASSIGNMENT YOU NEED TO DO IS PROVIDE
FEEDBACK ON TWO CLASSMATES POSTS. THE LENGTH
MUST BE 200 WORDS EACH POST. THERE ARE TWO
FEEDBACKS YOU MUST DO. MUST BE POSITIVE
FEEDBACK, PROPER GRAMMAR/SENTENCE STRUCTURE,
AND ANY OUTSIDE SOURCES YOU USE THAT RELATES
TO THE FEEDBACK FROM THE STUDENT MUST BE
PROPERLY CITED/SCHOLARY SOURCE.
6. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts.
After reviewing the initial post of your classmates, select
another potential solution from the "Twenty Five Techniques of
Situational Prevention,” and discuss a complementary program
that addresses the same issue identified in their posts which
would give a complimentary and more comprehensive program.
http://www.popcenter.org/25techniques/
THE LINK ABOVE IS THE “TWENTY FIVE TECHNIQUES
OF SITUATIONAL PREVENTION” CHART.
FIRST RESPONSE DISCUSSION FROM MICHELLE G.
The crime that I chose to talk about is drugs and alcohol. A
solution to controlling the drugs and alcohol behavioral affects
would to limit the amount of alcohol a person can bring to a
public area such as a hotel or park. By limiting the amount of
alcohol a person can bring into an area it reducing the risk of
that person becoming over intoxicated. That would cause less
crime, because people tend to behave differently and say things
they normally would not say if they did not have alcohol
affecting their judgment. This could help stop many fights and
crimes by preventing over intoxication. As for the drugs if
people are in a public place it should be a law that they could be
searched at random by law enforcement since they are on public
property forfeiting their right since they are on public city
grounds. This could help put away drug dealers and help stop
drugs being distributed to children and teens since it seems as
though they are getting these drugs from drug dealers in public
places. This would make the parks and playgrounds a safer
environment for the children as well. It could help clean up the
towns and cities drug problems more than what we may think.
This would also stop crime from the thought of the children and
teens who take the drugs and then their ability to think and
make decisions is impaired by them not even considering
committing a crime since they do not have drugs in their system
to impair what is right and what is wrong.
SECOND RESPONSE DISCUSSION FROM TONYA W.
7. As part of law enforcement solutions truancy became a crime.
People tend to take this crime as not a serious crime, but in
theory it is. Usually younger children in elementary school tend
to not have this problem, and if they do, it is a rare case.
Usually this crime is targeted at high school student who
repeatedly miss school. Teenagers at this time usually like to
rebel and are troubled and they need a hand of guidance in order
to help them. It is very important for teenagers to stay in
school and obtain their education and graduate. Without this,
there future is very limited to what they can accomplish. When
looking at this problem with the problem analysis triangle it
becomes clear as to some of the factors that help contribute to
the problem of truancy. Some gangs like to recruit from high
school aged teens to get them to start committing crimes
because they get lighter sentences than if the higher ups do the
crimes themselves. Most of the troubled teens tend to have
trouble at home and some often feel as though they don’t need
to attend school because it is boring and they don’t understand
some of the classes. Schools need to make sure they are being
strict enough and keep track of the offenders. Most of the time
parents are contacting when the students start missing school to
alert them to the problem.
When the parents are notified and if it is immediately, that
parent then has the time to go ahead and find out why the child
is missing and help to correct the problem. If it continues to get
worse then they will have to get law enforcement involved.
When a certain number of absences are reached then obviously
the student needs stricter rules and a written notification needs
to go to the parents as well. The parents need to be kept
informed at all steps of the process in order to help fix the
issue. There needs to be some sort of rule for keeping gang
members and related activity away from a school zone as well
and make it a crime to try and recruit from school zones. Most
of the crimes that happen by a child are because that child is
unsupervised.
8. References:
Center for Problem-Oriented Policing (2013) 25 Techniques:
Center for Problem- Oriented Policing Retrieved from
http://www.popcenter.org/25techniques/
Clarke, R. V., & Eck, J. E. (2011). Crime analysis for problem
solvers in 60 small steps.
Retrieved from
http://www.popcenter.org/learning/60steps/index.cfm?page=Wel
come