What is multiculturalism from below? What makes people live well with diversity in everyday life? How do ‘transversal enablers’ assist in situations of everyday multiculturalism? In what ways do multicultural subjects react to those who deny them a space in contemporary ‘super diverse’ societies? In what ways do people live their multiculturalism ‘from below’?
- The "Ten Pound Poms" policy began in 1947 to encourage white British citizens to migrate to Australia to populate the country after World War 2 and address labor shortages. Over 1 million people took advantage of the scheme where passage only cost £10.
- Many migrants found the reality in Australia differed from expectations. Some faced discrimination or difficulty finding work and housing as promised by sponsors. While jobs and pay were better than the UK, 25% ultimately returned home due to isolation or family responsibilities.
- By the 1960s, 600,000 Britons had migrated through both the £10 passage program and other means. While some prospered, the scheme highlighted cultural challenges of integration and was ended in 1982.
The document discusses Australia's migration patterns and policies from 1945 to present. It provides context on the period before 1945 and the attitudes that drove the White Australia policy. After World War 2, there was a push to "populate or perish" and attract more migrants due to labor shortages, economic reasons, and national defense concerns following Japanese advances during the war. The first large waves of post-war migrants came from Britain, but Australia also took in refugees from Europe and established the Department of Immigration to promote and manage the large influx of immigrants.
This document provides an overview of migration to Australia, outlining the key phases of government policy over time:
1) The White Australia Policy from 1880-1973 restricted non-European migration.
2) From 1946-1960s, an Assimilation Policy required new migrants to adopt Australian culture and identity.
3) The Integration Policy of the 1960s-early 1970s recognized cultural diversity but promoted adaptation.
4) Since the late 1980s, a Multiculturalism Policy embraces cultural maintenance and participation in society.
5) Reactions to multiculturalism emerged in the late 1990s related to Asian migration and integration issues.
Civil rights issues in Australia stemmed from the mistreatment of Aboriginal people following European settlement in 1788. Over subsequent decades, Aboriginal populations declined sharply due to conflict, disease, and massacres. In the 19th century, many Aboriginal people lost their rights to vote or were forced onto missions and reserves with their lives strictly controlled. In the 20th century, assimilation policies aimed to destroy Aboriginal culture and identity, resulting in the forced removal of many Aboriginal children from their families - known as the Stolen Generations. Throughout the 20th century, Aboriginal Australians campaigned for equal rights and recognition, culminating in a national apology from the Prime Minister in 2008 for past mistreatment and the impact of policies like assimilation.
After WWII, the Australian government changed its policy on immigration and began allowing more immigrants to settle in Australia in order to rebuild the economy and population. The government embarked on an assisted migration program, offering cheap tickets from Britain and other European countries to encourage immigration. Though some Australians were concerned about non-British immigrants, the government promoted immigration from countries like Cyprus, Malta, and the Baltic states to make them more palatable to the public. New immigrants were initially housed in temporary camps to help them assimilate into Australian society.
This presentation provides historical context on Indigenous Australians and discusses culturally appropriate social work practice. It outlines over 60,000 years of Indigenous culture in Australia prior to European arrival, and summarizes key events from colonization to present, including policies of assimilation, the Stolen Generations, land rights movements, and calls for constitutional recognition of Indigenous peoples. The presentation emphasizes the importance for social workers to understand this history, acknowledge past injustices, and develop culturally appropriate, human rights-based approaches through self-reflection, empowerment, and constant learning.
This document provides an overview of Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander history and culture in Australia. It discusses:
- Indigenous people as the oldest continuous culture in the world, having survived for over 60,000 years.
- 2016 census data showing Indigenous people make up 2.8% of the population, with higher proportions in the NT and lower in Victoria.
- Historical contexts of European colonization, the Stolen Generations, assimilation policies, and the movement for self-determination, land rights, and reconciliation over the 20th century.
- Ongoing challenges Indigenous communities face related to education, employment, health, incarceration rates, and the intergenerational impacts of past policies and experiences.
This document contains information about several topics:
1. It discusses working conditions in factories in the late 19th century Australia, noting issues like lack of ventilation, long hours, and lack of basic facilities. It led to the growth of unions seeking better conditions.
2. It provides an overview of the key events leading up to World War 1 in Europe, including the network of alliances between countries and the assassination that sparked the war.
3. It outlines Australia's involvement in World War 1, including the failed Gallipoli campaign against the Ottoman Empire in 1915 and the divisive conscription referendums in Australia in 1916.
- The "Ten Pound Poms" policy began in 1947 to encourage white British citizens to migrate to Australia to populate the country after World War 2 and address labor shortages. Over 1 million people took advantage of the scheme where passage only cost £10.
- Many migrants found the reality in Australia differed from expectations. Some faced discrimination or difficulty finding work and housing as promised by sponsors. While jobs and pay were better than the UK, 25% ultimately returned home due to isolation or family responsibilities.
- By the 1960s, 600,000 Britons had migrated through both the £10 passage program and other means. While some prospered, the scheme highlighted cultural challenges of integration and was ended in 1982.
The document discusses Australia's migration patterns and policies from 1945 to present. It provides context on the period before 1945 and the attitudes that drove the White Australia policy. After World War 2, there was a push to "populate or perish" and attract more migrants due to labor shortages, economic reasons, and national defense concerns following Japanese advances during the war. The first large waves of post-war migrants came from Britain, but Australia also took in refugees from Europe and established the Department of Immigration to promote and manage the large influx of immigrants.
This document provides an overview of migration to Australia, outlining the key phases of government policy over time:
1) The White Australia Policy from 1880-1973 restricted non-European migration.
2) From 1946-1960s, an Assimilation Policy required new migrants to adopt Australian culture and identity.
3) The Integration Policy of the 1960s-early 1970s recognized cultural diversity but promoted adaptation.
4) Since the late 1980s, a Multiculturalism Policy embraces cultural maintenance and participation in society.
5) Reactions to multiculturalism emerged in the late 1990s related to Asian migration and integration issues.
Civil rights issues in Australia stemmed from the mistreatment of Aboriginal people following European settlement in 1788. Over subsequent decades, Aboriginal populations declined sharply due to conflict, disease, and massacres. In the 19th century, many Aboriginal people lost their rights to vote or were forced onto missions and reserves with their lives strictly controlled. In the 20th century, assimilation policies aimed to destroy Aboriginal culture and identity, resulting in the forced removal of many Aboriginal children from their families - known as the Stolen Generations. Throughout the 20th century, Aboriginal Australians campaigned for equal rights and recognition, culminating in a national apology from the Prime Minister in 2008 for past mistreatment and the impact of policies like assimilation.
After WWII, the Australian government changed its policy on immigration and began allowing more immigrants to settle in Australia in order to rebuild the economy and population. The government embarked on an assisted migration program, offering cheap tickets from Britain and other European countries to encourage immigration. Though some Australians were concerned about non-British immigrants, the government promoted immigration from countries like Cyprus, Malta, and the Baltic states to make them more palatable to the public. New immigrants were initially housed in temporary camps to help them assimilate into Australian society.
This presentation provides historical context on Indigenous Australians and discusses culturally appropriate social work practice. It outlines over 60,000 years of Indigenous culture in Australia prior to European arrival, and summarizes key events from colonization to present, including policies of assimilation, the Stolen Generations, land rights movements, and calls for constitutional recognition of Indigenous peoples. The presentation emphasizes the importance for social workers to understand this history, acknowledge past injustices, and develop culturally appropriate, human rights-based approaches through self-reflection, empowerment, and constant learning.
This document provides an overview of Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander history and culture in Australia. It discusses:
- Indigenous people as the oldest continuous culture in the world, having survived for over 60,000 years.
- 2016 census data showing Indigenous people make up 2.8% of the population, with higher proportions in the NT and lower in Victoria.
- Historical contexts of European colonization, the Stolen Generations, assimilation policies, and the movement for self-determination, land rights, and reconciliation over the 20th century.
- Ongoing challenges Indigenous communities face related to education, employment, health, incarceration rates, and the intergenerational impacts of past policies and experiences.
This document contains information about several topics:
1. It discusses working conditions in factories in the late 19th century Australia, noting issues like lack of ventilation, long hours, and lack of basic facilities. It led to the growth of unions seeking better conditions.
2. It provides an overview of the key events leading up to World War 1 in Europe, including the network of alliances between countries and the assassination that sparked the war.
3. It outlines Australia's involvement in World War 1, including the failed Gallipoli campaign against the Ottoman Empire in 1915 and the divisive conscription referendums in Australia in 1916.
The document discusses European colonialism in Africa from the late 1800s to the 1900s. It describes how European powers like Belgium, Britain, France, and Germany established colonies in Africa and divided up the continent at the Berlin Conference without input from African rulers. This led to negative consequences for Africa like splitting cultures, stealing resources, and killing millions. It also discusses the rise of pan-African and nationalist movements that fought for independence across the continent in countries like Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa. Key figures discussed include Nelson Mandela, Jomo Kenyatta, and F.W. de Klerk.
The document summarizes the abuse of power suffered by Aboriginal people in Australia from the time of European colonization until the late 1960s. When Europeans first arrived, led by Captain James Cook, they claimed ownership of Australian lands despite the presence of Aboriginal peoples, disrupting their way of life. Over the following centuries, the Australian government and British imposed restrictive policies that displaced Aboriginals from their traditional lands and attempted to assimilate them through practices like forcibly removing children from families. This caused immense hardship and loss of culture for Aboriginal communities.
The Push Factors, Pull Factors, and Methods of Latter-day Saint Emigration in...Jay O. Porter
The document discusses the various push and pull factors that led to mass emigration of Latter-day Saint converts from 19th century England to America. It describes the poor economic conditions in industrialized England due to overpopulation and poor living standards that pushed emigrants to leave. Additionally, it outlines how the preaching of Latter-day Saint missionaries in England beginning in 1837 encouraged converts to emigrate, pulling them to gather with other church members first in Nauvoo, Illinois and later in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Tony piccolo internment camp motion final media release 3 8 2011Antonio Dottore
This is a very worthwile initiative - and it does not only relate to WW2, but has current relevance for refugees, asylum seekers, policymakers and researchers alike.
The document provides an overview of Aboriginal history, culture, and contemporary issues in Canada. It discusses how Aboriginal people have a unique relationship to the land that was disrupted by colonization. It also outlines key events such as the Indian Act of 1876, residential schools, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and ongoing issues regarding land claims, poverty, health, education, and self-determination faced by Aboriginal communities. The document uses images and discussion questions to complement the written information.
The document outlines the origins and development of the UK welfare state. It discusses how Sir William Beveridge's 1942 report identified five "giant evils" facing Britain at the time: want, disease, ignorance, squalor, and idleness. The report led to the establishment of the welfare state to address these issues through programs like the National Health Service, national insurance, public education reforms, council housing developments, and employment assistance. The modern UK welfare state continues to provide services like healthcare, education, unemployment benefits, pensions, and housing assistance using national insurance and taxes.
The document discusses various challenges faced by Aboriginal peoples in Canada over the 20th century, including the Indian Act, residential schools, reserves, and treaty negotiations. The Indian Act aimed to assimilate Aboriginal peoples and undermined their rights, languages, and cultures. Residential schools separated children from their families and communities. Aboriginal peoples responded to these challenges through protests and legal challenges, and increasingly demanded self-government. By the late 20th century some gains were made, including land claims rulings, apologies for abuses, and the creation of Nunavut territory with Inuit self-governance.
The document provides information about life in Britain during the Victorian Era from 1837 to 1901. It discusses several key aspects of the period including the British Empire's expansion, industrialization and economic success, social reforms related to voting rights and labor laws, urbanization and problems of poverty/living conditions, and moral/family values emphasized by Victorians. It also mentions scientific/technological advances, art/literature of the time, and contradictions between prosperity versus social issues within Victorian society.
The document discusses the creation and evolution of the UK welfare state and National Health Service (NHS). It explains that the Beveridge Report of 1942 laid the foundation for the welfare state by arguing the government should provide for citizens' welfare. The NHS was established in 1946 to provide free healthcare for all. However, there was opposition from doctors, local authorities, and those concerned about costs. Over time, the NHS expanded vaccination programs and hospitals gained more autonomy, while private healthcare also grew, changing the system.
It was in the year 1840 that Chinese first came to Australia and the root cause of the same is attributed to the migration of criminals to the city of New South Wales. Then, it as in the 20th century that the migration from China to Australia grew much. In one of the reports of 1950s, it was seen that during 1854 there were about 2341 people from China who immigrated to Victoria. But, just 3 years later in the year 1857, the same number increased to over 30,000. During 1858-1859 the number of immigrants increased to 42,000 (Lockwood 1964). There were other places as well where Chinese people immigrated like Queensland and New South Wales. It was mainly because of the goldfield in Australia that Chinese people immigrated here. There were immigrants who managed to get into the manufacturing industry and there were some who ran their own gardens and sold fruits and vegetables
This presentation exmines history of Aotearoa NZ From 1805 leading to the estalishment of Te Wakaminenga in 1808.It discusses He Wakaputanga 1835 and examines historical contexts that contributed to the signing of Te Tiriti o Waitangi 1840
This document discusses the ethnic diversity and multiculturalism in Britain. It notes that Britain has become a multiracial society through immigration over centuries from former colonies and other countries due to war, famine, and other factors. The largest ethnic minority groups are Indians, Pakistanis, and Black Britons from Caribbean countries. While some groups have integrated more than others, intermarriage rates are rising and mixed-race identities are growing. Politicians debate whether multiculturalism has succeeded or failed at promoting integration.
(2014) Canada’s Aboriginal Peoples (I): First Nations and the Métis Nation (9...K-12 STUDY CANADA
This document provides an overview of Indigenous peoples in Canada, including:
- Canada's history is one of colonialism that has marginalized Indigenous peoples through the loss of land and imposition of Western ways of knowing.
- Contemporary Indigenous identity is linked to discriminatory policies of forced assimilation through the Indian Act and residential schools.
- Since 1969, Indigenous peoples have pursued legal and political strategies to strengthen rights to land and self-determination, leading to some recognition of claims and treaties in the Constitution but unfinished issues remain.
The British colony of Australia began in 1788 with the establishment of a penal colony at Port Jackson in New South Wales. Overcrowding in British prisons led them to send convicts to Australia, where they established a labor system using convicts to develop infrastructure and work for settlers. One of the strictest penal colonies was Port Arthur in Tasmania, established in 1830 to house hardened criminals re-offending in Australia. Conflict arose between British settlers and Aboriginal Australians, as settlers brought disease and guns while forcing surviving Aborigines onto interior reservations. Gold discoveries in 1851 attracted many new settlers and increased Australia's push for independence from Britain.
The document summarizes the major European colonial powers and some of their earliest colonies in North America during the 15th-17th centuries. It discusses the Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French and British colonies, as well as some of the earliest English settlements like Jamestown, Plymouth, and St. Augustine. Key events mentioned include the founding of Brazil by the Portuguese, the establishment of the 13 British colonies along the eastern seaboard, and the first Thanksgiving celebrated by the Pilgrims in Plymouth in 1621.
The document summarizes the history and development of welfare in Britain. It discusses how the Roman Empire first established social welfare programs to provide food and aid to citizens in need. Welfare expanded further under the emperor Trajan. In modern Britain, the foundations of the modern welfare state were laid through Liberal reforms in the early 20th century. A key development was the population becoming accustomed to the idea of the state taking responsibility for problems through total state control during World War 2. Today, the largest welfare expenses are state pensions, housing, disability, and incapacity benefits, though charities also continue to play an important role in welfare. Some argue the current system relieves citizens of personal responsibility for their own welfare.
Anti apartheid movement threephases042005Thandi Zwane
The document summarizes the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa from 1948 to 1994 in three phases. Phase I from 1948-1960 saw the rise of a mass movement challenging apartheid through boycotts, civil disobedience and the creation of organizations like the ANC and PAC. The Sharpeville massacre in 1960 marked increased state repression. Phase II from 1960-1976 involved greater state suppression and the emergence of the Black Consciousness movement advocating self-reliance. The Soweto uprising in 1976 sparked further protests. Phase III from 1976-1994 saw a state crisis, resurgence of social movements, and changing opportunities that ultimately led to the end of apartheid in 1994.
The document discusses five key factors that contributed to the creation of the UK welfare state: 1) The Beveridge Report of 1942 outlined a comprehensive social insurance plan that greatly influenced the Labour government. 2) World War 2 exposed widespread poverty and led the government to provide more social services uniformly. 3) The Labour government built upon previous reforms by other parties. 4) Prior governments had failed to adequately address unemployment, healthcare access, and other social issues. 5) The Labour Party had long advocated for greater social welfare and saw creating a welfare state as fulfilling their political beliefs.
This document provides an overview of apartheid in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. It describes how apartheid institutionalized racism and segregation through laws that controlled where people could live, work, and access public services based on their race. It imposed passbooks to restrict the movement of black South Africans and denied them voting rights. The document outlines how the government justified apartheid through claims about separate development and interpretations of the Bible. It also discusses the negative impacts of apartheid on health, education, and community life for black South Africans.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The document discusses European colonialism in Africa from the late 1800s to the 1900s. It describes how European powers like Belgium, Britain, France, and Germany established colonies in Africa and divided up the continent at the Berlin Conference without input from African rulers. This led to negative consequences for Africa like splitting cultures, stealing resources, and killing millions. It also discusses the rise of pan-African and nationalist movements that fought for independence across the continent in countries like Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa. Key figures discussed include Nelson Mandela, Jomo Kenyatta, and F.W. de Klerk.
The document summarizes the abuse of power suffered by Aboriginal people in Australia from the time of European colonization until the late 1960s. When Europeans first arrived, led by Captain James Cook, they claimed ownership of Australian lands despite the presence of Aboriginal peoples, disrupting their way of life. Over the following centuries, the Australian government and British imposed restrictive policies that displaced Aboriginals from their traditional lands and attempted to assimilate them through practices like forcibly removing children from families. This caused immense hardship and loss of culture for Aboriginal communities.
The Push Factors, Pull Factors, and Methods of Latter-day Saint Emigration in...Jay O. Porter
The document discusses the various push and pull factors that led to mass emigration of Latter-day Saint converts from 19th century England to America. It describes the poor economic conditions in industrialized England due to overpopulation and poor living standards that pushed emigrants to leave. Additionally, it outlines how the preaching of Latter-day Saint missionaries in England beginning in 1837 encouraged converts to emigrate, pulling them to gather with other church members first in Nauvoo, Illinois and later in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Tony piccolo internment camp motion final media release 3 8 2011Antonio Dottore
This is a very worthwile initiative - and it does not only relate to WW2, but has current relevance for refugees, asylum seekers, policymakers and researchers alike.
The document provides an overview of Aboriginal history, culture, and contemporary issues in Canada. It discusses how Aboriginal people have a unique relationship to the land that was disrupted by colonization. It also outlines key events such as the Indian Act of 1876, residential schools, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and ongoing issues regarding land claims, poverty, health, education, and self-determination faced by Aboriginal communities. The document uses images and discussion questions to complement the written information.
The document outlines the origins and development of the UK welfare state. It discusses how Sir William Beveridge's 1942 report identified five "giant evils" facing Britain at the time: want, disease, ignorance, squalor, and idleness. The report led to the establishment of the welfare state to address these issues through programs like the National Health Service, national insurance, public education reforms, council housing developments, and employment assistance. The modern UK welfare state continues to provide services like healthcare, education, unemployment benefits, pensions, and housing assistance using national insurance and taxes.
The document discusses various challenges faced by Aboriginal peoples in Canada over the 20th century, including the Indian Act, residential schools, reserves, and treaty negotiations. The Indian Act aimed to assimilate Aboriginal peoples and undermined their rights, languages, and cultures. Residential schools separated children from their families and communities. Aboriginal peoples responded to these challenges through protests and legal challenges, and increasingly demanded self-government. By the late 20th century some gains were made, including land claims rulings, apologies for abuses, and the creation of Nunavut territory with Inuit self-governance.
The document provides information about life in Britain during the Victorian Era from 1837 to 1901. It discusses several key aspects of the period including the British Empire's expansion, industrialization and economic success, social reforms related to voting rights and labor laws, urbanization and problems of poverty/living conditions, and moral/family values emphasized by Victorians. It also mentions scientific/technological advances, art/literature of the time, and contradictions between prosperity versus social issues within Victorian society.
The document discusses the creation and evolution of the UK welfare state and National Health Service (NHS). It explains that the Beveridge Report of 1942 laid the foundation for the welfare state by arguing the government should provide for citizens' welfare. The NHS was established in 1946 to provide free healthcare for all. However, there was opposition from doctors, local authorities, and those concerned about costs. Over time, the NHS expanded vaccination programs and hospitals gained more autonomy, while private healthcare also grew, changing the system.
It was in the year 1840 that Chinese first came to Australia and the root cause of the same is attributed to the migration of criminals to the city of New South Wales. Then, it as in the 20th century that the migration from China to Australia grew much. In one of the reports of 1950s, it was seen that during 1854 there were about 2341 people from China who immigrated to Victoria. But, just 3 years later in the year 1857, the same number increased to over 30,000. During 1858-1859 the number of immigrants increased to 42,000 (Lockwood 1964). There were other places as well where Chinese people immigrated like Queensland and New South Wales. It was mainly because of the goldfield in Australia that Chinese people immigrated here. There were immigrants who managed to get into the manufacturing industry and there were some who ran their own gardens and sold fruits and vegetables
This presentation exmines history of Aotearoa NZ From 1805 leading to the estalishment of Te Wakaminenga in 1808.It discusses He Wakaputanga 1835 and examines historical contexts that contributed to the signing of Te Tiriti o Waitangi 1840
This document discusses the ethnic diversity and multiculturalism in Britain. It notes that Britain has become a multiracial society through immigration over centuries from former colonies and other countries due to war, famine, and other factors. The largest ethnic minority groups are Indians, Pakistanis, and Black Britons from Caribbean countries. While some groups have integrated more than others, intermarriage rates are rising and mixed-race identities are growing. Politicians debate whether multiculturalism has succeeded or failed at promoting integration.
(2014) Canada’s Aboriginal Peoples (I): First Nations and the Métis Nation (9...K-12 STUDY CANADA
This document provides an overview of Indigenous peoples in Canada, including:
- Canada's history is one of colonialism that has marginalized Indigenous peoples through the loss of land and imposition of Western ways of knowing.
- Contemporary Indigenous identity is linked to discriminatory policies of forced assimilation through the Indian Act and residential schools.
- Since 1969, Indigenous peoples have pursued legal and political strategies to strengthen rights to land and self-determination, leading to some recognition of claims and treaties in the Constitution but unfinished issues remain.
The British colony of Australia began in 1788 with the establishment of a penal colony at Port Jackson in New South Wales. Overcrowding in British prisons led them to send convicts to Australia, where they established a labor system using convicts to develop infrastructure and work for settlers. One of the strictest penal colonies was Port Arthur in Tasmania, established in 1830 to house hardened criminals re-offending in Australia. Conflict arose between British settlers and Aboriginal Australians, as settlers brought disease and guns while forcing surviving Aborigines onto interior reservations. Gold discoveries in 1851 attracted many new settlers and increased Australia's push for independence from Britain.
The document summarizes the major European colonial powers and some of their earliest colonies in North America during the 15th-17th centuries. It discusses the Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French and British colonies, as well as some of the earliest English settlements like Jamestown, Plymouth, and St. Augustine. Key events mentioned include the founding of Brazil by the Portuguese, the establishment of the 13 British colonies along the eastern seaboard, and the first Thanksgiving celebrated by the Pilgrims in Plymouth in 1621.
The document summarizes the history and development of welfare in Britain. It discusses how the Roman Empire first established social welfare programs to provide food and aid to citizens in need. Welfare expanded further under the emperor Trajan. In modern Britain, the foundations of the modern welfare state were laid through Liberal reforms in the early 20th century. A key development was the population becoming accustomed to the idea of the state taking responsibility for problems through total state control during World War 2. Today, the largest welfare expenses are state pensions, housing, disability, and incapacity benefits, though charities also continue to play an important role in welfare. Some argue the current system relieves citizens of personal responsibility for their own welfare.
Anti apartheid movement threephases042005Thandi Zwane
The document summarizes the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa from 1948 to 1994 in three phases. Phase I from 1948-1960 saw the rise of a mass movement challenging apartheid through boycotts, civil disobedience and the creation of organizations like the ANC and PAC. The Sharpeville massacre in 1960 marked increased state repression. Phase II from 1960-1976 involved greater state suppression and the emergence of the Black Consciousness movement advocating self-reliance. The Soweto uprising in 1976 sparked further protests. Phase III from 1976-1994 saw a state crisis, resurgence of social movements, and changing opportunities that ultimately led to the end of apartheid in 1994.
The document discusses five key factors that contributed to the creation of the UK welfare state: 1) The Beveridge Report of 1942 outlined a comprehensive social insurance plan that greatly influenced the Labour government. 2) World War 2 exposed widespread poverty and led the government to provide more social services uniformly. 3) The Labour government built upon previous reforms by other parties. 4) Prior governments had failed to adequately address unemployment, healthcare access, and other social issues. 5) The Labour Party had long advocated for greater social welfare and saw creating a welfare state as fulfilling their political beliefs.
This document provides an overview of apartheid in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. It describes how apartheid institutionalized racism and segregation through laws that controlled where people could live, work, and access public services based on their race. It imposed passbooks to restrict the movement of black South Africans and denied them voting rights. The document outlines how the government justified apartheid through claims about separate development and interpretations of the Bible. It also discusses the negative impacts of apartheid on health, education, and community life for black South Africans.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
3. Overview
Why multiculturalism?
Critiques of multiculturalism
The harmonious multicultural nation?
Everyday, ‘lived multiculture’
Problem multiculturalism
They’re taking over
Good and bad diversity
Thursday, 10 October 13
4. Pathways to
multiculturalism
Thursday, 10 October 13
1. Multicultural realities:
At the turn of the 20th century, Australia was becoming a multicultural society.
Although, the country was 98% white, the discovery of gold (the gold rush) was leading to immigration from around the world. Between 1850 and 1870, 50,000 Chinese had settled in NSW.
Workers from the Pacific Islands were being brought in to work as indentured labourers, e.g. on sugar plantations.
Before Federation in 1901, the possibility existed for Australia to become an immigration nation.
2. White Australia Policy:
Real name: Immigration Restriction Act - one of the first pieces of legislation passed by new federal parliament in 1901 (one of the 1st pieces of immigration legislation in the world).
Edmund Barton, the prime minister, argued in support of the Bill with the following statement: "The doctrine of the equality of man was never intended to apply to the equality of the
Englishman and the Chinaman."
The Bill put in place a similar policy to that in Sth Africa:
But Australia could not be openly offensive to other members of the British Empire (e.g. India) or to the Japanese, so a dictation test was introduced to weed out the unwanted. The test was
impossible to pass (sometimes other European languages than English were used).
The White Australia Policy persisted throughout the Second World War, during which Prime Minister Curtin defended the policy saying, ‘"This country shall remain forever the home of the
descendants of those people who came here in peace in order to establish in the South Seas an outpost of the British race."
It only is challenged after the war when the realisation that Australia must ‘populate or perish’ takes hold.
3. The path to Multiculturalism is opened because of the realisation of the need to ‘populate or perish’
1966: Migration Act - effectively dismantled White Australia Policy.
1973: Official dismantling of the policy.
1975: Introduction of Racial Discrimination Act (linked to MC) but racial discrimination towards Aboriginals is still rife at this time. Policy/attitude towards Indigenous people and migrants
continues along two separate tracks. MC is considered to be ‘for migrants’ - Aboriginals, as original inhabitants of the land do not, therefore, consider themselves to be ‘multicultural subjects’
5. Pathways to
multiculturalism
Multicultural realities
White Australia
Integration
Thursday, 10 October 13
1. Multicultural realities:
At the turn of the 20th century, Australia was becoming a multicultural society.
Although, the country was 98% white, the discovery of gold (the gold rush) was leading to immigration from around the world. Between 1850 and 1870, 50,000 Chinese had settled in NSW.
Workers from the Pacific Islands were being brought in to work as indentured labourers, e.g. on sugar plantations.
Before Federation in 1901, the possibility existed for Australia to become an immigration nation.
2. White Australia Policy:
Real name: Immigration Restriction Act - one of the first pieces of legislation passed by new federal parliament in 1901 (one of the 1st pieces of immigration legislation in the world).
Edmund Barton, the prime minister, argued in support of the Bill with the following statement: "The doctrine of the equality of man was never intended to apply to the equality of the
Englishman and the Chinaman."
The Bill put in place a similar policy to that in Sth Africa:
But Australia could not be openly offensive to other members of the British Empire (e.g. India) or to the Japanese, so a dictation test was introduced to weed out the unwanted. The test was
impossible to pass (sometimes other European languages than English were used).
The White Australia Policy persisted throughout the Second World War, during which Prime Minister Curtin defended the policy saying, ‘"This country shall remain forever the home of the
descendants of those people who came here in peace in order to establish in the South Seas an outpost of the British race."
It only is challenged after the war when the realisation that Australia must ‘populate or perish’ takes hold.
3. The path to Multiculturalism is opened because of the realisation of the need to ‘populate or perish’
1966: Migration Act - effectively dismantled White Australia Policy.
1973: Official dismantling of the policy.
1975: Introduction of Racial Discrimination Act (linked to MC) but racial discrimination towards Aboriginals is still rife at this time. Policy/attitude towards Indigenous people and migrants
continues along two separate tracks. MC is considered to be ‘for migrants’ - Aboriginals, as original inhabitants of the land do not, therefore, consider themselves to be ‘multicultural subjects’
6. Pathways to
multiculturalism
Multicultural realities
White Australia
Integration
Thursday, 10 October 13
1. Multicultural realities:
At the turn of the 20th century, Australia was becoming a multicultural society.
Although, the country was 98% white, the discovery of gold (the gold rush) was leading to immigration from around the world. Between 1850 and 1870, 50,000 Chinese had settled in NSW.
Workers from the Pacific Islands were being brought in to work as indentured labourers, e.g. on sugar plantations.
Before Federation in 1901, the possibility existed for Australia to become an immigration nation.
2. White Australia Policy:
Real name: Immigration Restriction Act - one of the first pieces of legislation passed by new federal parliament in 1901 (one of the 1st pieces of immigration legislation in the world).
Edmund Barton, the prime minister, argued in support of the Bill with the following statement: "The doctrine of the equality of man was never intended to apply to the equality of the
Englishman and the Chinaman."
The Bill put in place a similar policy to that in Sth Africa:
But Australia could not be openly offensive to other members of the British Empire (e.g. India) or to the Japanese, so a dictation test was introduced to weed out the unwanted. The test was
impossible to pass (sometimes other European languages than English were used).
The White Australia Policy persisted throughout the Second World War, during which Prime Minister Curtin defended the policy saying, ‘"This country shall remain forever the home of the
descendants of those people who came here in peace in order to establish in the South Seas an outpost of the British race."
It only is challenged after the war when the realisation that Australia must ‘populate or perish’ takes hold.
3. The path to Multiculturalism is opened because of the realisation of the need to ‘populate or perish’
1966: Migration Act - effectively dismantled White Australia Policy.
1973: Official dismantling of the policy.
1975: Introduction of Racial Discrimination Act (linked to MC) but racial discrimination towards Aboriginals is still rife at this time. Policy/attitude towards Indigenous people and migrants
continues along two separate tracks. MC is considered to be ‘for migrants’ - Aboriginals, as original inhabitants of the land do not, therefore, consider themselves to be ‘multicultural subjects’
7. WHY MULTICULTURALISM?
‘Multiculturalism emerged from the realisation... that the melting pot
doesn’t melt and that ethnic and racial divisions get reproduced from
generation to generation.’ (Anthias and Yuval-Davis, 1992: 158)
Thursday, 10 October 13
Early policies for the inclusion of migrants in society emphasised assimilation and integration.
Migrants were encouraged to forget their cultural background, traditions, customs, etc. and
become full members of the nation.
US-American idea of the ‘melting pot’
Anthias and Yuval-Davis: MC first emerges in the late 1960s (in Canada) based on the
realisation that (1) it is unrealistic to expect people to forget everything about their past and
(2) even if they wanted to, discrimination from the members of the majority of society (e.g.
whites in Australia) means that it is very difficult. Immigrants are never considered Australian
enough, and this persists over generations (connected to racism next week).
Multiculturalism originated as a strategy for resisting disadvantage and create equality.
Australia:
Multiculturalism was originally developed in Canada and was exported to Australia in response to the increasing demands of well-organised groups of people from migrant backgrounds,
Italians and Greeks in particular, to be equally recognised in the Anglo dominated landscape of Australia.
Multiculturalism, as opposed to the melting pot metaphor of assimilation, may be compared to a salad bowl where every ingredient is distinct. Cultural pluralism was seen as integral to social
equality.
In 1973, Immigration minister Al Grassby said ‘My concept of a society able to sustain growth and change without disintegration is a society based on equality for all’.
The state policy of multiculturalism involves working to support the preservation of minority cultures by giving funding to the initiatives of community groups, or through promoting knowledge
of non-dominant cultures in education, broadcasting, and so on.
Australian MC policy:
The 2011 Multicultural Policy of Australia declares ‘The Australian Government is unwavering in its commitment to a multicultural Australia. Australia’s multicultural composition is at the heart
of our national identity and is intrinsic to our history and character.’
In that sense it is quite unique in comparison to other countries.
The emphasis of the policy is on ‘shared values’, seen as Australian values - most importantly ‘fairness’ - and respect for cultural difference, and the permission to practice diversity without
discrimination.
8. Critiques of Multiculturalism
Thursday, 10 October 13
Multicultural policy has been critiqued by many people since its introduction in Canada, the US, the UK and Australia from the 1970s on.
One of the most important critiques is that multiculturalism is based on a reified or essentialist view of culture.
In other words... Each cultural group is seen as being internally homogeneous. It does not allow for variation within these groups or the fact that there are always people with different
interests, needs and desires within any group that is identified as a cultural group. So, just because someone is Lebanese does not mean that they will necessarily share much in common
with someone else of the same origin.
Multiculturalism does not allow for this variation.
At the same time, the dominant cultural group is considered neutral. So, Anglos in Australia are not seen as just another cultural group among others. Rather their culture is the standard or
neutral norm, and everyone else fits in around it. Arguably, then multicultural policy does little to encourage the transformation of majority culture. Rather the dominant culture can remain
untouched by multiculturalism in any deep sense, except perhaps through the availability of more varieties of food, styles and so on.
Multiculturalism is, for those in the dominant cultural group, a mere issue of lifestyle whereas, for minorities, it is the frame through which they are viewed and expected to conform to this
culturalist vision of their lives. By focusing on culture, multiculturalism might ignore the other aspects that are important for individuals, especially those who have traditionally been
disadvantaged such as migrants, e.g. jobs, housing, education, health, and so on.
As Poynting and Mason show, the emphasis on this cultural view of minority groups often led to these groups being stereotyped in ways that were counterproductive to what multiculturalism
wanted to achieve. The complexity of culture was reduced to exotic food and national dress, music and dance.
The focus on minority ‘culture’ in the public sphere could also cause resentment among those of the dominant culture who felt left out of multicultural festivities because they did not have a
particular culture to perform.
Nevertheless, according to Poynting and Mason, multicultural policies were successful in easing intercommunal tensions in Australia throughout the 1970s and 1980s. There were no real
ghettoes or ‘race riots’ of the type seen in the US, Britain, or France for example.
9. Critiques of Multiculturalism
‘Multiculturalism
constructs society as
composed of a
hegemonic
homogeneous
majority and small
unmeltable
minorities’
Anthias & Yuval-Davis, 1992
Thursday, 10 October 13
Multicultural policy has been critiqued by many people since its introduction in Canada, the US, the UK and Australia from the 1970s on.
One of the most important critiques is that multiculturalism is based on a reified or essentialist view of culture.
In other words... Each cultural group is seen as being internally homogeneous. It does not allow for variation within these groups or the fact that there are always people with different
interests, needs and desires within any group that is identified as a cultural group. So, just because someone is Lebanese does not mean that they will necessarily share much in common
with someone else of the same origin.
Multiculturalism does not allow for this variation.
At the same time, the dominant cultural group is considered neutral. So, Anglos in Australia are not seen as just another cultural group among others. Rather their culture is the standard or
neutral norm, and everyone else fits in around it. Arguably, then multicultural policy does little to encourage the transformation of majority culture. Rather the dominant culture can remain
untouched by multiculturalism in any deep sense, except perhaps through the availability of more varieties of food, styles and so on.
Multiculturalism is, for those in the dominant cultural group, a mere issue of lifestyle whereas, for minorities, it is the frame through which they are viewed and expected to conform to this
culturalist vision of their lives. By focusing on culture, multiculturalism might ignore the other aspects that are important for individuals, especially those who have traditionally been
disadvantaged such as migrants, e.g. jobs, housing, education, health, and so on.
As Poynting and Mason show, the emphasis on this cultural view of minority groups often led to these groups being stereotyped in ways that were counterproductive to what multiculturalism
wanted to achieve. The complexity of culture was reduced to exotic food and national dress, music and dance.
The focus on minority ‘culture’ in the public sphere could also cause resentment among those of the dominant culture who felt left out of multicultural festivities because they did not have a
particular culture to perform.
Nevertheless, according to Poynting and Mason, multicultural policies were successful in easing intercommunal tensions in Australia throughout the 1970s and 1980s. There were no real
ghettoes or ‘race riots’ of the type seen in the US, Britain, or France for example.
10. What is multiculturalism,
really?
Thursday, 10 October 13
Goldberg notes that it is important to distinguish between two types of multiculturalism.
Multicultural policies can be described as prescriptive - they prescribe a solution to a societal problem.
But often when we think about what multiculturalism means we are being descriptive. In other words, we are merely describing our lived reality - what we see on the streets when we walk
around, the kind of interaction we have with people, the fact that people come from different backgrounds and all live together. This is descriptive multiculturalism.
Interestingly, when multiculturalism is criticised (e.g. Scott Morrison during a speech,
Australia Day, 2013), the problem is never really the prescriptive policies which remain very
vague, normative, but the everyday reality of living together in a ‘super-diverse’ society.
But, before we look at ‘everyday multiculturalism’, let us look at the critique of official state
multiculturalism (prescriptive mc).
11. What is multiculturalism,
really?
PRESCRIPTIVE?
Thursday, 10 October 13
Goldberg notes that it is important to distinguish between two types of multiculturalism.
Multicultural policies can be described as prescriptive - they prescribe a solution to a societal problem.
But often when we think about what multiculturalism means we are being descriptive. In other words, we are merely describing our lived reality - what we see on the streets when we walk
around, the kind of interaction we have with people, the fact that people come from different backgrounds and all live together. This is descriptive multiculturalism.
Interestingly, when multiculturalism is criticised (e.g. Scott Morrison during a speech,
Australia Day, 2013), the problem is never really the prescriptive policies which remain very
vague, normative, but the everyday reality of living together in a ‘super-diverse’ society.
But, before we look at ‘everyday multiculturalism’, let us look at the critique of official state
multiculturalism (prescriptive mc).
12. What is multiculturalism,
really?
PRESCRIPTIVE?
DESCRIPTIVE?
Thursday, 10 October 13
Goldberg notes that it is important to distinguish between two types of multiculturalism.
Multicultural policies can be described as prescriptive - they prescribe a solution to a societal problem.
But often when we think about what multiculturalism means we are being descriptive. In other words, we are merely describing our lived reality - what we see on the streets when we walk
around, the kind of interaction we have with people, the fact that people come from different backgrounds and all live together. This is descriptive multiculturalism.
Interestingly, when multiculturalism is criticised (e.g. Scott Morrison during a speech,
Australia Day, 2013), the problem is never really the prescriptive policies which remain very
vague, normative, but the everyday reality of living together in a ‘super-diverse’ society.
But, before we look at ‘everyday multiculturalism’, let us look at the critique of official state
multiculturalism (prescriptive mc).
13. Thursday, 10 October 13
21 March: Harmony Day (United Nations International Day for the Elimination of Racial
Discrimination)
Official state MC in Australia/Harmony Day tells a story about the Australian nation which
does not always seem borne out in reality.
The national ‘we’ is constructed as diverse - myriad statements about Australia as one of the
most diverse societies in the world - Australian MC is officially celebrated, not only as a
desire (e.g. need to enact policy to bring it about) but as already a reality.
In fact, Stratton (1998) might be more correct when he talks about Australia as having a white
core and an ethnically diverse periphery. It is almost impossible for people from non-white
backgrounds to penetrate high levels of government, the media, academia, the law, business,
etc.
[reveal Hage quote] Hage contrasts official MC discourse with what he calls the ‘multicultural
real’: Australia IS amazingly diverse, but this largely remains hidden from view where it
counts (power) and remains very superficial.
As we saw, multiculturalism tends to see ethnic groups as internally diverse. Initiatives such
as Harmony Day celebrate diversity at a superficial level - food, traditional dress, etc.
But if the purpose of multicultural policy is to bring about greater social equality, we may ask
whether focusing on the more palatable aspects of cultural diversity is sufficient.
In essence, official multiculturalism (as Hage and Stratton have said) leaves the majority
Australia, Anglo-Celtic identity unchanged while tolerating those on the ethnic fringes.
14. ‘Our Australian Story is diverse. We come
from many countries around the world. We
each make up the pages of the bigger
Australia story we share today. From the
Dreamtime to the Eureka to the Snowy
River, from the outback to the city, in
wartime and in peace, our stories may be
heartwrenching but also inspirational.’
http://www.harmony.gov.au/about/
Thursday, 10 October 13
21 March: Harmony Day (United Nations International Day for the Elimination of Racial
Discrimination)
Official state MC in Australia/Harmony Day tells a story about the Australian nation which
does not always seem borne out in reality.
The national ‘we’ is constructed as diverse - myriad statements about Australia as one of the
most diverse societies in the world - Australian MC is officially celebrated, not only as a
desire (e.g. need to enact policy to bring it about) but as already a reality.
In fact, Stratton (1998) might be more correct when he talks about Australia as having a white
core and an ethnically diverse periphery. It is almost impossible for people from non-white
backgrounds to penetrate high levels of government, the media, academia, the law, business,
etc.
[reveal Hage quote] Hage contrasts official MC discourse with what he calls the ‘multicultural
real’: Australia IS amazingly diverse, but this largely remains hidden from view where it
counts (power) and remains very superficial.
As we saw, multiculturalism tends to see ethnic groups as internally diverse. Initiatives such
as Harmony Day celebrate diversity at a superficial level - food, traditional dress, etc.
But if the purpose of multicultural policy is to bring about greater social equality, we may ask
whether focusing on the more palatable aspects of cultural diversity is sufficient.
In essence, official multiculturalism (as Hage and Stratton have said) leaves the majority
Australia, Anglo-Celtic identity unchanged while tolerating those on the ethnic fringes.
15. ‘Our Australian Story is diverse. We come
from many countries around the world. We
each make up the pages of the bigger
Australia story we share today. From the
Dreamtime to the Eureka to the Snowy
River, from the outback to the city, in
wartime and in peace, our stories may be
heartwrenching but also inspirational.’
http://www.harmony.gov.au/about/
‘For if we are diversity, there would be
nothing to 'appreciate' and 'value' other
than ourselves. This is the difficult
imaginary domain of the multicultural
Real’
Ghassan Hage (1998: 140)
Thursday, 10 October 13
21 March: Harmony Day (United Nations International Day for the Elimination of Racial
Discrimination)
Official state MC in Australia/Harmony Day tells a story about the Australian nation which
does not always seem borne out in reality.
The national ‘we’ is constructed as diverse - myriad statements about Australia as one of the
most diverse societies in the world - Australian MC is officially celebrated, not only as a
desire (e.g. need to enact policy to bring it about) but as already a reality.
In fact, Stratton (1998) might be more correct when he talks about Australia as having a white
core and an ethnically diverse periphery. It is almost impossible for people from non-white
backgrounds to penetrate high levels of government, the media, academia, the law, business,
etc.
[reveal Hage quote] Hage contrasts official MC discourse with what he calls the ‘multicultural
real’: Australia IS amazingly diverse, but this largely remains hidden from view where it
counts (power) and remains very superficial.
As we saw, multiculturalism tends to see ethnic groups as internally diverse. Initiatives such
as Harmony Day celebrate diversity at a superficial level - food, traditional dress, etc.
But if the purpose of multicultural policy is to bring about greater social equality, we may ask
whether focusing on the more palatable aspects of cultural diversity is sufficient.
In essence, official multiculturalism (as Hage and Stratton have said) leaves the majority
Australia, Anglo-Celtic identity unchanged while tolerating those on the ethnic fringes.
16. Everyday, lived multiculture
Thursday, 10 October 13
As mentioned, when multiculturalism is critiqued, the problem is less with official state
multiculturalism - e.g. Harmony Day - and more with the multicultural reality that Ghassan
Hage speaks about.
Most of us live with multiculturalism every day.
Amanda Wise looks at multicultural living at the micro level of the everyday -
‘multiculturalism from below’ - as a way of giving meaning and enriching the superficial
descriptions of diversity that can be found in the official policies and Harmony Day
statements.
Understanding this will help us understand better why ordinary Australians from diverse
backgrounds ‘rub along’ together or not.
Wise uses the idea of the ‘contact zone’ to theorize what she calls ‘quotidian transversality’ -
how do individuals in ethnically diverse suburbs and neighbourhoods interact in a way that
ensures sociality (everyone getting along)? What disrupts this - i.e. what external factors (e.g.
racism, discrimination, etc.) disturb living together in ethnically diverse locations?
Wise: a number of factors are important for living together in any society:
gift exchange and reciprocity, kinship and social networks, ways of talking, and place
orientations, etc.
But what complexifies these aspects of social life (living together) in an ethnically diverse
area? Wise: the idea of transversality emphasises interchange - i.e. not just exchange, which
is direct, but actually trying to put yourself in the other person’s shoes, so that we can shift
our perspective.
17. ‘[N]eighbourly cross-cultural
encounters not necessarily close
enough to describe as ‘friendship’
do in fact, through a relation of
care, produce capacities for the
recognition or acknowledgment of
otherness in a situational
specificity.’
Amanda Wise (2009: 35)
Everyday, lived multiculture
Thursday, 10 October 13
As mentioned, when multiculturalism is critiqued, the problem is less with official state
multiculturalism - e.g. Harmony Day - and more with the multicultural reality that Ghassan
Hage speaks about.
Most of us live with multiculturalism every day.
Amanda Wise looks at multicultural living at the micro level of the everyday -
‘multiculturalism from below’ - as a way of giving meaning and enriching the superficial
descriptions of diversity that can be found in the official policies and Harmony Day
statements.
Understanding this will help us understand better why ordinary Australians from diverse
backgrounds ‘rub along’ together or not.
Wise uses the idea of the ‘contact zone’ to theorize what she calls ‘quotidian transversality’ -
how do individuals in ethnically diverse suburbs and neighbourhoods interact in a way that
ensures sociality (everyone getting along)? What disrupts this - i.e. what external factors (e.g.
racism, discrimination, etc.) disturb living together in ethnically diverse locations?
Wise: a number of factors are important for living together in any society:
gift exchange and reciprocity, kinship and social networks, ways of talking, and place
orientations, etc.
But what complexifies these aspects of social life (living together) in an ethnically diverse
area? Wise: the idea of transversality emphasises interchange - i.e. not just exchange, which
is direct, but actually trying to put yourself in the other person’s shoes, so that we can shift
our perspective.
18. COSMO-MULTICULTURALISM
‘YOU COULD BE ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD’
Thursday, 10 October 13
Ghassan Hage is less optimistic about the transformative capacities of daily multiculturalism
than Wise.
He says that what he calls ‘cosmo-multiculturalism’ is less about migrants building a home in
Australia, where they feel that they truly belong, and more about an experience of white,
middle-class cosmopolitan consumption.
MC has been good for the Australian diet. We experience MC in culturally diverse areas in the
same way we experience tourism while on holiday. It remains external. It is something for our
pleasure, but which will not alter us in any fundamental way.
Focusing on the experience of eating in an ‘ethnic’ restaurant, Hage says they are constructed
with the desires of Anglo Australians in mind rather than being services for migrants (e.g.
places where people can eat their own food).
Hage calls this ‘multiculturalism without migrants’ because the Anglo consumer is seen as
active while the migrant provider of the food is passive - her needs and wants are absent
from the equation.
19. COSMO-MULTICULTURALISM
‘YOU COULD BE ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD’
Thursday, 10 October 13
Ghassan Hage is less optimistic about the transformative capacities of daily multiculturalism
than Wise.
He says that what he calls ‘cosmo-multiculturalism’ is less about migrants building a home in
Australia, where they feel that they truly belong, and more about an experience of white,
middle-class cosmopolitan consumption.
MC has been good for the Australian diet. We experience MC in culturally diverse areas in the
same way we experience tourism while on holiday. It remains external. It is something for our
pleasure, but which will not alter us in any fundamental way.
Focusing on the experience of eating in an ‘ethnic’ restaurant, Hage says they are constructed
with the desires of Anglo Australians in mind rather than being services for migrants (e.g.
places where people can eat their own food).
Hage calls this ‘multiculturalism without migrants’ because the Anglo consumer is seen as
active while the migrant provider of the food is passive - her needs and wants are absent
from the equation.
20. Problem multiculturalism
Thursday, 10 October 13
Immigration Minister (used to also cover MC but there is no longer a minister for MC under
the new coalition government), Scott Morrison’s Australia Day speech (2013) gave his vision
of a post-multicultural Australia which, as he put it, would ‘“restore some balance by
ensuring that we are more focused on what we have in common rather than how different we
all are”.
This echoes the consensus view of mainstream politicians and commentators in Europe, that
MC has been a failure. It hasn’t led to bringing people closer together, but to creating less
social cohesion/unity in society.
However, Morrison’s view and those of other anti-multiculturalists is not that there is
something within the idea of MC itself that is at fault (i.e. the critique of mc as essentialising
minorities or failing to question the dominance of the majority). Rather the problem is with
minorities themselves.
MC is thought of as a gift given to ethnic minorities by the white elite. It was supposed to be
a sweetener that would ensure the containment of inter-ethnic relations - keep everyone
happy. But, as we know, tensions still exist because we haven’t achieved equality between
members of different ethnic groups in Australia (or anywhere else).
The blame is put onto minorities for choosing not to belong.
Morrison: ‘self-imposed cultural withdrawal” and disaffection with multiculturalism in
“specific areas of high ethnic concentration”.
Morrison advocates a return to ‘the supremacy of Australian values’. In other words, less care
should be given to recognise cultural diversity, and more on Anglo Australian history and
cultural norms.
21. Problem multiculturalism
‘We must also send a strong
message that cultural tolerance is
not a license for cultural practices
that are offensive to the cultural
values, and laws, of Australia and
that our respect for diversity does
not provide license for closed
communities.’
Scott Morrison, January 25 2013
Thursday, 10 October 13
Immigration Minister (used to also cover MC but there is no longer a minister for MC under
the new coalition government), Scott Morrison’s Australia Day speech (2013) gave his vision
of a post-multicultural Australia which, as he put it, would ‘“restore some balance by
ensuring that we are more focused on what we have in common rather than how different we
all are”.
This echoes the consensus view of mainstream politicians and commentators in Europe, that
MC has been a failure. It hasn’t led to bringing people closer together, but to creating less
social cohesion/unity in society.
However, Morrison’s view and those of other anti-multiculturalists is not that there is
something within the idea of MC itself that is at fault (i.e. the critique of mc as essentialising
minorities or failing to question the dominance of the majority). Rather the problem is with
minorities themselves.
MC is thought of as a gift given to ethnic minorities by the white elite. It was supposed to be
a sweetener that would ensure the containment of inter-ethnic relations - keep everyone
happy. But, as we know, tensions still exist because we haven’t achieved equality between
members of different ethnic groups in Australia (or anywhere else).
The blame is put onto minorities for choosing not to belong.
Morrison: ‘self-imposed cultural withdrawal” and disaffection with multiculturalism in
“specific areas of high ethnic concentration”.
Morrison advocates a return to ‘the supremacy of Australian values’. In other words, less care
should be given to recognise cultural diversity, and more on Anglo Australian history and
cultural norms.
22. They’re taking over
Thursday, 10 October 13
One of the major fears of those who oppose multiculturalism, is that being too open towards
cultural diversity will lead to our cities becoming segregated into ghettos. In Australia it has
been pointed out that, while we may have suburbs where large numbers of members of
particular ethnic groups live (e.g. Lakemba or Cabramatta), we cannot speak of ghettos.
A ghetto - it is important to recognise - is a place where certain groups are forced to live
(e.g. under Nazism).
However, the fear of what is called ‘self-segregation’ - minorities choosing not to live among
the majority - underpins the idea that mc has been bad for the unity of the country as a
whole.
Critics of this idea point out that it is usually when ethnic minority groups move into a
neighbourhood that whites leave - ‘white flight’ - wealthy white people tend to be more
segregated than poor non-white people/immigrants who have less of a choice about where
they can live (often motivated by where is affordable).
In the UK, since 2005, there has been a lot of moral panic about the idea that society is
‘sleepwalking to segregation’.
In response, two statisticians - Nissa Finney and Ludi Simpson - wrote a book called
‘Sleepwalking to segregation? Challenging myths about race and migration.’
They use statistics to overturn some of the common myths about MC and its impact on
society.
One of the most pressing fears is that certain cities will become minority white. In this short
talk, Nissa Finney explains that in fact, the cities with the highest numbers of ethnic minority
23. They’re taking over
Thursday, 10 October 13
One of the major fears of those who oppose multiculturalism, is that being too open towards
cultural diversity will lead to our cities becoming segregated into ghettos. In Australia it has
been pointed out that, while we may have suburbs where large numbers of members of
particular ethnic groups live (e.g. Lakemba or Cabramatta), we cannot speak of ghettos.
A ghetto - it is important to recognise - is a place where certain groups are forced to live
(e.g. under Nazism).
However, the fear of what is called ‘self-segregation’ - minorities choosing not to live among
the majority - underpins the idea that mc has been bad for the unity of the country as a
whole.
Critics of this idea point out that it is usually when ethnic minority groups move into a
neighbourhood that whites leave - ‘white flight’ - wealthy white people tend to be more
segregated than poor non-white people/immigrants who have less of a choice about where
they can live (often motivated by where is affordable).
In the UK, since 2005, there has been a lot of moral panic about the idea that society is
‘sleepwalking to segregation’.
In response, two statisticians - Nissa Finney and Ludi Simpson - wrote a book called
‘Sleepwalking to segregation? Challenging myths about race and migration.’
They use statistics to overturn some of the common myths about MC and its impact on
society.
One of the most pressing fears is that certain cities will become minority white. In this short
talk, Nissa Finney explains that in fact, the cities with the highest numbers of ethnic minority
24. Conclusion: Good vs.
bad diversity
Thursday, 10 October 13
As we argued in The Crises of Multiculturalism, the objection to multiculturalism might be
another way of expressing racism. It is not culture that we have a problem with but too much
culture of the wrong kind.
Diversity is seen as something that everyone can share in. Everyone wants to be seen as diverse in the sense of being unique, standing out from
the crowd. Multicultural policies catering uniquely for minority ethnic groups are increasingly being replaced by a more mainstream focus on
difference in general.
But diversity is not all good. There is always a tipping point - the point at which diversity becomes excessive and we tip over from good diversity
into bad diversity.
While good diversity adds value to society without threatening to replace the status quo, bad diversity is portrayed as a threat to so-called ‘social
cohesion’.
Much of the moral panic about bad diversity concentrates on Muslims in the post 9/11 era. Islam and Muslims are seen as incompatible with
western ways of life. The fear that has always accompanied MC is that non-white, non Christians - Muslims in particular - will have more allegiance
to their religion or country of origin that to the country to which they have migrated.
However we might argue in response that, if MC was established to ensure greater equality
between groups from different backgrounds, then the fact that tensions exist in
contemporary MC societies such as Australia may have less to do with cultural difference (as
Nissa Finney and Amanda Wise both show, the more diverse the area the greater integration
there is) and more with social, economic and political inequality.
25. Conclusion: Good vs.
bad diversity
Thursday, 10 October 13
As we argued in The Crises of Multiculturalism, the objection to multiculturalism might be
another way of expressing racism. It is not culture that we have a problem with but too much
culture of the wrong kind.
Diversity is seen as something that everyone can share in. Everyone wants to be seen as diverse in the sense of being unique, standing out from
the crowd. Multicultural policies catering uniquely for minority ethnic groups are increasingly being replaced by a more mainstream focus on
difference in general.
But diversity is not all good. There is always a tipping point - the point at which diversity becomes excessive and we tip over from good diversity
into bad diversity.
While good diversity adds value to society without threatening to replace the status quo, bad diversity is portrayed as a threat to so-called ‘social
cohesion’.
Much of the moral panic about bad diversity concentrates on Muslims in the post 9/11 era. Islam and Muslims are seen as incompatible with
western ways of life. The fear that has always accompanied MC is that non-white, non Christians - Muslims in particular - will have more allegiance
to their religion or country of origin that to the country to which they have migrated.
However we might argue in response that, if MC was established to ensure greater equality
between groups from different backgrounds, then the fact that tensions exist in
contemporary MC societies such as Australia may have less to do with cultural difference (as
Nissa Finney and Amanda Wise both show, the more diverse the area the greater integration
there is) and more with social, economic and political inequality.