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The document discusses the transformation of global trade from goods to tasks, emphasizing the role of value chains, particularly in Asia, which dominates intermediate goods exports. It highlights the challenges of traditional trade statistics and advocates for measuring trade in value-added terms to better understand the economic impacts and interdependencies of global trade. Additionally, it outlines how export processing zones contribute significantly to merchandise exports and the importance of innovations and branding in enhancing value captured in global supply chains.
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- 1. Made in theWorld From Trade in Goods to Trade in Tasks Website worth calculator
- 2. Boeing Dreamliner 787 Websiteworth calculator
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- 4. ProcessorsProcessors, €34, 6%,€34, 6% MemoriesMemories, €15, 3%, €15, 3% Integr.circuitsIntegr.circuits, €32, 6%, €32, 6% DisplayDisplay, €22, 4%, €22, 4% CameraCamera (5 mp), €17, 3%(5 mp), €17, 3% Other partsOther parts, €59, 11%, €59, 11% LicensesLicenses, €21, 4%, €21, 4% Nokia’sNokia’s operatingoperating profitprofit, €89, 16%, €89, 16% Final assembly, €11, 2% DistributionDistribution, €19, 4%, €19, 4% Value addedValue added in Nokia’sin Nokia’s internalinternal supportsupport fnsfns, €169, 31%, €169, 31% (Excl. Operating profit &(Excl. Operating profit & assembly listed below)assembly listed below) RetailingRetailing, €60, 11%, €60, 11% Who Captures Value in Global Supply Chains? Case Nokia N95 Source: Jyrki Ali-Yrkkö, Petri Rouvinen, Timo Seppälä & Pekka Ylä-Anttila ETLA, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy
- 5. Smiley Face (Source: BusinessWeek International online extra, May 16, 2005, Stan Shih on Taiwan and China) Higher Added-value and Lower Replacement Marketing Brand Innovation Design R&D R&D/Innovation Centre Website worth calculator Standardisation Innovation R&D Design Added Value M anufacture Assem bly Logistics M arketing Brand Standardisation Website worth calculator Global Logistics Center Logistics AssemblyManufacture
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- 8. Trade patterns andglobal value chains in East Asia : From Trade in Goods to Trade in Tasks andreas.maurer@wto.org
- 9. Global production chains– Ins and outs International consumer demand Export processing zones Development of infrastructure and technological progress Lower applied tariffs and trade policy incentives Outsourcing and offshoring strategies and FDI Emergence of “Trade in tasks”: Need for new statistical measures of international trade Global production chains and world trade • Dominance of trade in intermediate goods • Development of intra- firm trade • Increase of processing trade
- 10. Asian economies haverelatively low applied tariffs on imports (especially on semi-processed goods) Source: WTO
- 11. Export processing zonesaccount for about 20% of total merchandise exports of developing economies Sources: ILO & WTO (2006 or most recent year): economies with EPZs
- 12. Asia is themost attractive FDI destination in the developing regions Source: UNCTAD (Billions of US$)
- 13. … Confirming that: •Asiais the “World manufacturer” •Asian supply chains boost the regional markets •Asian economies present a high degree of industrial specialization Key facts on Asia trade in intermediate goods … •Asia’s share in world exports of intermediate goods increases : 35% in 2009 •Intra-Asian trade is predominant •Asia imports more intermediate goods than it exports •Intermediate goods traded by Asian economies are more and more sophisticated •More and more concentrated trade on few components Intermediate goods dominate world non-fuel merchandise exports Source: UNSD & WTO 2009 value BillionsofUS$
- 14. Towards a newmeasure of international trade • Traditional statistics present some biases: – Multi-counting of trade flows in intermediate goods – Difficult attribution of the country of origin of an imported product • Measuring trade in value added terms allows: – To circumvent the biases observed with traditional statistics – To take into account the specificity of trade occurring between the different actors of a production chain
- 15. Computers and electronicequipment exports and their domestic and imported contents (in billions of $ and percentage) Source: WTO, based on IDE-JETRO Asian Input-Output tables
- 16. United States-China tradebalance Traditional versus VA measure (in billions of US$) Sources: UN Comtrade Database, IDE-JETRO AIO table and WTO estimates
- 17. Summary of thebenefits of trade in value added analysis • A better evaluation of the actual contribution of international trade to an economy (incl. development, employment, environment) • To highlight the interdependency of economies, and the counter-productive effects of protectionist measures on economies and enterprises they are supposed to protect • Better evaluation of the contribution of the services sector on trade • Conventional trade statistics need complement for analysing value added – data gaps and how can they be closed (TEC, WIOD, OECD/WTO) • Domain value calculator
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