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International production, trade and investments are increasingly organised within so-called global value chains (GVCs) where the different stages of the production process are located across different countries. Globalisation motivates companies to restructure their operations internationally through outsourcing and offshoring of activities. Firms try to optimise their production processes by locating the various stages across different sites. The past decades have witnessed a strong trend towards the international dispersion of value chain activities such as design, production, marketing, distribution, etc. This emergence of GVCs challenges conventional wisdom on how we look at economic globalisation and in particular, the policies that we develop around it.
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Enhanced metrics to measure the Regulatory impact
A proposal to enhance metric used when calculating business compliance costs
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- 2. Expansion of global value chains (GVCs) complicates reality and analysis • GVC = production crosses at least one border • Two-thirds of trade now within GVCs • Gross value of trade often misleading • New data on value added of trade 1995-2014
- 3. “Smile curve” for China’s exports of electrical and optical equipment, 2009
- 4. U.S. IT manufacturing: hours and compensation, 1995-2009
- 5. Chinese IT manufacturing: hours and compensation, 1995-2009
- 6. Developing country participation • Trade costs -- via poor infrastructure, tariffs, bureaucracy -- cascade • Institutions, and neighbors’ institutions matter • “Deep” trade agreements facilitate GVC participation
- 7. Most trade is in goods, not services 82 80 79 18 20 21 1980 1995 2009 Gross Exports of Goods and Services as a share of Total World Gross Exports Goods Services
- 8. In value added terms, however, nearly half of trade now is in services 69 61 57 31 39 43 1980 1995 2009 Value Added of Goods and Services as a share of Value Added Exports Goods Services
- 9. Some take-aways for developing countries • Reduce trade costs via infrastructure, tariff reduction, deregulation • Open up foreign trade and investment in services • Deep trade agreements with more advanced economies
- 10. Some take-aways for developed countries • Expansion of GVCs put downward pressure on jobs and wages for low-skilled • Multinational companies and skilled workers are the winners • Adjustment assistance and retraining of workers • Distributional policies