Weather monitoring plays a very important role in human life hence study of weather system is necessary.
Currently there are two types of the weather monitoring stations available i.e. wired and wireless. Wireless
system has some advantages over the wired one hence popular now a days. The parameters are include in
weather monitoring usually temperature, humidity atmospheric pressure, light intensity, rainfall etc. There are
many techniques existed using different processor such as PIC, AVR, ARM etc. Analog to digital channel are
used to fetch the analog output of the sensors. The wireless techniques used in the weather monitoring having
GSM, FM channel, Zigbee, RF etc Protocols.
AN INTEGRATED SOLUTION FOR BOTH MONITORING AND CONTROLLING FOR AUTOMIZATION...IJNSA Journal
Temperature monitoring plays a major role in controlling it according to its varied conditions. This
process is common in all critical areas like data centre, server rooms, grid rooms and other data
communication equipped rooms. This is mandatory for each organization/industry to impart such
process, as most of the critical data would be in data centre along with their network infrastructure which
having various electronic, electrical and mechanical devices are involved for data transmissions. These
devices are very much depend on the environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, humidity etc.,
and also emit heat in the form of thermal energy when they are in functional. To overcome these heats,
the server/data centre room(s) would be engaged with multiple (distributed) air-conditioning (ac) systems
to provide cooling environment and maintain the temperature level of the room. The proposed paper is
the study of automization of monitoring and controlling temperature as per desired requirements with
wsn network
Garden Environmental Monitoring & Automatic Control System Using SensorsIJMTST Journal
This document describes an automated garden control system that uses sensors to monitor soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and motion to control irrigation and other systems. The system uses sensors connected to a microcontroller that processes the sensor data and controls actuators like irrigation. Wireless communication using Zigbee allows the sensor data to be transmitted remotely and monitored on a computer. The goal is to automate garden maintenance and control environmental factors like moisture and temperature scientifically to optimize plant growth while reducing manual labor.
Micro processor based temperature controller on power transistorseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Real-time monitoring system for weather and air pollutant measurement with HT...journalBEEI
This system summarizes the development of a real-time monitoring system for weather and air pollutant measurement with an HTML-based user interface application. The system includes sensors to measure weather parameters like wind, rain, temperature, and humidity, as well as air pollutants. A microcontroller collects and transmits the sensor data to a cloud database in real-time. A web application then displays the data for users. Field testing showed the sensors accurately measured various weather and pollution levels over a day. The HTML interface provided an informative display of the real-time environmental information.
IRJET- Smart Weather Monitoring and Real Time Alert System using IoTIRJET Journal
This document proposes a smart weather monitoring system using IoT that measures various weather parameters like temperature, humidity, wind speed, etc. using sensors. The sensors send real-time data to a web page for access from anywhere. An app also sends alerts about sudden weather changes. While existing systems have limitations like high costs, maintenance needs and delayed warnings, the proposed system is compact, portable, and cheaper due to its solar power and sensor costs. It analyzes sensor data using an API and Raspberry Pi to predict weather accurately. This smart monitoring system could benefit various industries.
IRJET- IoT based Smart Greenhouse Automation SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based smart greenhouse automation system that monitors and controls the greenhouse environment. Sensors measure temperature, humidity, light, pH, and soil moisture. A microcontroller collects the sensor data and sends it to an Android application via cloud computing. The application allows farmers to remotely monitor parameters and control actuators like heaters, fans, and pumps to maintain optimal conditions. The system aims to automate greenhouse monitoring and control to maximize crop yields, reduce costs, and allow remote operation.
IRJET- IoT – Based Wireless Sensors for Environmental Monitoring and Smar...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed smart garbage monitoring system that uses Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system uses sensors to monitor environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and gas levels. An ultrasonic sensor detects the affected area distance. A Raspberry Pi processes the sensor data and checks if thresholds are exceeded, in which case a GPS module tracks the location. The location and sensor readings are sent to the nearest control center via IoT to monitor the area through a webpage. The system aims to efficiently manage garbage with minimal manual effort by automating waste monitoring and response.
IRJET- IoT based Modern Greenhouse with GSM Module using Arduino PlatformIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based smart greenhouse system that uses sensors and a GSM module connected to an Arduino board for automated monitoring and control. The system uses sensors like a biosensor to detect enzymes and pesticides, a humidity sensor to monitor moisture levels, a fire sensor to detect fires, and a temperature sensor to regulate cooling fans if temperatures rise above a set level. An LDR sensor is also used to control lighting. The GSM module allows the system to send text messages to notify farmers if the plants need watering. The system aims to automate greenhouse operations and replace direct human supervision, allowing farmers in rural areas to benefit from precision agriculture.
AN INTEGRATED SOLUTION FOR BOTH MONITORING AND CONTROLLING FOR AUTOMIZATION...IJNSA Journal
Temperature monitoring plays a major role in controlling it according to its varied conditions. This
process is common in all critical areas like data centre, server rooms, grid rooms and other data
communication equipped rooms. This is mandatory for each organization/industry to impart such
process, as most of the critical data would be in data centre along with their network infrastructure which
having various electronic, electrical and mechanical devices are involved for data transmissions. These
devices are very much depend on the environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, humidity etc.,
and also emit heat in the form of thermal energy when they are in functional. To overcome these heats,
the server/data centre room(s) would be engaged with multiple (distributed) air-conditioning (ac) systems
to provide cooling environment and maintain the temperature level of the room. The proposed paper is
the study of automization of monitoring and controlling temperature as per desired requirements with
wsn network
Garden Environmental Monitoring & Automatic Control System Using SensorsIJMTST Journal
This document describes an automated garden control system that uses sensors to monitor soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and motion to control irrigation and other systems. The system uses sensors connected to a microcontroller that processes the sensor data and controls actuators like irrigation. Wireless communication using Zigbee allows the sensor data to be transmitted remotely and monitored on a computer. The goal is to automate garden maintenance and control environmental factors like moisture and temperature scientifically to optimize plant growth while reducing manual labor.
Micro processor based temperature controller on power transistorseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Real-time monitoring system for weather and air pollutant measurement with HT...journalBEEI
This system summarizes the development of a real-time monitoring system for weather and air pollutant measurement with an HTML-based user interface application. The system includes sensors to measure weather parameters like wind, rain, temperature, and humidity, as well as air pollutants. A microcontroller collects and transmits the sensor data to a cloud database in real-time. A web application then displays the data for users. Field testing showed the sensors accurately measured various weather and pollution levels over a day. The HTML interface provided an informative display of the real-time environmental information.
IRJET- Smart Weather Monitoring and Real Time Alert System using IoTIRJET Journal
This document proposes a smart weather monitoring system using IoT that measures various weather parameters like temperature, humidity, wind speed, etc. using sensors. The sensors send real-time data to a web page for access from anywhere. An app also sends alerts about sudden weather changes. While existing systems have limitations like high costs, maintenance needs and delayed warnings, the proposed system is compact, portable, and cheaper due to its solar power and sensor costs. It analyzes sensor data using an API and Raspberry Pi to predict weather accurately. This smart monitoring system could benefit various industries.
IRJET- IoT based Smart Greenhouse Automation SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based smart greenhouse automation system that monitors and controls the greenhouse environment. Sensors measure temperature, humidity, light, pH, and soil moisture. A microcontroller collects the sensor data and sends it to an Android application via cloud computing. The application allows farmers to remotely monitor parameters and control actuators like heaters, fans, and pumps to maintain optimal conditions. The system aims to automate greenhouse monitoring and control to maximize crop yields, reduce costs, and allow remote operation.
IRJET- IoT – Based Wireless Sensors for Environmental Monitoring and Smar...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed smart garbage monitoring system that uses Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system uses sensors to monitor environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and gas levels. An ultrasonic sensor detects the affected area distance. A Raspberry Pi processes the sensor data and checks if thresholds are exceeded, in which case a GPS module tracks the location. The location and sensor readings are sent to the nearest control center via IoT to monitor the area through a webpage. The system aims to efficiently manage garbage with minimal manual effort by automating waste monitoring and response.
IRJET- IoT based Modern Greenhouse with GSM Module using Arduino PlatformIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based smart greenhouse system that uses sensors and a GSM module connected to an Arduino board for automated monitoring and control. The system uses sensors like a biosensor to detect enzymes and pesticides, a humidity sensor to monitor moisture levels, a fire sensor to detect fires, and a temperature sensor to regulate cooling fans if temperatures rise above a set level. An LDR sensor is also used to control lighting. The GSM module allows the system to send text messages to notify farmers if the plants need watering. The system aims to automate greenhouse operations and replace direct human supervision, allowing farmers in rural areas to benefit from precision agriculture.
IRJET- Automated Smart Greenhouse Environment using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes an automated smart greenhouse system using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Sensors are used to monitor environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light intensity, and pH levels. An Arduino microcontroller collects data from the sensors and sends it over WiFi or Ethernet to a cloud server. Users can access the sensor data through a mobile app to remotely monitor greenhouse conditions. If any parameters exceed a threshold, the system can automatically control actuators like fans, pumps, and lights to regulate the greenhouse environment. The system aims to help farmers efficiently manage greenhouse agriculture without constant on-site presence.
IRJET - Automated Monitoring and Controlling of GreenhouseIRJET Journal
This document describes an automated system for monitoring and controlling the environment inside a greenhouse. The system uses sensors like DHT11, soil moisture, LDR, and flame sensors connected to an Arduino board to measure temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light intensity, and detect fires. If any of the measured parameters exceed predefined thresholds, devices like cooling fans, exhaust fans, and water pumps are automatically controlled to maintain optimum environmental conditions for plant growth. All sensor data is sent to users through SMS or stored on a server. The system aims to optimize water and nutrient use for irrigation and allow remote monitoring through a website or mobile app.
Io t enabled plant soil moisture monitoring system using wireless sensor netw...Ezhilazhahi AM
The document describes an IoT-enabled plant soil moisture monitoring system using wireless sensor networks. The system uses soil moisture sensors connected to a microcontroller and Zigbee modules to transmit sensor readings wirelessly. The data is sent to a Raspberry Pi gateway and then uploaded to the cloud. An exponential weighted moving average algorithm is used to generate threshold values for event detection and enhance the wireless sensor network's lifetime. The system allows for real-time remote monitoring of soil moisture levels to enable precision agriculture.
One of the most important aspect of Wireless Sensor Networks is Monitoring the content of moisture in the soil, temperature and humidity with the help of Zigbee.
IRJET- Wireless Health Monitoring System in Mine Areas using NRF24L01IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed wireless health monitoring system for miners in underground coal mines using nRF24L01 transceiver technology. The system would monitor miners' vital signs like heart rate and body temperature, as well as environmental conditions like gas levels and temperature. Sensors placed on the miners would transmit data wirelessly to a central control room to alert authorities if levels reach dangerous thresholds and ensure miners' safety. The proposed system aims to improve on previous wired monitoring systems that were prone to damage and signal loss in harsh mining environments. It analyzes the limitations of past wireless technologies and explains how nRF24L01 provides better reliability, range, efficiency and cost-effectiveness for continuous real-time monitoring of miners.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Monitoring and Controlling Device for Smart Greenhouse by using Thinger.io Io...ijtsrd
This document describes a smart greenhouse monitoring and control system that uses sensors to measure environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and light intensity. It then sends this sensor data to a cloud server called Thinger.io using an ESP8266 (NodeMCU) microcontroller connected to WiFi. The system can automatically control devices like pumps, fans and lights based on the sensor readings to maintain optimal growing conditions. It also allows remote manual control of devices from a smartphone or computer. The system was simulated using Proteus simulation software and experimental results showed it could accurately control devices to satisfy thresholds for humidity, temperature and light levels.
IRJET- Advanced Guiding Tool for the Selection of CropsIRJET Journal
This document describes an advanced guiding tool to help farmers select appropriate crops. It uses sensors to monitor soil characteristics and environmental conditions. The sensor data is sent to a Node MCU microcontroller and stored in the cloud. Farmers can access this historical data using wireless devices to determine which crops are best suited for their land based on the soil and climate conditions. This system improves upon previous agriculture monitoring systems by not only monitoring crop growth but also collecting and storing sensor data in the cloud. This stored data can then be used to advise farmers on optimal crop selection.
This document describes a system for monitoring and controlling temperature in closed environments using ZigBee wireless technology. The system uses microcontrollers and temperature sensors to monitor the current temperature, and can control heating and cooling devices like Peltier modules to maintain a set temperature. The system transmits temperature data wirelessly between sensor nodes and a receiving computer using a ZigBee mesh network, allowing temperature to be monitored and controlled remotely. Software was developed to read temperature sensor data, calculate the current temperature, and output control signals to maintain the set temperature level. The system provides a low-cost solution for accurately monitoring and regulating temperature in industrial and domestic applications.
Smart Poly-House Surveillance using IOEIRJET Journal
This document proposes a smart poly-house surveillance system using the Internet of Things. The system uses sensors like a soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor, and light sensor attached to a Raspberry Pi controller. These sensors collect data on soil moisture levels, temperature, and light intensity. The Raspberry Pi analyzes the sensor data and sends it to a server using WiFi. An Android application allows farmers to monitor the sensor data in real-time and control an irrigation motor if soil moisture levels drop below a threshold. The system aims to automate poly-house monitoring and irrigation to reduce farmer workloads and ensure optimal growing conditions. Camera images of the poly-house are also sent periodically to the server and smartphone for remote surveillance.
This document describes a smart system for agriculture monitoring that uses sensors to track crop health data and soil conditions in real-time. The system uses an Arduino Yun microcontroller connected to sensors for soil temperature, rainfall, sound, and an IP camera. The sensors monitor and collect data on soil temperature, rainfall, sounds that could indicate pests, and visual crop status. This data is analyzed to detect any issues and provide alerts to farmers so they can take timely preventative actions to improve crop yields. The system aims to make farming more efficient through automated real-time monitoring and analysis of field conditions.
INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) APPLICATIONS TO MONITORING PLANT DISEASE DETECTIONBalamurugan K
The document outlines the methodology for detecting plant diseases using IoT. It discusses using sensors to collect data on plant parameters like temperature, humidity, color. This data is sent to a Raspberry Pi and then to the cloud for analysis. A deep learning model is used to classify the data and detect diseases. The process involves image acquisition, pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. Common techniques discussed are temperature/color sensors to detect disease, drone mapping, precision farming applications. Benefits highlighted are generating business models, reducing costs and improving efficiency through data analysis.
IRJET - Wireless Monitoring and Controlling of Greenhouse EnvironmentIRJET Journal
This document presents a system for wirelessly monitoring and controlling the greenhouse environment. The system uses sensors to monitor temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and light levels. A local station collects sensor data via a microcontroller and transmits it wirelessly to a central station using Zigbee. The central station is a PC that can analyze the data and send control signals back to actuators at the local station, such as heaters or sprinklers, to maintain optimal environmental conditions for plant growth. The system aims to independently control the greenhouse environment for maximum crop yields.
This document describes a microcontroller-based data logger design for monitoring water distribution networks. The system automatically logs pressure and flow rate data over time from sensors. It can send SMS alerts if preset thresholds are exceeded, indicating potential issues. The design uses an ATmega32 microcontroller to acquire data from pressure and flow sensors, store it in EEPROM memory, and display it on an LCD. If sensor readings are above maximum set points, a GSM modem sends text messages. The system is programmed using Bascom to control components and log data sequentially. The goal is to improve monitoring of distribution networks and respond quickly to problems.
Coal Mine Safety Monitoring and Alerting SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed coal mine safety monitoring and alerting system using sensors and wireless transmission. The system would monitor miners' safety in several ways: (1) It would attach sensors to miners' helmets to monitor air quality and gas levels, and detect if a miner falls or removes their helmet. (2) It would transmit sensor data from the helmets to a base station using Zigbee wireless technology. (3) If gas levels exceed thresholds or other emergencies are detected, it would alert miners by flashing helmet lights and sending messages. The goal is to provide real-time monitoring of miners' conditions and early warnings of safety issues to help prevent accidents and save lives in underground coal mines.
IRJET- Pollution Monitoring and Controlling System using Internet of Thin...IRJET Journal
This document describes a pollution monitoring and controlling system using the Internet of Things (IoT). The system uses sensors to monitor air quality, sound levels, and temperature. It sends the sensor data to a microcontroller which then transmits the data over WiFi to the cloud. Users can then access the sensor data through a web browser to monitor pollution levels remotely. If pollution levels exceed thresholds, controlling devices like air filters or fans are activated to control pollution. The system aims to monitor pollution levels and control pollution in real-time using IoT to promote environmental health.
Batch 12(temperature based fan speed control & monitor)gourishettyvivek
This document describes a student project to create a temperature-based fan speed control and monitoring system. The objectives are to measure room temperature, display the current temperature on an LCD screen, and vary the speed of a fan accordingly to reduce power consumption. The system uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller, LM35 temperature sensor, LCD display, and DC motor. As temperature increases, the fan speed increases automatically to control the room temperature. This project aims to automatically control fan speed based on temperature readings without manual intervention.
Measurement of NPK, Temperature, Moisture, Humidity using WSNIJERA Editor
In India, where the economy is mainly base on agriculture and the climatic conditions are isotropic and are not
able to make full use of agricultural resources. The main reason is the lack of rains and scarifies of land
reservoir water and overused of fertilizers so we need to control these parameters. This system made wireless
sensor network for monitoringagricultural environments for various factors such as NPK, temperature and
humidity along with other factors can be of significance.By using pH sensors we get the information about the
soil and analyze the acid level of the soil. By which we can apply fertilizer to the place where it needs, also we
can avoid over fertilization of the crops. We used humidity sensor to sense the weather. By this the farmer can
get idea about the climate. If there is any chance for rainfall; the farmer need not irrigate the crop field. This
Seminar reports the design and development of a smart wireless sensor network (WSN) for an agricultural
environment. Monitoring agricultural environments for various factors such as Nitrates, Zink, Potassium,
Phosphorus, Humidity and Temperature along with other factors can be of significance. The ability to document
and detail changes in parameters of interest has become increasingly valuable. Investigations were performed
for a remote monitoring system using WiFi, where the wireless sensor nodes are based on WSN802G modules.
These nodes send data wirelessly to a central server, which collects the data, stores it and allows it to be
analyzed and displayed as needed.
1. Data loggers are devices that record data over time from electrical sensors. They allow monitoring and recording of temperature, humidity, and other variables remotely and automatically without someone present.
2. A data logger works by connecting sensors to a microprocessor that records the sensor measurements in a database. It can record data 24/7 and at frequent, regular time intervals for applications like monitoring industrial processes, environmental conditions, vehicle testing, and more.
3. Advantages of data loggers include monitoring dangerous or remote areas without someone present, accurate frequent recordings without human error, and collecting data continuously for long periods. Disadvantages include upfront equipment costs and potential data loss if equipment fails between recording intervals.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
Behavioural Study of RC Flat Plate Multi-Storey Building Persuaded By Stiffne...IJERA Editor
With a very swift development in urban areas the framed structures which are infilled by brick masonry or
concrete blocks are widely used as partition walls and also exterior walls. Masonry infill walls are common
element in structural system which modifies the conduction of building under the lateral load. These structures
resist the moderate earthquakes and accomplish well in such a prime manner that even if they have no load
bearing function. Evidently, during the time of resolution of such a multi-storey structure, the infilled frame is
considered as bare frame, because IS codes do not provide any guide lines for the analysis and design of RC
frames with infill wall. This paper addresses the numerical study of G+10 RC flat plate framed building with
different cases i.e, soft story at ground level (Basement), with soft story at 5th floor level, without soft storey and
bare frame building by using ETABS as soft computing tool. All these cases are analyzed for equivalent static
method and Response spectrum method. By this, dynamic properties are evaluated and according to the results
obtained conclusions are drawn
IRJET- Automated Smart Greenhouse Environment using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes an automated smart greenhouse system using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Sensors are used to monitor environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light intensity, and pH levels. An Arduino microcontroller collects data from the sensors and sends it over WiFi or Ethernet to a cloud server. Users can access the sensor data through a mobile app to remotely monitor greenhouse conditions. If any parameters exceed a threshold, the system can automatically control actuators like fans, pumps, and lights to regulate the greenhouse environment. The system aims to help farmers efficiently manage greenhouse agriculture without constant on-site presence.
IRJET - Automated Monitoring and Controlling of GreenhouseIRJET Journal
This document describes an automated system for monitoring and controlling the environment inside a greenhouse. The system uses sensors like DHT11, soil moisture, LDR, and flame sensors connected to an Arduino board to measure temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light intensity, and detect fires. If any of the measured parameters exceed predefined thresholds, devices like cooling fans, exhaust fans, and water pumps are automatically controlled to maintain optimum environmental conditions for plant growth. All sensor data is sent to users through SMS or stored on a server. The system aims to optimize water and nutrient use for irrigation and allow remote monitoring through a website or mobile app.
Io t enabled plant soil moisture monitoring system using wireless sensor netw...Ezhilazhahi AM
The document describes an IoT-enabled plant soil moisture monitoring system using wireless sensor networks. The system uses soil moisture sensors connected to a microcontroller and Zigbee modules to transmit sensor readings wirelessly. The data is sent to a Raspberry Pi gateway and then uploaded to the cloud. An exponential weighted moving average algorithm is used to generate threshold values for event detection and enhance the wireless sensor network's lifetime. The system allows for real-time remote monitoring of soil moisture levels to enable precision agriculture.
One of the most important aspect of Wireless Sensor Networks is Monitoring the content of moisture in the soil, temperature and humidity with the help of Zigbee.
IRJET- Wireless Health Monitoring System in Mine Areas using NRF24L01IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed wireless health monitoring system for miners in underground coal mines using nRF24L01 transceiver technology. The system would monitor miners' vital signs like heart rate and body temperature, as well as environmental conditions like gas levels and temperature. Sensors placed on the miners would transmit data wirelessly to a central control room to alert authorities if levels reach dangerous thresholds and ensure miners' safety. The proposed system aims to improve on previous wired monitoring systems that were prone to damage and signal loss in harsh mining environments. It analyzes the limitations of past wireless technologies and explains how nRF24L01 provides better reliability, range, efficiency and cost-effectiveness for continuous real-time monitoring of miners.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Monitoring and Controlling Device for Smart Greenhouse by using Thinger.io Io...ijtsrd
This document describes a smart greenhouse monitoring and control system that uses sensors to measure environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and light intensity. It then sends this sensor data to a cloud server called Thinger.io using an ESP8266 (NodeMCU) microcontroller connected to WiFi. The system can automatically control devices like pumps, fans and lights based on the sensor readings to maintain optimal growing conditions. It also allows remote manual control of devices from a smartphone or computer. The system was simulated using Proteus simulation software and experimental results showed it could accurately control devices to satisfy thresholds for humidity, temperature and light levels.
IRJET- Advanced Guiding Tool for the Selection of CropsIRJET Journal
This document describes an advanced guiding tool to help farmers select appropriate crops. It uses sensors to monitor soil characteristics and environmental conditions. The sensor data is sent to a Node MCU microcontroller and stored in the cloud. Farmers can access this historical data using wireless devices to determine which crops are best suited for their land based on the soil and climate conditions. This system improves upon previous agriculture monitoring systems by not only monitoring crop growth but also collecting and storing sensor data in the cloud. This stored data can then be used to advise farmers on optimal crop selection.
This document describes a system for monitoring and controlling temperature in closed environments using ZigBee wireless technology. The system uses microcontrollers and temperature sensors to monitor the current temperature, and can control heating and cooling devices like Peltier modules to maintain a set temperature. The system transmits temperature data wirelessly between sensor nodes and a receiving computer using a ZigBee mesh network, allowing temperature to be monitored and controlled remotely. Software was developed to read temperature sensor data, calculate the current temperature, and output control signals to maintain the set temperature level. The system provides a low-cost solution for accurately monitoring and regulating temperature in industrial and domestic applications.
Smart Poly-House Surveillance using IOEIRJET Journal
This document proposes a smart poly-house surveillance system using the Internet of Things. The system uses sensors like a soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor, and light sensor attached to a Raspberry Pi controller. These sensors collect data on soil moisture levels, temperature, and light intensity. The Raspberry Pi analyzes the sensor data and sends it to a server using WiFi. An Android application allows farmers to monitor the sensor data in real-time and control an irrigation motor if soil moisture levels drop below a threshold. The system aims to automate poly-house monitoring and irrigation to reduce farmer workloads and ensure optimal growing conditions. Camera images of the poly-house are also sent periodically to the server and smartphone for remote surveillance.
This document describes a smart system for agriculture monitoring that uses sensors to track crop health data and soil conditions in real-time. The system uses an Arduino Yun microcontroller connected to sensors for soil temperature, rainfall, sound, and an IP camera. The sensors monitor and collect data on soil temperature, rainfall, sounds that could indicate pests, and visual crop status. This data is analyzed to detect any issues and provide alerts to farmers so they can take timely preventative actions to improve crop yields. The system aims to make farming more efficient through automated real-time monitoring and analysis of field conditions.
INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) APPLICATIONS TO MONITORING PLANT DISEASE DETECTIONBalamurugan K
The document outlines the methodology for detecting plant diseases using IoT. It discusses using sensors to collect data on plant parameters like temperature, humidity, color. This data is sent to a Raspberry Pi and then to the cloud for analysis. A deep learning model is used to classify the data and detect diseases. The process involves image acquisition, pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. Common techniques discussed are temperature/color sensors to detect disease, drone mapping, precision farming applications. Benefits highlighted are generating business models, reducing costs and improving efficiency through data analysis.
IRJET - Wireless Monitoring and Controlling of Greenhouse EnvironmentIRJET Journal
This document presents a system for wirelessly monitoring and controlling the greenhouse environment. The system uses sensors to monitor temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and light levels. A local station collects sensor data via a microcontroller and transmits it wirelessly to a central station using Zigbee. The central station is a PC that can analyze the data and send control signals back to actuators at the local station, such as heaters or sprinklers, to maintain optimal environmental conditions for plant growth. The system aims to independently control the greenhouse environment for maximum crop yields.
This document describes a microcontroller-based data logger design for monitoring water distribution networks. The system automatically logs pressure and flow rate data over time from sensors. It can send SMS alerts if preset thresholds are exceeded, indicating potential issues. The design uses an ATmega32 microcontroller to acquire data from pressure and flow sensors, store it in EEPROM memory, and display it on an LCD. If sensor readings are above maximum set points, a GSM modem sends text messages. The system is programmed using Bascom to control components and log data sequentially. The goal is to improve monitoring of distribution networks and respond quickly to problems.
Coal Mine Safety Monitoring and Alerting SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed coal mine safety monitoring and alerting system using sensors and wireless transmission. The system would monitor miners' safety in several ways: (1) It would attach sensors to miners' helmets to monitor air quality and gas levels, and detect if a miner falls or removes their helmet. (2) It would transmit sensor data from the helmets to a base station using Zigbee wireless technology. (3) If gas levels exceed thresholds or other emergencies are detected, it would alert miners by flashing helmet lights and sending messages. The goal is to provide real-time monitoring of miners' conditions and early warnings of safety issues to help prevent accidents and save lives in underground coal mines.
IRJET- Pollution Monitoring and Controlling System using Internet of Thin...IRJET Journal
This document describes a pollution monitoring and controlling system using the Internet of Things (IoT). The system uses sensors to monitor air quality, sound levels, and temperature. It sends the sensor data to a microcontroller which then transmits the data over WiFi to the cloud. Users can then access the sensor data through a web browser to monitor pollution levels remotely. If pollution levels exceed thresholds, controlling devices like air filters or fans are activated to control pollution. The system aims to monitor pollution levels and control pollution in real-time using IoT to promote environmental health.
Batch 12(temperature based fan speed control & monitor)gourishettyvivek
This document describes a student project to create a temperature-based fan speed control and monitoring system. The objectives are to measure room temperature, display the current temperature on an LCD screen, and vary the speed of a fan accordingly to reduce power consumption. The system uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller, LM35 temperature sensor, LCD display, and DC motor. As temperature increases, the fan speed increases automatically to control the room temperature. This project aims to automatically control fan speed based on temperature readings without manual intervention.
Measurement of NPK, Temperature, Moisture, Humidity using WSNIJERA Editor
In India, where the economy is mainly base on agriculture and the climatic conditions are isotropic and are not
able to make full use of agricultural resources. The main reason is the lack of rains and scarifies of land
reservoir water and overused of fertilizers so we need to control these parameters. This system made wireless
sensor network for monitoringagricultural environments for various factors such as NPK, temperature and
humidity along with other factors can be of significance.By using pH sensors we get the information about the
soil and analyze the acid level of the soil. By which we can apply fertilizer to the place where it needs, also we
can avoid over fertilization of the crops. We used humidity sensor to sense the weather. By this the farmer can
get idea about the climate. If there is any chance for rainfall; the farmer need not irrigate the crop field. This
Seminar reports the design and development of a smart wireless sensor network (WSN) for an agricultural
environment. Monitoring agricultural environments for various factors such as Nitrates, Zink, Potassium,
Phosphorus, Humidity and Temperature along with other factors can be of significance. The ability to document
and detail changes in parameters of interest has become increasingly valuable. Investigations were performed
for a remote monitoring system using WiFi, where the wireless sensor nodes are based on WSN802G modules.
These nodes send data wirelessly to a central server, which collects the data, stores it and allows it to be
analyzed and displayed as needed.
1. Data loggers are devices that record data over time from electrical sensors. They allow monitoring and recording of temperature, humidity, and other variables remotely and automatically without someone present.
2. A data logger works by connecting sensors to a microprocessor that records the sensor measurements in a database. It can record data 24/7 and at frequent, regular time intervals for applications like monitoring industrial processes, environmental conditions, vehicle testing, and more.
3. Advantages of data loggers include monitoring dangerous or remote areas without someone present, accurate frequent recordings without human error, and collecting data continuously for long periods. Disadvantages include upfront equipment costs and potential data loss if equipment fails between recording intervals.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
Behavioural Study of RC Flat Plate Multi-Storey Building Persuaded By Stiffne...IJERA Editor
With a very swift development in urban areas the framed structures which are infilled by brick masonry or
concrete blocks are widely used as partition walls and also exterior walls. Masonry infill walls are common
element in structural system which modifies the conduction of building under the lateral load. These structures
resist the moderate earthquakes and accomplish well in such a prime manner that even if they have no load
bearing function. Evidently, during the time of resolution of such a multi-storey structure, the infilled frame is
considered as bare frame, because IS codes do not provide any guide lines for the analysis and design of RC
frames with infill wall. This paper addresses the numerical study of G+10 RC flat plate framed building with
different cases i.e, soft story at ground level (Basement), with soft story at 5th floor level, without soft storey and
bare frame building by using ETABS as soft computing tool. All these cases are analyzed for equivalent static
method and Response spectrum method. By this, dynamic properties are evaluated and according to the results
obtained conclusions are drawn
Survey Based Reviewof Elicitation ProblemsIJERA Editor
Any software development process is the combination of multiple development activities and each activity has a
vital role in the software development cycle. Requirement Engineering is the main and basic branch of Software
Engineering, it has many phases but the most initial phase is Requirement Elicitation. In this phase requirements
are gathered for system development.
This paper provides a literature review of the requirements engineering processes performed in traditional and
modern development processes and analyses the problems in the requirements elicitation phase. This problem
analysis is based on a survey which was conducted in University. A questionnaire posing questions regarding
the problems in requirement elicitation was given to final year computer science graduate students who are
working on their final year project as a requirement for their degree. The theoretical analysis of the
questionnaire further clarifies the problems. This problems analysis will help to find out the main problems
which are faced by the perspective software developers
Distributed Shared Memory – A Survey and Implementation Using OpenshmemIJERA Editor
Parallel programs nowadays are written either in multiprocessor or multicomputer environment. Both these
concepts suffer from some problems. Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) systems is a new and attractive area of
research recently, which combines the advantages of both shared-memory parallel processors (multiprocessors)
and distributed systems (multi-computers). An overview of DSM is given in the first part of the paper. Later we
have shown how parallel programs can be implemented in DSM environment using Open SHMEM.
Low Power Adaptive FIR Filter Based on Distributed ArithmeticIJERA Editor
This paper aims at implementation of a low power adaptive FIR filter based on distributed arithmetic (DA) with
low power, high throughput, and low area. Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithm is used to update the weight
and decrease the mean square error between the current filter output and the desired response. The pipelined
Distributed Arithmetic table reduces switching activity and hence it reduces power. The power consumption is
reduced by keeping bit-clock used in carry-save accumulation much faster than clock of rest of the operations.
We have implemented it in Quartus II and found that there is a reduction in the total power and the core dynamic
power by 31.31% and 100.24% respectively when compared with the architecture without DA table
The Design and Implementation of a Vest Made For Visually Handicapped Which R...IJERA Editor
In this study, the design and implementation of a system was carried out with sensors placed on a vest in order to
ensure the visually impaired people to perform their actions without depending on someone else and to improve
their quality of life. In this system, 4 pieces of sensors placed on the vest’s front, ground and right-left arms
warn the impaired person when less than 150 cm distance remains between the visually impaired and the
obstacle. The microprocessor sends signal to the vibration motor which is placed in the direction where the
obstacle is situated. With the decrease of the distance the vibration increases so that the person can understand
how far and in which direction the obstacle is. For the purpose of not disturbing the other people, instead of
audible warning, a new warning system was used with the help of the vibration motors which can be noticed
only by the impaired person.
Development Of Method To Derive Variation Pattern In Neuraminidase Enzyme Of ...IJERA Editor
The influenza A virus has proven to be lethal over the history of time. Every season the virus is usually formed
from a new combination of various subtypes of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. It is impossible to determine
in what combination an outburst of the virus will occur and thus presents the challenge of developing efficient,
multi-effective drug/vaccine. In this study, the variation pattern followed by the neuraminidase enzyme of the
pathogen has been derived using the concept of substitution mutation. The transition score matrix has been
calculated to derive the most preferred substitution mutation by an amino acid using multiple sequence
alignment and un-gapped block identification. This score matrix has been used to predict the most probable
mutations in the present subtype of neuraminidase and propose the next in line subtype. The prediction of the
upcoming subtype has been achieved with an average accuracy of more than 60% which can further be improved
and the same methodology can be applied to other such highly varying pathogenic viral proteins.
Design and Implementation of Ipv6 Address Using Cryptographically Generated A...IJERA Editor
The document discusses improvements to the Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA) method used in IPv6 addressing. CGA allows devices to automatically generate secure IPv6 addresses. However, the computation required for high security levels makes CGA impractical for many applications. The proposed improvements reduce the security parameter from 16 to 8 bits, making CGA generation faster and more feasible while still providing adequate security for most applications. The improvements were implemented using C programming language on Linux, and evaluate reducing the computational overhead of CGA generation to make it more practical.
Efforts to Revitalize the Computer Science Education in ThailandIJERA Editor
The shortage of ICT professionals in Thai workforce has been appeared in spite of many ICT-related programs
offering in universities across Thailand. The statistics show that a promoting of new ICT-related programs,
modified by CS program, is stealing students from CS program. Thus, CS enrollment decline as well as
students’ dropping outs are problems facing in every Thai universities. This paper reports on a study in which
10 people who are the representative of ICT graduates’ users were interviewed and 702 freshmen who took in
the introductory computer course were surveyed to try to determine the relationship of CS enrollment and ICT
professionals and the factors contributing to decline in CS enrollments. The results revealed that most of ICT
professionals were developed from CS background. The top reasons for rejecting the CS major, were its’
difficulties and students’ desire to use IT as an application, instead of a construction. These were their weakness
in programming and technical work, but the reasons for choosing the CS major were opposite. Finally, this
paper proposes a revitalization of the CS education framework to reverse the trend of CS enrollment decline.
Autosizing Control Panel for Needle BearingIJERA Editor
A needle roller bearing is a bearing which uses small cylindrical rollers. Bearings are used to reduce friction of
any rotating surface. Needle bearings have a large surface in contact with the bearing outer surfaces as
compared to ball bearings. There is less added clearance(Diameter of the shaft and the diameter of the bearing
are different) so they are much compact. The structure consists of a needle cage which contains the needle
rollersthemselves and an outer race (The housing itself). Radial bearings are cylindrical and they use rollers
parallel to the axis of the shaft. Radial pattern of needle are being used by thrust needles. Complement bearings
have solid inner as well as outer rings and rib-guided cylindrical rollers. The bearings have the largest number
of rolling elements and also have extremely high radial load carrying capacity and are suitable for compact
designs.Needle roller bearings have relatively small diameter cylindrical rolling elements whose length is much
larger than their diameter. As compared to other types of rolling bearings, needle roller bearings possess a small
cross-sectional height and significant load-bearing capacity and rigidity relative to their volume. Also, because
the inertial force acting on them is limited, needle bearings are an ideal choice for applications with oscillating
motion. These bearings also work well in compact and lightweight machine designs and they serve as a ready
replacement for sliding bearings. Needle bearings features are great rigidity, smaller cross-section, higher loadcarrying
capacity, and has lower inertia forces that facilitate to size and weight reductions in machinery. Needle
bearings are designed to stand in oscillation, performwell under any conditions, and interchange with the sliding
of bearings
Secure Distributed Collection of Data Using Participator Sensing ParadigmIJERA Editor
Distributed collection of data has been made possible with the deployment of sensor devices across many
geographical areas. Mobile phone users who employ sensors to acquire local knowledge pertaining to
temperature, product pricing, transportation facilities and so on can participate in the network that is distributed
in nature. Such network can acquire varied knowledge from diversified geographical locations. This kind of
knowledge acquisition from across the globe is known as participatory sensing (PS). Of late it has become
ubiquitous and rigorous research is on this field. Cristofaro and Soriente studied the operations of PS recently
and came to know the fact that participation of mobile users is at risk when incentives or not considered and the
users’ privacy is at stake. Their framework could provide privacy besides improving the rate of mobile user
participation in PS. However, their solution can be enhanced with respect to query privacy in the operations of
PS. Towards this end we propose a framework that incorporates TLS security among the network so as to ensure
foolproof security in the distributed collection of data through participatory sensing.
Novel Ensemble Tree for Fast Prediction on Data StreamsIJERA Editor
Data Streams are sequential set of data records. When data appears at highest speed and constantly, so predicting
the class accordingly to the time is very essential. Currently Ensemble modeling techniques are growing
speedily in Classification of Data Stream. Ensemble learning will be accepted since its benefit to manage huge
amount of data stream, means it will manage the data in a large size and also it will be able to manage concept
drifting. Prior learning, mostly focused on accuracy of ensemble model, prediction efficiency has not considered
much since existing ensemble model predicts in linear time, which is enough for small applications and
accessible models workings on integrating some of the classifier. Although real time application has huge
amount of data stream so we required base classifier to recognize dissimilar model and make a high grade
ensemble model. To fix these challenges we developed Ensemble tree which is height balanced tree indexing
structure of base classifier for quick prediction on data streams by ensemble modeling techniques. Ensemble
Tree manages ensembles as geodatabases and it utilizes R tree similar to structure to achieve sub linear time
complexity
Analysis of a Pool Management Scheme for Cloud Computing Centres by Using Par...IJERA Editor
A monolithic model may suffer from and poor scalability due to large number of parameters. A cloud user may
submit a super task at once. The user request is sent to the global queue and then to the Resource Assigning
Module (RAM). A number of heterogeneous server pools placed in the RAM. First is Hot, in which the servers
will be handling the jobs currently, second is Warm, in which the servers are kept in ideal state, then Finally
Cold, in which the servers are Turned Off state. Initially the request is send to Hot, if those servers are busy the
request is forwarded to warm, then finally if required to Cold if both the hot and warm server pools are busy.
The user submitted supertask may split so that the individual task run on different physical machines, this is
called as partial acceptance policy. So the supertask rejection ratio will be reduced.
Detection of aggressiveness in immature rats and study of partly modified pas...IJERA Editor
Based on these facts, noradrenalin must be considered the main endogenous inductor of aggressive behavior. It
takes part in behavior genesis and at the same time it synthesis increasesright when aggressive behavior is
essential in order to adapt to environmental factors. Thus Noradrenalin could be the stimulating factor for
aggressive behavior , although we should note that specific aggressive agent is not discovered yet. And it seems
that the component carrying only this function is not produced in organism.
Hence, anatomical, behavioral and pharmacological studies showed, that CNS structures such as almond-shapes
structure , hippocampus, prefrontal cortex influence on the decrease of memory based on negative emotions
that was more shown in less aggressive animals, than is non-aggressive. We can conclude that the difference in
both aggressive animals is very little than in non aggressive. That suggests the high quality of memory and
consolidation of aggressive animal.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nano Alumina Particulate Reinforc...IJERA Editor
A356, which is much lighter than steel, is an attractive replacement material. Therefore, it is of great interest to
enhance its properties. There is strong evidence that the microstructure and mechanical properties can be
considerably improved if nano particles are used as reinforcement to form metal-matrix- nano-composite
(MMNC). In this thesis, a detailed analysis of alumina i.e.., 60µm is reduced to 32nm by high energy ball
milling. For every 5hrs alumina powder is taken and calculating the crystallite size by X-Ray Diffraction. In this
thesis, a detailed analysis of the microstructure and mechanical properties is provided for an A356 alloy
enhanced with alumina nano particles via ultrasonic processing. Each type of the nano particles was inserted
into the A356 molten metal and dispersed by ultrasonic cavitation and acoustic streaming technology (UST) to
avoid agglomeration or coalescence. The results showed that Microstructures and hardness studies increased
significantly. SEM and EDS analyses were also performed to analyze the dispersion of micro and nano particles
of Alumina.
Many configurations representing wireless power transfer have been applied for this purpose. A simple and
effective circuit is used in this research that contains components which are easily located for constructing the
complete suggested configuration; we were successful in using Li Fi technology in transmitting power from one
side to another through air.
Finite Element Modeling for Effect of Fire on Steel FrameIJERA Editor
This research is intended to be preliminary study lending to the detailed behavior of steel member i.e. Plane Frame.
This paper shows the behavior of steel structures in fire the use of steel in building construction and its behavior
when exposed to fire is presented. Fire performance of structural steel at elevated temperature includes the study of
steel frame subjected to fire. Also the effect of stress strain temperature on the fire performance of structural steel
should be observed. The behavior of a steel frame in a fire depends on many factors including the properties of the
steel and the coating material on it. Computer application based on ANSYS software used to study the various
parameters affecting the overall behavior of steel structures in fire is presented. The present paper shows the effects
of stress–strain relationships on the fire performance of steel frame exposed to uniformly increasing temperature
when steel is unprotected and protected with concrete using FEM.
Atomic algorithm and the servers' s use to find the Hamiltonian cyclesIJERA Editor
Inspired by the movement of the particles in the atom, I demonstrated in [5] the existence of a polynomial
algorithm of the order
O(n
3
)
for finding Hamiltonian cycles in a graph with basis
E= {x0,...
, xn− 1
}
. In this
article I will give an improvement in space and in time of the algorithm says: we know that there exist several
methods to find the Hamiltonian cycles such as the Monte Carlo method, Dynamic programming, or DNA
computing. Unfortunately they are either expensive or slow to execute it. Hence the idea to use multiple servers
to solve this problem : Each point
xi
in the graph will be considered as a server, and each server
xi
will
communicate with each other server
x j
with which it is connected . And finally the server
x0
will receive
and display the Hamiltonian cycles if they exist
This document describes the design and implementation of a real-time remote measurement and monitoring system for weather parameters. The system uses a microcontroller, sensors for temperature, humidity, wind speed and pressure, and a GSM module for wireless communication. It operates in two modes - transmitting sensor data at fixed time intervals, or collecting data on demand via SMS. The microcontroller processes the sensor data and transmits readings via GSM in real-time. The system provides low-cost, flexible monitoring of multiple weather parameters from remote locations.
Review on crop monitoring system using GSM technologyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research journal article about a crop monitoring system using GSM technology. The system uses wireless sensor nodes equipped with sensors to monitor soil moisture, pH, and leaf wetness. The sensor nodes send SMS alerts to farmers via GSM modems if the soil moisture drops below a threshold, triggering sprinklers. It also sends soil pH sensor readings. The system aims to help farmers remotely monitor crop conditions and conserve water.
The greenhouse based modern agriculture of industries are the recent requirement in every part agriculture in India. In this technology, the humidity and temperature of plants are precisely controlled. Due to the variable atmospheric circumstances these conditions sometimes may vary from place to place in large farmhouse, which makes very difficult to maintain the uniformity at all the places in the farmhouse manually. It is observed that for the first time an android phone-control the Irrigation system, which could give the facilities of maintaining uniform environmental conditions are proposed. The Android Software Development Kit provides the tools and Application Programmable Interface necessary to begin developing applications on the Android platform using the Java programming language. Mobile phones have almost become an integral part of human life serving multiple needs of humans. This application makes use of the GPRS [General Packet Radio Service] feature of mobile phone as a solution for irrigation control system. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is used to inform the user about the exact field condition. The information is passed onto the user request in the form of SMS. The concept of anti theft security is used It hence deters thieves from committing the theft. It also effectively prevents stealing of motor wires and it has been a persisting problem around the fields and greater challenge to the farmer.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ARM based System for Monitoring Grain ConditionAM Publications
Agriculture is the backbone of any nation’s economy and there is a dependency between agricultural growth and economic prosperity. As India is an Agriculture country where 70% of the population depends on farming, the storage of grains plays a crucial role in national economy. Due to the seasonality of grain production, the storage of grain is the top priority task for restoring and reusing. In the process of grain storage, temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide concentration (CO2) are major ecological factors that can influence directly on the quality of the Grain. Hence, there is a necessity to monitor the vital parameters continuously during storage and communicate the status to the manger in real time which becomes a challenging. The traditional methods are limited to simple manual temperature and humidity testing which are relatively backward since grain situation analysis are made without any effective means of processing and regulation hence there is a need for smart grain management system with automation which can also avoid hidden security risks. The Real-time monitoring of the grain storage system is designed based on ARM7 and using GSM module as lower level Control unit which improves the level of grains storage and reduce the grain losses during storage procedure and also reduce man power and labor intensity.
Remote Monitoring System for Solar InvertersIRJET Journal
This document describes a remote monitoring system for solar inverters that allows their parameters to be monitored continuously from anywhere in the world. The system uses a microcontroller to monitor the inverters and upload the real-time parameter data to a server via GSM. This diminishes the need for on-site technicians and allows lights-out operation at remote locations. The monitoring system components include a dsPIC33EP32MC202 microcontroller, EEPROM for data storage, real-time clock, LCD display interfaced via SPI, and an SD card for additional data storage.
AGRICULTURE ENVIRONMENT MONITORING SYSTEM USING ANDROIDIRJET Journal
This document describes an agriculture environment monitoring system using Android that measures temperature, moisture, and other parameters to help farmers. The system includes soil moisture sensors, a temperature sensor, humidity sensor, and ultrasonic sensor to measure water levels. An Arduino board collects data from the sensors. If the soil moisture is low, a water motor will automatically turn on. Farmers can monitor parameters in real-time using a mobile Android application. The system aims to help with remote monitoring, water conservation, and increasing crop yields for Indian agriculture.
IRJET- Air and Sound Pollution Monitoring System using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes an air and sound pollution monitoring system using IoT. The system uses sensors to measure air quality parameters like carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sound pollution levels. The sensor data is sent to a Raspberry Pi module connected to a GPRS module to transmit the data via mobile networks. The data is stored on a cloud server for remote access and monitoring through a mobile app. The system aims to provide real-time pollution monitoring and alert authorities if fire is detected to help control pollution and ensure public safety.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET - IoT based Smart City and Air Quality MonitorIRJET Journal
This document proposes an IoT-based system to monitor air quality, temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure using a single sensor and transmit the data to the cloud. An ARM cortex MCU collects data from the BME680 sensor and sends it via GPRS to the cloud, allowing users to view measurements on computers and mobile devices. The system is designed to be low-cost, low-power, and portable for both indoor and outdoor monitoring of environmental conditions and air quality in cities.
IRJET- A Remotely Controlled Home Automation System for Energy SavingIRJET Journal
This document describes a remotely controlled home automation system using GSM technology. The system allows a homeowner to control appliances in their home like fans, lights and air conditioners via SMS messages from their mobile phone. A microcontroller is used to receive SMS messages through a GSM module and control the appliances using sensors like temperature, smoke and light sensors. The system aims to automate home appliances and enable remote control for energy savings purposes. Key components include a microcontroller, sensors, relays, GSM module and appliances like fans that can be turned on/off remotely using SMS commands from the homeowner's mobile phone from anywhere.
Smart real time embedded arduino based data acquisition systemeSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, an effort has been made to design and develop a smart real time embedded Arduino based data logger for indoor and outdoor environment. The present work has been concentrated to environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity and solar insolation. The data logger is proposed to be developed with the use of Arduino Uno based on ATmega328. The Arduino Microcontroller board is used which has inbuilt ADC and other peripheral circuitry necessary for operation. The physical parameter is sensed by the sensors and is converted into analog signal. This analog signal is fed to the Arduino board ADC pins which is then converted in to an equivalent digital quantity and is further processed in the microcontroller. The raw digital signal or processed signal out of microcontroller may be displayed on the LCD display or it’s saved in a database or even at the same time this data is sent to computer through the USB serial port. The serial port data is then accessed and is imported in Microsoft excel for computation and graphical representation. Key Words: Arduino Uno, ATmega328, DHT 11, Solar cell, LCD etc.
Humidity Sensing Device for Soil, Atmosphere and Other Material with Temperat...paperpublications3
This document describes a humidity sensing device that measures temperature, humidity, and moisture simultaneously. It contains a microcontroller interfaced with sensors to measure these values and display them on an LCD screen. The device provides accurate environmental readings that are useful for various applications like construction, industry, and research. It has a simple user interface and is portable at 14x8 inches. The document discusses the device's design, components, applications, and concludes it is a useful instrument for measuring important atmospheric quantities.
IRJET- IOT based Agriculture System using NodeMCUIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based smart agriculture system using NodeMCU. The system monitors soil properties like temperature, humidity, and moisture levels using sensors and sends the data to NodeMCU. NodeMCU acts as both a microcontroller and server to control operations remotely. The system aims to automate watering based on soil moisture levels to avoid water wastage. It allows monitoring and controlling the farm from anywhere using a mobile or web application. Experimental results show the system can successfully monitor sensor values and automatically control a motor to irrigate fields based on moisture levels without human presence. This smart agriculture system using IoT has potential to improve efficiency in irrigation management.
Endothermic Process Monitoring and Control using IIOTIRJET Journal
This document describes a system to monitor carbon monoxide (CO) levels in endothermic industrial processes in real-time using the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). A CO sensor will detect CO levels which an ARM microcontroller will process into parts per million. An ESP32 will transmit the data via MQTT protocol to a server or cloud for remote monitoring. The system aims to warn of toxic gas leaks, detect equipment issues, and allow for energy savings through real-time visibility of process parameters. It could be applied to industries like furnaces, forging, and oil and gas to help ensure worker safety and process efficiency.
In this project an automated greenhouse robot was built with the purpose of controlling the greenhouse
environment Parameters such as temperature and humidity. The microcontroller used to create the automated
greenhouse robot was an AT89s51. This project utilizes three different sensors, a humidity sensor, a Light
sensor and a temperature sensor. The 2sensors are controlling the two Relays which are a fan (for cooling) and
a bulb (for heating). The fan is used to change the temperature and the bulb is used to heat the plants. The
humidity control system and the temperature control system were tested both separately and together. The
result showed that the temperature and humidity could be maintained in the desired range.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Policing of the Environment by using an Integrated systemIRJET Journal
The document describes a system for monitoring environmental conditions using sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT). The system uses sensors to measure temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, light intensity, and noise levels. The sensor data is sent to an Arduino microcontroller and displayed on an LCD screen. It is also sent via WiFi to the cloud using an ESP8266 module and made available online. The system allows continuous, remote monitoring of environmental parameters to police or assess the environment.
IRJET- Smart Agriculture Monitoring System Based on Internet of ThingsIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart agriculture monitoring system based on the Internet of Things. The system uses sensors like a PIR sensor to detect motion, a soil moisture sensor, a rain drop sensor, and a humidity sensor connected to an Arduino Uno board. The sensor data is sent to the Arduino board via WiFi and then displayed on a web portal for remote monitoring of farm conditions. This allows farmers to automatically and remotely monitor soil moisture, temperature, humidity and detect animals/people in the farm.
Similar to Weather Monitoring Station: A Review (20)
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
1. Mr. Dipak V. Sose. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 6, ( Part -1) June 2016, pp.55-60
www.ijera.com 55 | P a g e
Weather Monitoring Station: A Review
Mr. Dipak V. Sose1
, Dr. Ajij D. Sayyad2
1
PG Research Student, Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,
Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad (MS), India
2
Associate Professor, Department Of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,
Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad (MS), India
ABSTRACT
Weather monitoring plays a very important role in human life hence study of weather system is necessary.
Currently there are two types of the weather monitoring stations available i.e. wired and wireless. Wireless
system has some advantages over the wired one hence popular now a days. The parameters are include in
weather monitoring usually temperature, humidity atmospheric pressure, light intensity, rainfall etc. There are
many techniques existed using different processor such as PIC, AVR, ARM etc. Analog to digital channel are
used to fetch the analog output of the sensors. The wireless techniques used in the weather monitoring having
GSM, FM channel, Zigbee, RF etc Protocols.
Keywords: ADC, Microcontroller, Sensors.
I. Introduction
Climate is very important factor in our life.
Weather monitoring have great importance and uses
in several areas like agricultural field weather
condition to industrial weather condition
monitoring. Weather monitoring allows us to keep
track of different climates behavior including
temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, light
intensity rainfall, wind speed and wind direction. All
the parameters of the weather are necessary to
maintain the balance in the agricultural field as well
as industrial processes. Weather affects a wide range
of the man’s activities. Modern weather monitoring
systems and networks are designed to make the
measurements necessary to track these movements
in cost effective manner. Temperature and humidity
are indicates for both indoor and outdoor location.
Programmable alarms are also available in the
monitoring system which indicates out of range
condition.[1]. The space based weather monitoring
in [2] consist of two major components. The satellite
with its data collection sensors and the data
processing system. The data processing system is
responsible for requesting (from the satellite) data
that must be collected and scheduling the task need
to be executed.
Weather monitoring is very much helpful
to the farmer to monitor weather parameters at their
farms. This is also helpful for the industrial
processes, ultimately the weather monitoring hold
the great importance and having positive impact on
the society.
II. Parameters Of Weather Station
Temperature:
A temperature is an objective comparative
measure of hot or cold. Temperature usually
measure by the thermometer. Several scales and
units are available for the temperature most common
is Celsius (0
C formally known as centigrade), also
measures in Fahrenheit (0
F) and Kelvin (0
K)
1 K = 273+ 0
C and 1 F= 32 + 9/50
C.
Humidity:
The amount of water vapor in the air is
known as humidity. Water vapor is the gaseous state
of water and is invisible
Relative humidity measures in %
Absolute humidity ∆H= mH2O/Vnet
mH2O = mass of water vapor.
Vnet =Volume of air and water vapor mixture.
Atmospheric pressure:
The pressure exerted by the weight of air in
the atmosphere of the earth.
The force over the one centimeter is a pressure of
10.1 N/m2
.
1 milli bar = 1hecto Pascal
At sea level = 101325 Pascal or 101.325 hecto
Pascal.
Light intensity:
There are several measures of the light are
commonly known as intensity. A photometric
quantity measured in the lumens per steradian
(lm/sr) or candela is known as luminous intensity.
The SI unit of the illuminance measuring
luminous flux per unit are is lux.
1 Lux = 1 Lumen per square meter.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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www.ijera.com 56 | P a g e
Rainfall
Rain is the liquid water in the form of
droplets that have condenses from atmospheric
water vapor and the precipitated that is become
heavy enough to fall under gravity.
Raindrops have sizes of 0.1 to 9 mm
diameter above which they tends to break up.
Rainfall is measured in the millimeter/24 hours.
Wind
Wind is a flow of the gaseous on a large
scale on the surface of the earth. Wind consist of
bulk movements of the air.
Wind speed are usually calculated in
meter/second or kilometer/hour.
1 m/sec = 2.237 miles/hour = 3.60 km/ hour.
III. Monitoring Approaches
1.1 Traditional Approach/ Manual Approach
There are many methods which are helpful
to calculate the weather parameters. Manual
methods need to take the readings at the place of the
station by human being. This method of traditional
approach is accurate and depend on the person who
takes the values. Before going for any method we
must know the definitions and standard unit of the
weather parameters.
A manual inventory system is relies
heavily on the action of the people which increases
the possibilities of human error.
Human Error
People might forget to record the weather
parameters or simply made mistake in writing any
value. This can affect the systems integrity. The
time taken for sensing using this types of analog
instruments is very much hence it also cause the
error. As far as the accuracy is concern this system
is less accurate than now days digital system
Table 3.1 Traditional Approach/Manual Approach
Table 3.2 Traditional Approach
Disadvantages:
1) Readings are need to take manually by human
causes human error.
2) Sensing time is very high.
3) High installation cost.
4) Complex installation.
5) Hard to replace any elements
3.2 Modern Approach
Now days wireless technology is rapidly
increases and also used to monitor weather
parameters remotely. Instead of analog instruments
now day we can use with internally calibrated. In
addition with above all features sensing time is very
less hence digital method is advantageous.
The system design consist of transmitter as well
as receiver. Transmitter section consist of different
types of sensing units such as temperature
measurement, Humidity measurement, Atmospheric
pressure measurement, Air quality measurement,
Rainfall measurement, Wind speed and wind
direction measurement. The output can be shown on
the either LCD or Computer Monitor. In case of the
wired system output is usually displayed on the
Liquid crystal display, while using wireless protocol
output shown on the computer monitor at remote
place.
Fig 3.1 Typical Block Diagram of Weather
Monitoring Station
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3.3 Components of Monitoring System
3.3.1 Microcontroller
ARM Processor (LPC2148)
LPC2148 microcontrollers are based on a
16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU with real-time
emulation and embedded trace support, that
combine microcontroller with embedded high speed
flash memory ranging from 32kB to 512kB. A 128-
bit wide memory interface and a unique accelerator
architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the
maximum clock rate. For critical code size
applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb mode
reduces code by more than 30% with minimal
performance penalty. Due to their tiny size and low
power consumption, LPC2141/42/44/46/48 are ideal
for applications where miniaturization is a key
requirement, such as access control and point-of-
sale. Serial communications interfaces ranging from
a USB 2.0 Full-speed device, multiple UARTs, SPI,
SSP to I2C-bus and on-chip SRAM of 8kB up to
40kB, make these devices very well suited for
communication gateways and protocol converters,
soft modems, voice recognition and low end
imaging, providing both large buffer size and high
processing power. Various 32-bit timers, single or
dual 10-bit ADC(s), 10-bit DAC, PWM channels
and 45 fast GPIO lines with up to nine edge or level
sensitive external interrupt pins make these
microcontrollers suitable for industrial control and
medical systems.[1][7]
ATmega328 Microcontroller
ATmega 328 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit
microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC
architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a
single clock cycle, the ATmega328 achieves
throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing
the system designed to optimize power consumption
versus processing speed. The AVR core combines a
rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working
registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected
to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two
independent registers to be accessed in one single
instruction executed in one clock cycle. The
resulting architecture is more code efficient while
achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than
conventional CISC microcontrollers. The AVR core
combines a rich instruction set with 32 general
purpose working registers. The 328 provides the
following features: 4K/8Kbytes of In-System
Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write
capabilities, 256/512/512/1Kbytes EEPROM,
512/1K/1K/2Kbytes SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O
lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three
flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes,
internal and external interrupts, a serial
programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire
Serial Interface, an SPI serial port, a 6-channel 10-
bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF
packages), a programmable Watchdog Timer with
internal Oscillator, and five software selectable
power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU
while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters,
USART, 2-wire Serial Interface, SPI port, and
interrupt system to continue functioning.[8][10]
PIC 16F877 Microcontroller
The PIC microcontroller was originally
designed around 1980 by General Instrument as a
small, fast, inexpensive embedded microcontroller
with strong I/O capabilities.. PIC stands for
"Peripheral Interface Controller”. General
Instrument recognized the potential for the PIC and
eventually spun off Microchip, headquartered in
Chandler, AZ to fabricate and market the PIC
microcontroller. A microcontroller is an integrated
chip that is often part of an embedded system.
The microcontroller includes a CPU, RAM, ROM,
I/O ports, and timers like a standard computer, but
because they are designed to execute only a single
specific task to control a single system, they are
much smaller and simplified so that they can include
all the functions required on a single chip.PIC
16F877 is one of the most advanced microcontroller
from Microchip. This controller is widely used for
experimental and modern applications because of its
low price, wide range of applications, high quality,
and ease of availability.[3][5][6][16]
ATmega16 Microcontroller
The main components of the circuit above
is the ATmega16 controller that will receive data
from the output of the LM35 sensors, signal
conditioners Optocoupler, and LDR. These three
sensors are connected to one port ADC0, ADC1 and
INT2. Port C is used as the data path to the viewer
on the LCD. X-tal used is 11.0592 MHz x-tal lines
of communication so that the error in the USART
can reach 0%. This microcontroller output to port
facilities on the USART RXD and TXD will be
linked to the Kyl-1020U radio frequency to transmit
data and received by the radio frequency IC Kyl-
1020U with 232 max uses to pin female DB9 serial
data transmission to a computer. So that the output
or display can be displayed on the computer.[4]
3.3.2 Sensors
Temperature Sensor
LM35
For temperature sensing, an integrated
circuit temperature sensor LM35 is used. The output
voltage of the sensor is linearly proportional to the
temperature (in Kelvin or Celsius) with the gradient
of 10mV/°C and able to operate in the range of -
55°C to 150°C. As the device is to be used in the
tropical climate area where the temperature never
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drops below 0°C, the temperature range for this
system has been offset to the range of 0°C to 80°C,
using an op-amp.[1][3][4]
A temperature sensor is a device that
gathers data concerning the temperature from a
source and converts it to a form that can be
understood either by an observer or another device.
Temperature sensors come in many different forms
and are used for a wide variety of purposes, from
simple home use to extremely accurate and precise
scientific use. The LM35 thus has an advantage over
linear temperature sensors calibrated in° Kelvin, as
the user is not required to subtract a large constant
voltage from its output to obtain convenient
Centigrade scaling. It also does not require any
additional calibration or trimming in order to get
typical accuracy. Low cost is assured by trimming
and Calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low
output impedance, linear output, and precise
inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or
control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with
single power supplies, or with plus and minus
supplies. As it draws only 60μA from its supply, it
has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air.
The LM35 is rated to operate over a 55°to+150°C
temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a -
40°to+110°C range(-10° with improved
accuracy).[7][8][12][16]
DHT11
The Temperature and Relative Humidity
Relative IC supplies digital equivalent of the
temperature and relative humidity of the
environment at a particular time upon demand from
the microcontroller, however the data supplied is
raw and not useful by human, hence the
microcontroller processes it and manipulate it to
give accurate and corresponding reading. The
temperature is measure in Degree Celsius (°C) and
Humidity is measured with respect to perfect
vacuum (%RH). [6][10]
The DHT11 sensor provides the current
temperature are humidity readings. The DHT11
gives out analog output and is connected to the
analog input of the Arduino micro-controller A0.
The dht11 sensor has 3 pins. Along with
temperature and humidity the other values that are
calculated or derived from the dht11 sensor is the
dew point, heat index etc. The dew point is the
temperature at which air in the atmosphere freezes
to become water droplets and the heat index is the
heat felt by the human skin from the environment.
This is important in places with high humidity. Even
though the temperature maybe lower, the body still
feels warm. This is due to the high humidity in the
air. Humidity is the moisture content in the air. High
humidity in the air generally makes one to sweat or
perspire.[11]
Humidity
Relative humidity measurement is
performed by the resistive-based humidity sensor,
HSP15A from GE. The change in electrical
impedance is inversely proportional to the relative
humidity. This sensor can only be biased using AC
voltage. Biasing with DC voltage can damage the
sensor due to the electrolysis of the conductive
polymer that causes polarization. Therefore, a pulse
generator is used to drive the sensor, as shown in
Figure 2, and the output of the sensor is rectified,
using a rectifier circuit to obtain a DC voltage.[16]
SHT21 is digital humidity and temperature
sensor from Sensirion. The SHT21 utilizes a
capacitive sensor element to measure humidity,
while the temperature is measured by a band gap
sensor. Both sensors are seamlessly coupled to a 14-
bit ADC, which then transmits digital data to the
Arduino over the I2C protocol. Because of the
sensor’s tiny size, it has incredibly low power
consumption, making it suited for virtually any
application.
Atmospheric Pressure
MPX4115A
For pressure measurement, the barometric
pressure sensor, MPX4115A is employed. Its output
voltage in the range of 0.2V to 4.8V is linearly
translated into pressure measurement of 15kPa to
115kPa. This sensor is also temperature-
compensated from -40°C to 125°C, thus suitable to
be used with this system.[16]
BMP085
We are using barometric digital pressure
sensor BMP085 which calculates pressure and
temperature with great accuracy. The BMP085 is
based on piezo-resistive technology for EMC
robustness, high accuracy and linearity as well as
long term stability. Robert Bosch is world market
leader for pressure sensors in automotive
applications. Based on experience of over 200
million pressure sensors in the field, the BMP085
continues a new generation of micro-machined
pressure sensors.[10]
BMP180
Bmp180 sensor is used to measure the
atmospheric pressure and the temperature as well.
The atmospheric pressure is used to determine the
relative air pressure experienced in the surrounding.
This is very useful if we are using the system in high
altitude environment and a calibrated value of the
altitude along with other environmental readings
provides a good projection of the surroundings
weather pattern and we can notice changes with
increase or decrease in altitude.[11]
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Light Intensity
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
Materials used as the semiconductor
substrate include, lead Sulphide (PbS), Lead
Selenide (PbSe), indium antimony(InSb) which
detect light in the infra-red range with the most
commonly used of all photoresistive light sensors
being Cadmium Sulphide (Cds). Cadmium sulphide
is used in the manufacture of photoconductive cells
because its spectral response curve closely matches
that of the human eye and can even be controlled
using a simple torch as a light source. Typically
then, it has a peak sensitivity wavelength (λp) of
about 560nm to 600nm in the visible spectral range.
The net effect is an improvement in its conductivity
with a decrease in resistance for an increase in
illumination. Also, photoresistive cells have a long
response time requiring many seconds to respond to
a change in the light intensity.
Wind Speed and Direction
Wind speed propeller
Mechanical measurements of wind speed in
the form of a propeller comprising 3 fruit bowl
mounted on the radius centered on the vertical axis
or all of the bowl is mounted on a vertical axis.
Entire bowl facing a circumferential direction so
that when the wind blows the rotor rotates on a fixed
direction. Rotational speed of the rotor depends on
wind speed. Plate sensor is a device used to sense
the speed of rotary vane bowl. The focal point of the
sensor plate and the center of the propeller bowls
connected by a shaft, so that the disk rotation speed
same as the rotational speed sensor vane bowl. Form
of sensor plate is fitted with a propeller.
Photointterupter output signal pulses which are
formed photo-intterupter light emitters due to the cut
due to the holes encoder disc. Optocoupler output
signal of the voltage pulses will not be stabilized
through the gate so that the output voltage reaches
5V TTL level. To dole 74ls04 and optocoupler IC
used positive voltage regulator with input voltage of
12V 7805 generates 5V output voltage. Capacitors
used for voltage stabilizer. R1 is used to limit the
current to the optocoupler emitter while a pull-up
resistor R2.[4]
Fig 3.2 Circuit Schematic of optocoupler
Anemometer
A three cup anemometer assembly is used
to calculate the wind speed by calculating the
rotation per minute of the anemometer cups
symmetry, with the help of a reed switch and a
magnet. With each rotation the switch closes and
opens for a single time. As shown in Fig.3.3 a
magnet is placed on the shaft of rotating cup
symmetry which rotates with the rotation of cups.
As the magnet passes the reed switch while rotating,
the switch toggles twice.[10]
Fig 3.3 Wind speed meter(Anemometer)
Wind vane sensor
Here we are using a potentiometer based
wind vane mechanism for calculating the direction
from which the wind is coming towards the station.
The minimum angle of the wind vane sensor we are
using here is 220 - 230, which is sufficient. We can
also increase the resolution of the wind vane sensor
if desired.[10]
Fig 3.4 Wind vane sensor
Table 3.3 Modern Approach
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IV. Conclusion
Wireless weather monitoring system is
reliable and efficient system for efficiently monitor
the weather parameters. Wireless monitoring
reduces human power as well as gives accurate
changes in it. It is cheaper in cost compare to wired
system. The digital sensors are more accurate and
reliable than analog sensor. Wireless system has
benefits over the wired system. This system is less
power and less time consuming.
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