The document discusses comprehensive longwall degasification techniques used by Target Drilling, including directionally drilling in-mine boreholes and surface coalbed methane wells to degasify coal seams. It describes Target Drilling's specialized directional drilling equipment used for long and complex in-mine boreholes. The document also details Target Drilling's cabled and electromagnetic steering systems used to navigate boreholes, as well as its techniques for safely plugging boreholes using polymer gel to prevent methane leaks during mining.
Hybrid epb tunnelling in rio de janeiro 2015Abner Silva
This document summarizes the first experiences from tunneling works on the Metro Rio Line 4 project in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A 5.2 km long tunnel is being excavated using an innovative hybrid Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) tunnel boring machine (TBM). The first 470 meters of the tunnel passed through sandy soils. Conditioning the sands with polymer foam mixtures allowed the TBM to excavate smoothly in full-face EPB mode while maintaining stable face pressure and conveying mucks through the screw conveyor. Initial experiences showed the benefits of dry, stabilized muck for conveyance compared to wetter, plastic mixtures. No issues were encountered in transferring muck from the screw to the belt conveyor.
2575150, Significant Production Improvement of UltraLow Permeability Granitic...Mostafa Kortam
The document summarizes the significant production improvement of an ultra-low permeability granitic reservoir in Egypt utilizing channel fracturing. Key points:
1) The target formation has very low natural fracture permeability of 0.1-0.5 md, requiring channel fracturing to access oil.
2) Well SID-18 encountered an unconventional granitic formation with challenging logging responses. Analysis found the lithology consists of granite, microgranite, and metagranite fragments.
3) Testing found the formation has an ultra-low permeability. Channel fracturing was utilized to successfully commercialize this challenging asset.
This training report provides information on the Gevra Mines location, climate, methods of mining, drilling and blasting procedures, soil disposal planning, pumping and drainage systems, power supply, manpower, and civil construction activities. It also discusses the status of air, water, and noise pollution and describes control measures implemented. The report concludes with details on the mine closure plan and restoration activities.
The document discusses reservoir simulation of coal bed methane (CBM). It begins with an introduction to CBM, explaining how gas is stored in coal seams and produced through desorption, diffusion through micropores, and flow through fractures. The document then discusses reservoir simulation software Comet3, which uses dual-porosity modeling to simulate gas and water production from CBM reservoirs. The author conducted a simulation of a single well producing from 5 coal seams, presenting input parameters, results graphs of gas and water production rates over time, and conclusions on well spacing effects.
Spe sibiu-2010 reevaluation and extended exploitation of old wellsFabio Brambilla
Brownfields: reevaluation and extended exploitation of old wells
Enlarge economic reserves by:
Increasing and improving our knowledge at field scale
Increasing and improving our knowledge at well scale
Doing smart workover of existing wells
1. A technical due diligence report was conducted on the PT. xxxx coal project covering 1,223 hectares in East Kalimantan Province.
2. Exploration works included geological mapping, identification of 12 coal outcrops from 5 seams, and 23 exploration drill holes.
3. Based on limited data from drill holes and outcrops, coal seam models for seams A through E were generated through interpolation and extrapolation. However, additional data is needed to improve the geological models.
4. Based on the preliminary geological models and SR limits of 4-5, total coal resources were estimated between 23.4-31.3 million tonnes. However, the estimates have low confidence due
Mine Haul Road Upgrade Project OZ Minerals Prominent Hill South AustraliaStephen McKnight
An all weather Haul Road Upgrade Project was implemented at the OZ Minerals Prominent Hill site in March 2012. The primary objective was to introduce a "traffic light" system identifying the various levels of remediation required and types of depths and material to be utilised. Once designed crossfalls and appropriate drainage were established in conjunction with sub-base, base and wearing course materials the mining haul roads were capable of sustaining traffic during light rain events; thus increasing productivity and vehicle integrity and longevity for sustained periods. The project provided appropriate road systems both in pit and on surface routes to the waste dumps and ROM Pad during rain events. Some $4M per year in recovered productivity has been anticipated by the implementation of this successful project initiative.
This document summarizes a study on process-based geological modeling of a submarine turbiditic reservoir in the Ostra oil field located offshore Brazil. The study uses a Channel Center-line Trajectory (CCT) modeling approach to generate 3D geological models representing the complex depositional features observed. The CCT workflow involves interpreting channel centerlines from seismic data, then using rules to build a stratigraphic grid with properties conditioned to well logs. History matching to production data was done to validate the dynamic model. The results demonstrate the CCT method can produce realistic geological models capturing heterogeneities important for flow simulation in turbiditic reservoirs.
Hybrid epb tunnelling in rio de janeiro 2015Abner Silva
This document summarizes the first experiences from tunneling works on the Metro Rio Line 4 project in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A 5.2 km long tunnel is being excavated using an innovative hybrid Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) tunnel boring machine (TBM). The first 470 meters of the tunnel passed through sandy soils. Conditioning the sands with polymer foam mixtures allowed the TBM to excavate smoothly in full-face EPB mode while maintaining stable face pressure and conveying mucks through the screw conveyor. Initial experiences showed the benefits of dry, stabilized muck for conveyance compared to wetter, plastic mixtures. No issues were encountered in transferring muck from the screw to the belt conveyor.
2575150, Significant Production Improvement of UltraLow Permeability Granitic...Mostafa Kortam
The document summarizes the significant production improvement of an ultra-low permeability granitic reservoir in Egypt utilizing channel fracturing. Key points:
1) The target formation has very low natural fracture permeability of 0.1-0.5 md, requiring channel fracturing to access oil.
2) Well SID-18 encountered an unconventional granitic formation with challenging logging responses. Analysis found the lithology consists of granite, microgranite, and metagranite fragments.
3) Testing found the formation has an ultra-low permeability. Channel fracturing was utilized to successfully commercialize this challenging asset.
This training report provides information on the Gevra Mines location, climate, methods of mining, drilling and blasting procedures, soil disposal planning, pumping and drainage systems, power supply, manpower, and civil construction activities. It also discusses the status of air, water, and noise pollution and describes control measures implemented. The report concludes with details on the mine closure plan and restoration activities.
The document discusses reservoir simulation of coal bed methane (CBM). It begins with an introduction to CBM, explaining how gas is stored in coal seams and produced through desorption, diffusion through micropores, and flow through fractures. The document then discusses reservoir simulation software Comet3, which uses dual-porosity modeling to simulate gas and water production from CBM reservoirs. The author conducted a simulation of a single well producing from 5 coal seams, presenting input parameters, results graphs of gas and water production rates over time, and conclusions on well spacing effects.
Spe sibiu-2010 reevaluation and extended exploitation of old wellsFabio Brambilla
Brownfields: reevaluation and extended exploitation of old wells
Enlarge economic reserves by:
Increasing and improving our knowledge at field scale
Increasing and improving our knowledge at well scale
Doing smart workover of existing wells
1. A technical due diligence report was conducted on the PT. xxxx coal project covering 1,223 hectares in East Kalimantan Province.
2. Exploration works included geological mapping, identification of 12 coal outcrops from 5 seams, and 23 exploration drill holes.
3. Based on limited data from drill holes and outcrops, coal seam models for seams A through E were generated through interpolation and extrapolation. However, additional data is needed to improve the geological models.
4. Based on the preliminary geological models and SR limits of 4-5, total coal resources were estimated between 23.4-31.3 million tonnes. However, the estimates have low confidence due
Mine Haul Road Upgrade Project OZ Minerals Prominent Hill South AustraliaStephen McKnight
An all weather Haul Road Upgrade Project was implemented at the OZ Minerals Prominent Hill site in March 2012. The primary objective was to introduce a "traffic light" system identifying the various levels of remediation required and types of depths and material to be utilised. Once designed crossfalls and appropriate drainage were established in conjunction with sub-base, base and wearing course materials the mining haul roads were capable of sustaining traffic during light rain events; thus increasing productivity and vehicle integrity and longevity for sustained periods. The project provided appropriate road systems both in pit and on surface routes to the waste dumps and ROM Pad during rain events. Some $4M per year in recovered productivity has been anticipated by the implementation of this successful project initiative.
This document summarizes a study on process-based geological modeling of a submarine turbiditic reservoir in the Ostra oil field located offshore Brazil. The study uses a Channel Center-line Trajectory (CCT) modeling approach to generate 3D geological models representing the complex depositional features observed. The CCT workflow involves interpreting channel centerlines from seismic data, then using rules to build a stratigraphic grid with properties conditioned to well logs. History matching to production data was done to validate the dynamic model. The results demonstrate the CCT method can produce realistic geological models capturing heterogeneities important for flow simulation in turbiditic reservoirs.
Este documento trata sobre el análisis de riesgos y la prevención en el lugar de trabajo. Explica que el riesgo laboral se refiere a los peligros que existen en el entorno laboral y que pueden causar accidentes o daños a la salud de los trabajadores. Describe cómo se clasifican los riesgos dependiendo del tipo de trabajo y actividad, e identifica algunos factores de riesgo comunes como agentes físicos, químicos y biológicos. Además, destaca la importancia de realizar evaluaciones de
This document contains photos from various photographers and suggests creating your own presentation on SlideShare using Haiku Deck. It features photos from Spirit-Fire, Contando Estrelas, athrasher, surroundsound5000, and Pink Sherbet Photography to inspire the creation of presentations. The final sentence encourages getting started with Haiku Deck on SlideShare.
1. The document discusses various nations and peoples that were punished by God for their transgressions, including Aad, Thamud, and Pharaoh.
2. It warns that while God honors those who are tested and remain faithful, those who are arrogant and corrupt when their livelihood is reduced will be punished.
3. The document emphasizes being good to orphans and the needy, avoiding greed and excessive love of wealth, and preparing for the Day of Judgment when God and the angels will come and Hell will be brought forth.
El documento proporciona información sobre promociones. Explica que una promoción es la comunicación para informar, persuadir y recordar a compradores potenciales sobre un producto. Detalla los pasos para desarrollar un plan de promoción, como identificar la audiencia objetivo y elegir un mensaje. También cubre factores que afectan la mezcla de promoción, como el ciclo de vida del producto y recursos disponibles.
Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed Abdelaaty is an Egyptian Muslim born on October 15, 1985 in El Zakazek, Sharkeya. He is married with two children and resides in Suez. He has a Bachelor's degree in Management Information Systems and Business Management. His skills include proficiency in English, computer programs like Excel and Word, and experience dealing with workers, accounting, administration, and quality control in laboratories. He has certificates in ISO quality and environmental standards as well as Access programming. His work experience includes two years as a storekeeper for Ceramica Cleopatra Group and Contrack Egypt, and experience in product quality roles for Ceramica World and Joshi Egypt, where he is now deputy leader
Esta actividad involucró escribir una carta, lo que demostró que la comunicación no solo se logra a través de medios electrónicos, sino también mediante cartas escritas, en las cuales se pueden poner en práctica valores como la honestidad y el respeto.
El documento describe el aprendizaje autónomo y significativo. El aprendizaje autónomo permite que los estudiantes aprendan a su propio ritmo y tiempo, asumiendo responsabilidad por su educación mediante la selección de herramientas y recursos. Esto requiere menos clases presenciales y una mayor responsabilidad e independencia por parte de los estudiantes. El aprendizaje significativo, propuesto por David Ausubel, ocurre cuando los estudiantes integran sus conocimientos previos con nueva información de manera motivada e interesada.
23. Batería de evaporadores
24. Intercambiadores de calor tubo y coraza
25. Intercambiadores de calor de aleta extendida
26. Intercambiadores de calor de placas
27. Diseño de clarificadores Rapidoor
28. Clarificadores SRI
29. Filtros de tambor al vacio
30. Filtros de banda
31. Evaluación filtros de vapor vs filtros de bandas (ventajas y desventajas calculadas)
32. Diseño de tachos Batch.
33. Evaluaciones de tachos Batch
The Bellini kitchen design has warm, homely colors that give off a motherly feel, making it appealing to both women and men. It offers subtle, classy colors for those who enjoy warm tones. Installing this design will undoubtedly make your kitchen look better and warmer.
- Global VC funding totaled $25.5B in Q1 2016, down from previous quarters, as investment declined across major markets. The slowdown was driven by a steep decline in Asia, where funding fell to less than half the record level in Q3 2015.
- Deal activity also declined globally with 1829 deals in Q1 2016, continuing the downward trend from previous quarters. Only 5 new unicorns were created in Q1 2016, less than previous quarters.
- US funding increased slightly to $14.8B while deal activity declined, and late-stage deal sizes continued shrinking. Europe saw a small funding increase but deal activity remained down.
This document describes a classic wooden kitchen design called BACH that provides a timeless wooden aesthetic for the kitchen or entire home. Wood finishes will never go out of style for kitchens or other rooms. The BACH design is recommended for those who prefer a classic wooden look and feel throughout their home.
The document discusses glorifying God and following religious teachings from scriptures. It mentions remembering God, praying, and purifying oneself. It encourages focusing on the afterlife rather than this world. The overall message is to worship God and follow the guidance found in previous scriptures like those of Abraham and Moses.
Wind-induced pressure coefficients on buildings dedicated to air change rate ...Stephane Meteodyn
The paper presents a numerical methodology to assess the natural ventilation. UrbaWind is an automatic computational fluid dynamics code. It was developed to model the wind in urban environments. The turbulence modelling, namely the dependence of turbulence length on the distance from wall, and the model constants were calibrated in order to reproduce with good agreements flow separation around buildings walls and pressure coefficient field on façades. Numerical results match well with the experiments: separation patterns and pressure field on walls in dense urban areas. Examples are presented at the end of the paper in order to show the advantages of the methodology for urban designers as they need pressure coefficients to assess the air change rate of buildings...
El documento proporciona datos sobre un tacho continuo horizontal, incluidos los brix y tamaño de cristal a la salida de cada celda, así como el brix, pureza y color de la meladura y la semilla que alimentan el tacho. Se pide completar una tabla con cálculos adicionales como la cantidad de meladura, semilla y sólidos a la salida de cada celda, así como el color y agua evaporada.
Land banks acquire distressed properties and hold them for future use or resale. They typically get properties through tax foreclosure, mortgage foreclosure, donations, or market transfers. Two successful land banks are highlighted - the Genesee County Land Bank Authority in Michigan and the Cuyahoga County Land Reutilization Corp. in Ohio. Rhode Island Housing also runs a land bank program that acquires properties and transfers them to developers to produce long-term affordable housing. The program has invested over $44 million since 2000, with purchases ranging from urban apartment buildings to rural land parcels.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Dr. Andrew Cox's Coal Lectures Series. The series covers topics related to coal formation, properties, use as a fuel, mining technologies, markets, pollution control, and more. Dr. Cox and his colleagues at EIMR are available to provide lectures and teaching on these topics to universities and professional development courses both in the UK and internationally. Interested parties should contact Dr. Cox for more information. An introductory presentation on coal mining technologies is also included as an example of the type of material covered.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Dr. Andrew Cox's Coal Lectures Series. The series covers topics related to coal formation, properties, use as a fuel, mining technologies, markets, pollution control, and more. Dr. Cox and colleagues at EIMR can provide lectures on these topics to university courses and professional development programs in the UK and internationally. Interested parties should contact Dr. Cox for more information. An introductory presentation on coal mining technologies is also included as an example of the type of material covered.
Underground mines are being converted to opencast mines due to underground mines being uneconomical and unsafe. Opencast mines allow for safer and more efficient coal extraction. The conversion process involves isolating underground workings, conducting surveys of the underground area, dividing the mine into safety zones, compacting underground galleries through controlled blasting, and extracting coal from the stabilized area using opencast mining methods. Precise surveying and controlled blasting techniques are required to stabilize underground workings and prevent collapses during conversion to opencast mining.
Este documento trata sobre el análisis de riesgos y la prevención en el lugar de trabajo. Explica que el riesgo laboral se refiere a los peligros que existen en el entorno laboral y que pueden causar accidentes o daños a la salud de los trabajadores. Describe cómo se clasifican los riesgos dependiendo del tipo de trabajo y actividad, e identifica algunos factores de riesgo comunes como agentes físicos, químicos y biológicos. Además, destaca la importancia de realizar evaluaciones de
This document contains photos from various photographers and suggests creating your own presentation on SlideShare using Haiku Deck. It features photos from Spirit-Fire, Contando Estrelas, athrasher, surroundsound5000, and Pink Sherbet Photography to inspire the creation of presentations. The final sentence encourages getting started with Haiku Deck on SlideShare.
1. The document discusses various nations and peoples that were punished by God for their transgressions, including Aad, Thamud, and Pharaoh.
2. It warns that while God honors those who are tested and remain faithful, those who are arrogant and corrupt when their livelihood is reduced will be punished.
3. The document emphasizes being good to orphans and the needy, avoiding greed and excessive love of wealth, and preparing for the Day of Judgment when God and the angels will come and Hell will be brought forth.
El documento proporciona información sobre promociones. Explica que una promoción es la comunicación para informar, persuadir y recordar a compradores potenciales sobre un producto. Detalla los pasos para desarrollar un plan de promoción, como identificar la audiencia objetivo y elegir un mensaje. También cubre factores que afectan la mezcla de promoción, como el ciclo de vida del producto y recursos disponibles.
Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed Abdelaaty is an Egyptian Muslim born on October 15, 1985 in El Zakazek, Sharkeya. He is married with two children and resides in Suez. He has a Bachelor's degree in Management Information Systems and Business Management. His skills include proficiency in English, computer programs like Excel and Word, and experience dealing with workers, accounting, administration, and quality control in laboratories. He has certificates in ISO quality and environmental standards as well as Access programming. His work experience includes two years as a storekeeper for Ceramica Cleopatra Group and Contrack Egypt, and experience in product quality roles for Ceramica World and Joshi Egypt, where he is now deputy leader
Esta actividad involucró escribir una carta, lo que demostró que la comunicación no solo se logra a través de medios electrónicos, sino también mediante cartas escritas, en las cuales se pueden poner en práctica valores como la honestidad y el respeto.
El documento describe el aprendizaje autónomo y significativo. El aprendizaje autónomo permite que los estudiantes aprendan a su propio ritmo y tiempo, asumiendo responsabilidad por su educación mediante la selección de herramientas y recursos. Esto requiere menos clases presenciales y una mayor responsabilidad e independencia por parte de los estudiantes. El aprendizaje significativo, propuesto por David Ausubel, ocurre cuando los estudiantes integran sus conocimientos previos con nueva información de manera motivada e interesada.
23. Batería de evaporadores
24. Intercambiadores de calor tubo y coraza
25. Intercambiadores de calor de aleta extendida
26. Intercambiadores de calor de placas
27. Diseño de clarificadores Rapidoor
28. Clarificadores SRI
29. Filtros de tambor al vacio
30. Filtros de banda
31. Evaluación filtros de vapor vs filtros de bandas (ventajas y desventajas calculadas)
32. Diseño de tachos Batch.
33. Evaluaciones de tachos Batch
The Bellini kitchen design has warm, homely colors that give off a motherly feel, making it appealing to both women and men. It offers subtle, classy colors for those who enjoy warm tones. Installing this design will undoubtedly make your kitchen look better and warmer.
- Global VC funding totaled $25.5B in Q1 2016, down from previous quarters, as investment declined across major markets. The slowdown was driven by a steep decline in Asia, where funding fell to less than half the record level in Q3 2015.
- Deal activity also declined globally with 1829 deals in Q1 2016, continuing the downward trend from previous quarters. Only 5 new unicorns were created in Q1 2016, less than previous quarters.
- US funding increased slightly to $14.8B while deal activity declined, and late-stage deal sizes continued shrinking. Europe saw a small funding increase but deal activity remained down.
This document describes a classic wooden kitchen design called BACH that provides a timeless wooden aesthetic for the kitchen or entire home. Wood finishes will never go out of style for kitchens or other rooms. The BACH design is recommended for those who prefer a classic wooden look and feel throughout their home.
The document discusses glorifying God and following religious teachings from scriptures. It mentions remembering God, praying, and purifying oneself. It encourages focusing on the afterlife rather than this world. The overall message is to worship God and follow the guidance found in previous scriptures like those of Abraham and Moses.
Wind-induced pressure coefficients on buildings dedicated to air change rate ...Stephane Meteodyn
The paper presents a numerical methodology to assess the natural ventilation. UrbaWind is an automatic computational fluid dynamics code. It was developed to model the wind in urban environments. The turbulence modelling, namely the dependence of turbulence length on the distance from wall, and the model constants were calibrated in order to reproduce with good agreements flow separation around buildings walls and pressure coefficient field on façades. Numerical results match well with the experiments: separation patterns and pressure field on walls in dense urban areas. Examples are presented at the end of the paper in order to show the advantages of the methodology for urban designers as they need pressure coefficients to assess the air change rate of buildings...
El documento proporciona datos sobre un tacho continuo horizontal, incluidos los brix y tamaño de cristal a la salida de cada celda, así como el brix, pureza y color de la meladura y la semilla que alimentan el tacho. Se pide completar una tabla con cálculos adicionales como la cantidad de meladura, semilla y sólidos a la salida de cada celda, así como el color y agua evaporada.
Land banks acquire distressed properties and hold them for future use or resale. They typically get properties through tax foreclosure, mortgage foreclosure, donations, or market transfers. Two successful land banks are highlighted - the Genesee County Land Bank Authority in Michigan and the Cuyahoga County Land Reutilization Corp. in Ohio. Rhode Island Housing also runs a land bank program that acquires properties and transfers them to developers to produce long-term affordable housing. The program has invested over $44 million since 2000, with purchases ranging from urban apartment buildings to rural land parcels.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Dr. Andrew Cox's Coal Lectures Series. The series covers topics related to coal formation, properties, use as a fuel, mining technologies, markets, pollution control, and more. Dr. Cox and his colleagues at EIMR are available to provide lectures and teaching on these topics to universities and professional development courses both in the UK and internationally. Interested parties should contact Dr. Cox for more information. An introductory presentation on coal mining technologies is also included as an example of the type of material covered.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Dr. Andrew Cox's Coal Lectures Series. The series covers topics related to coal formation, properties, use as a fuel, mining technologies, markets, pollution control, and more. Dr. Cox and colleagues at EIMR can provide lectures on these topics to university courses and professional development programs in the UK and internationally. Interested parties should contact Dr. Cox for more information. An introductory presentation on coal mining technologies is also included as an example of the type of material covered.
Underground mines are being converted to opencast mines due to underground mines being uneconomical and unsafe. Opencast mines allow for safer and more efficient coal extraction. The conversion process involves isolating underground workings, conducting surveys of the underground area, dividing the mine into safety zones, compacting underground galleries through controlled blasting, and extracting coal from the stabilized area using opencast mining methods. Precise surveying and controlled blasting techniques are required to stabilize underground workings and prevent collapses during conversion to opencast mining.
Conversion of Underground Mine to Open Cast MineAbdul Mujeeb
This document discusses the conversion of underground coal mines to opencast mines. Underground mining is becoming uneconomical, so coal reserves trapped in underground mine pillars need to be extracted through opencast mining. The key steps in conversion involve isolating underground workings, conducting surveys of workings, dividing the mine area into safety zones, compacting galleries through drilling and blasting, and extracting coal while preventing collapse of underground structures. Attention to surveying, drilling patterns, charging, blasting procedures, and marking excavated areas is important to ensure safety during conversion. The Gouthamkhani opencast project is provided as a case study, with details on its reserves, production, geology, machinery, and mine plan.
The document discusses methods of underground coal mining using continuous miners. It describes how continuous miners are used in combination with shuttle cars to extract coal from underground seams through bord and pillar mining or pillar extraction methods. Bord and pillar mining involves driving headings into the coal seam to form pillars for extraction. Pillar extraction methods using continuous miners involve splitting or stripping pillars left from initial development. The document provides details on various pillar extraction techniques like pillar splitting, stripping, and split and fendering to remove remnant coal pillars. It notes the risks of roof falls and importance of experience when using these secondary extraction methods.
Coal Mining Technlogy Brief_Low Coal Seam_HOT MiningSerena Fu
The document discusses Beijing HOT Mining TechCo.,Ltd's expertise in developing technologies for low-seam underground coal mining in Southwest China. It describes the reserve of low-seam coal resources in the region, the disaster risks, and HOT Mining's technical solutions. These include integrated mining technologies for steeply inclined seams, low seams, and thick seams. The technologies improve mining efficiency and safety. HOT Mining also provides mine design, equipment, and after-sales support services tailored for difficult mining conditions.
The document provides an overview of longwall top coal caving (LTCC), which is a method of underground mining used to extract thick coal seams over 4.5m. LTCC uses a longwall setup with powered roof supports and a rear conveyor to allow the top section of coal to cave into the goaf area behind the face. Key factors that influence the success of LTCC include the coal seam characteristics, surrounding rock strata, stress conditions, and fracture development in the top coal. Challenges to implementing LTCC include geological and geotechnical considerations, impacts to the mining environment, and equipment design requirements.
The document summarizes research on a blast hole slotting system that aims to reduce coal loss and dilution during coal mining blasts. A field trial at a mine site demonstrated that blast holes slotted with the system had 58% less fragmentation below the blast hole toe compared to unslotted holes. This indicates the slots help direct fractures radially and protect the underlying coal seam. Further testing is still needed to directly quantify the system's ability to reduce coal loss in cast blasting situations. The research provides promising results that the slotting technology could improve coal recovery while maintaining fragmentation in open cut coal mining.
IRJET- Optimum Utilisation of Continuous Miner used for Pillar Extraction...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing the use of continuous miners for pillar extraction in bord and pillar mining. It examines the performance of a continuous miner used in panel CMP-11A of an underground coal mine in India. The reliability of the continuous miner was found to be 89.87% with failures mainly due to issues with the gathering system, hydraulics, and conveyor. The document also describes the various roof support systems used in different conditions, such as at roadway intersections or areas with faults. Borehole data was collected and used to design support based on rock mass classification.
The document discusses thin seam mining techniques such as longwall mining and room and pillar mining. It describes the challenges of thin seam mining and the need for autonomous mining systems without personnel on the working face. Longwall mining offers safety and extraction benefits but has issues with cost and production interruptions. Room and pillar uses continuous miners but managing equipment scheduling is important for efficiency. The document also discusses coal seam detection technologies like natural gamma radiation that help autonomous miners follow the seam boundary.
This document discusses underground coal mining methods and operations. It begins by describing different means of accessing underground coal seams, such as adits, shafts, and cross measure drifts. Factors to consider in selecting an access method include coal clearance, ventilation, topography, overburden depth, and costs. It then discusses development work, including driving main roadways and cut-throughs, and the equipment used like continuous miners and roof bolters. Pillars are left behind to support the mine openings, including barrier pillars to separate panels and chain pillars to control subsidence during longwall mining.
This document discusses improvements to the highwall mining method. It begins by providing background on highwall mining and describing the current methodology. It then outlines some shortcomings of the existing approach, such as stability issues when mining near old underground mines or with multiple seams. The document proposes four innovations to address these shortcomings: 1) a mechanized roof bolting technique, 2) a method for backfilling using the push beams, 3) a two-trench mining technique, and 4) controlled caving through planned blasting. These innovations aim to improve stability and safety in highwall mining operations.
Valgma an evaluation_of_technological_overburden_thickness_limitIngo Valgma
This document discusses evaluating the technological limit of overburden thickness that can be removed by draglines in Estonian oil shale open cast mines. It presents the allowable stripping operation schemes for walking draglines currently used. A computer model methodology was developed to evaluate the technological limit of overburden thickness based on dragline geometry, mining conditions, and material properties. The results found the limit is 16-27m for dragline ES15/90 and 20-37m for dragline ES30/120, depending on geological and mining factors. Productivity calculations for the draglines are also presented, finding it decreases with more maintenance days and increasing overburden thickness.
1. Long hole drilling and blasting techniques are key to achieving high production rates in underground metal mines.
2. Precise long hole drilling allows for larger sublevel spacing and vertical crater retreat (VCR) mining which improves efficiency and productivity.
3. In VCR mining, parallel long holes are drilled and charged in horizontal slices which are blasted in a spherical pattern for effective fragmentation. Drilling is completed before slice blasting begins.
1) The document discusses a case study on estimating caving behaviour and support loads in longwall mining faces.
2) It describes using the plate theory method to model the main roof as a plate supported by an elastic foundation. This allows calculating the bending moment and stress developed in the plate as mining progresses.
3) The method is applied to three longwall mines in Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) as case studies. Calculations are shown for one case study mine to estimate caving height and loads on supports.
The document discusses several innovations in oil and gas technology from the January 2020 edition of World Oil Magazine. It describes how various operators have used new technologies like ultra-deep resistivity services, dual drilling operations, acoustic logging tools, formation evaluation from cuttings, and horizontal lift systems to optimize operations, reduce costs, increase production and safely drill complex wells.
A study into the feasibility of application of longwall top coal caving (ltc...nasina balasubrahmayam
Longwall Top coal Caving is going to be the significant method of thick seam mining at higher depths in India. Limiting depth of present opencast mining is about 300m. In this paper concepts of LTCC were discussed for Indian application.
The document describes a new downhole cavitation tool called the KROT-CT that uses hydrodynamic cavitation rather than piston-driven mechanics to generate strong vertical impacts on the drill bit. This allows it to overcome limitations of previous percussion tools by improving performance, flexibility, and reliability. The KROT-CT can help increase drilling rates in difficult conditions, borehole quality, footage drilled between trips, and rig efficiency while reducing vibrational stresses and non-productive time.
The secondary mining technology for extracting the remaining coal from the open pit mining methods.
Cited as:
Boeut, S., & Loawattanabandit, P. " Design of Auger Highwall Mining: A case study at Mae Tan Coal Mine, Thailand", in Proc. ASEAN++2016 Towards Geo-resources Education in ASEAN Economic Community, 2016, pp. 304-321.
Attock Cement Pvt. Ltd Internship report.
VISION:
To be the leading organization continuously providing high quality cement, excelling in every aspect of its business and to remain market leader in cement industry.
1. With the worldwide
coal industryin turmoil,
Matthew A. Yearsley,
Target Drilling,
USA, explains the
importance of
comprehensivelongwall
degasification.
The worldwide coal industry is in turmoil. Despite
unprecedented long-term demand, especially within
the developing world, certain historical pockets of
supply – such as NorthAmerica – have experienced
rapid decline. Survival requires management skills honed to higher
levels not previously appreciated. These skills, in turn, must rely on
evolving technologies like never before.
Because gassy coal cannot be efficiently extracted underground
without prior, effective degasification of the coal seams being mined, the
speed, predictability and cost of that process can and will bear heavily on
whether coal mining can proceed within this challenging environment.
Target Drilling Inc. and its affiliate, Target Technologies LLC, (both referred
herein collectively as TDI), have continued to develop and refine directional
drilling technologies that address these needs. Specialised techniques, coupled with
newly engineered directional drilling equipment, have positioned TDI at the cutting
edge of cost-effective degasification, facilitating profitable coal mining amid all the
current market disruption.
Comprehensive longwall degasification
Surface horizontal wells and in-mine boreholes
TDI has been directionally drilling in-mine long degasification boreholes greater than
1219 m (4000 ft) to shield gate road development since its incorporation in 1995. To date,
TODAY'SDEGASIFICATION
March 2015 | World Coal | 17
2. the firm has directionally drilled 203
in-mine boreholes for degasification and
other applications. Implementing its
in-mine coal seam horizontal directional
drilling procedures and experience,
combined with patented under-balanced
dual well drilling methodology, TDI
developed the capability to directionally
drill surface coalbed methane (CBM)
horizontal wells to degasify coal seams
years in advance of mining (Figure 1).
Many coal basins throughout the
world consist of numerous stacked coal
seams separated by various types of rock.
As the longwall is mined, the longwall
gob is created. This consists of a caved
zone, a fractured zone and bending or
subsidence zone. If the coal(s) above
the longwall (referred to as the upper
coal) are within the fractured zone and
contain methane, they are often the
primary source(s) of longwall gob gas
(Figure 2).
Ideally, it is most effective to
degasify the upper coal in advance of
mining to eliminate or significantly
reduce future longwall production
delays caused by gob gas. Evaluating
the degasification time before longwall
mining begins, in order to effectively
degasify the upper coal, depends on its
gas reservoir characteristics. These
characteristics include, but are not
limited to:
nn Gas reservoir pressure.
nn Gas content.
nn Gas permeability.
These characteristics are factored
into the design of the horizontal
degasification strategy, which primarily
comes down to the number of – and
spacing between – in-mine horizontal
boreholes or surface CBM coal laterals.
Drilling surface CBM horizontal
wells years in advance of mining will
result in more effective degasification
of the upper coal seams. This helps to
eliminate or significantly reduce
longwall gob gas problems compared
to in-mine boreholes, which typically
have a much shorter productive life.
TDI has successfully proven the
effectiveness of degasifying the coal
seam above the longwall – and the coal
seam being longwall mined – using
surface CBM horizontal wells in
advance of mining (Figure 3).
However, in the US – and perhaps
even more prevalent in other countries
– surface access to directionally drill
surface CBM horizontal wells targeting
coal seams is not always available.
Furthermore, other technical obstacles,
such as drilling through mined‑out coal
seams above the current longwall,
create numerous difficulties. The mine
operator can either choose to dilute the
longwall gob gas with ventilation,
which might result in longwall
production delays, or drill horizontal
Figure 1. Comprehensive longwall degasification of the coal seam being mined by the
longwall and the upper coal seam.
Figure 2. Sources of longwall gob gas can be coal seams located within the longwall
gob caving and fractured zones.
Figure 3. TDI’s coalbed methane wells targeting the coal being longwall mined (left)
and upper coal (right).
| World Coal | Reprinted from March 2015
3. boreholes, which target the upper
coal(s) from inside the mine.
Case study
Alongwall mine operator experienced
the degasification (and dewatering)
benefits of surface CBM horizontal wells,
which targeted the coal being mined by
the longwall and the upper coal
nominally 26 m (85 ft) above the coal
being longwall mined. These targeted
areas had been previously proven to be
the primary source of the mine operator’s
longwall gob gas. However, technical
obstacles prevented horizontal
degasification of the upper coal before
longwall mining in their entire longwall
district. Consequently, TDI was
contracted to infill drill in-mine
degasification boreholes, targeting the
upper coal in advance of longwall mining
where surface CBM horizontal wells
could not be drilled (Figure 4).
To overcome the technical challenges
of drilling in-mine boreholes, TDI used its
permissible UDR rig, which is equipped
with 150 hp, 258 kN (58 000 lb) of
thrust/pullback, as well as two triplex
high‑pressure water pumps, which are
able to deliver 452 l/min. (120 gal./min.)
at up to 75 Bar (1100 psi). This facilitated
drilling a 152 mm (6 in.) dia. directional
borehole through unstable rock lithology
to intercept the upper coal seam. The
directional borehole was then cased with
102 mm (4 in.) inner dia. casing to isolate
the unstable rock layers and provide an
integral long-term connection to the
upper coal seam during drilling and
afterwards for methane production, in
advance of, and during, longwall mining.
To date, over 18 km (60 000 ft) of in-mine
horizontal degasification boreholes have
been drilled. These target the upper coal
seam, thereby removing methane before
and during longwall mining.
In-mine boreholes
Targeting low permeability coal
seams above the longwall
In Poland, Russia, China and elsewhere,
coal seams in the longwall gob’s fractured
zone contain high gas contents of greater
than 8 m3/t (282 ft3/t), relatively low
permeability of less than 1 mD and high
gas reservoir pressure. Effective
degasification of these upper coal seams in
advance of mining can require drilling
years in advance due to their low
permeability, even with a close spacing
between in-mine boreholes or surface
CBM coal laterals. When longwall
mining occurs and the longwall gob is
created, significant volumes of methane
from these upper coals can be liberated
into the mine ventilation system,
thereby causing longwall production
delays. In order to effectively capture
methane liberations during longwall
mining with in-mine horizontal
boreholes or surface CBM horizontal
laterals, a minimum of a 152 mm (6 in.)
dia. for borehole lengths of over 1000 m
(3280 ft) can be required to pull
methane under partial vacuum at flow
Figure 4. In-mine horizontal degasification of upper coal seam above longwall.
Figure 5. In-mine horizontal gob boreholes (top) drilled with TDI’s UDR600
high‑capacity rig (bottom).
Reprinted from March 2015 | World Coal |
4. rates of greater than 28 000 m3/d
(1 million ft3/d).
TDI has designed a high‑powered
rig, called the UDR600, which is
capable of directionally drilling
in-mine horizontal degasification
boreholes of 152 mm (6 in.) dia. in
order to target upper coals above the
longwall boreholes to depths of 2 km
(6560 ft) (Figure 5).
Get steering
The cabled permissible steering system
consists of a downhole unit and an
operator controlled uphole unit
(Figure 6). The system provides all the
data required to enable a directional
driller to steer to a desired horizontal
borehole plan or desired well plan.
Theelectronicssystemofthedownhole
unitarecontainedinanexplosionproof(XP)
housing,calledtheinstrumenttube.This
conformstoMineSafetyandHealth
Administration(MSHA)XPrequirements.
Theorientationsensorpackagemeasuresthe
boreholeorwellazimuth,pitch(inclination),
roll,temperature,batteryvoltageand
numerousdiagnosticmeasurementsto
ensureproperdownholeoperation.The
directionalgammasensormeasuresthe
naturalgammaradiationinAmerican
PetroleumInstitute(API)unitsinafocused
window,whichassiststhedirectionaldriller
indeterminingthelithologythatwasdrilled
about 3 m (10 ft) behind the drill bit.A
communication link provides real-time
data transmission via the coaxial pipe
assembly in the drill pipe connected
between the uphole unit and the
downhole unit. The downhole unit
replaceable battery pack provides
continuous downhole operation for a
minimum of 20 days.
The operator controlled uphole unit
includes an LCD display, microprocessor
board, four switches, keypad,
communications link and rechargeable
battery. The data provided to the operator
includes, but is not limited to:
nn Azimuth (0 – 360˚).
nn Pitch or inclination (+/- 90˚).
nn Toolface (0 – 360˚) or roll.
nn Deviation from the start of the
borehole (left, right, up and down, or
in elevation or co-ordinates).
nn Measured borehole depth.
nn Downtrack and vertical section.
nn Sidetracking or branching.
nn Comparison of as-built to the
designed wellplan.
Additional features of the uphole unit
include magnetic declination
compensation and built-in diagnostics,
which importantly alert the operator of
uphole and downhole performance
metrics. The uphole unit’s internal battery
provides 10 days of operation between
charges.
The process of operating the system
begins with inserting the downhole unit
into the non-magnetic survey collar. The
collar is integrated with the drill string and
downhole motor. The uphole unit is
directly connected to the drill pipe at the
rig.As each drill pipe joint is added to the
drill string – or alternatively while
directional drilling – the operator can press
the survey button, which captures a set of
the continuous stream of downhole
borehole survey data. This data is
transmitted in real-time from the
downhole unit and it is stored uphole. The
operator evaluates the borehole navigation
data and makes directional corrections to
the borehole, as required, to maintain the
desired course and elevation. This
directional survey and steering process
continues until the borehole is completed.
As-built borehole or well survey positional
processed data is continuously compared
Figure 6. MagneStar™ Cabled MWD (left) and MagneStar™ EM MWD (right) steering
systems, including photo of uphole unit (left) and downhole unit (right) of both systems.
Figure 7. Polymer gel mixing/pumping unit used to plug in-mine boreholes and CBM
coal laterals. Plugging with polymer gel summary (top left), mixing polymer gel (top
right), monitoring downhole gel pumping pressure (bottom left) and sampling mixed
polymer gel per batch (bottom right).
| World Coal | Reprinted from March 2015
5. to the designed well plan and archived in
the uphole unit for later download and
analysis.
TDI’s MagneStar MWD™ EM
(electromagnetic) steering system is, for the
most part, a replica of the MagneStar
MWD™ Cabled system. The key
difference is that, in the new system, the
transmission of borehole survey data
occurs via the drill pipe and the earth,
eliminating the costly coaxial cable
assembly in the drill pipe. The MagneStar
MWD EM survey system has been field
tested with additional borehole tests
planned. TDI’s launch of the MagneStar
MWD EM survey system is scheduled for
3Q15. Both the MagneStar MWD Cabled
and EM survey systems can be used for
in-mine permissible boreholes, as well as
shallow surface horizontal wells to vertical
depths of about 1000 m (3280 ft).
Plugging holes
MSHArequires mine operators that use
either in-mine degasification boreholes or
surface CBM horizontal well coal laterals to
describe what material will be used to seal
or plug the boreholes in their mine-through
plan. TDI and its partner, Concrete
ConstructionMaterials(CCM),developed
andcontinuallyrefinetheirproprietarymixof
polymergelchemicalswithwaterspecifically
tailoredtothewaterchemistry,coalseam
methanereservoirpropertiesandother
specificfactorsoftheboreholesorcoallaterals.
Todate,119594m(658540ft)ofin-mine
degasificationboreholesandCBMwellcoal
lateralshavebeenpluggedwith3.26millionl
(864540gal.)ofpolymergelandwatermix
(Figure7).TDIestimatesseveralthousand
mininginterceptsofboreholesandCBMwell
coallateralspluggedwithpolymergelhave
beenexperiencedsafelywithoutserious
incident.
Conclusion
Comprehensive longwall degasification
has been achieved by implementing
TDI’s directional drilling of in-mine
boreholes and surface CBM well coal
laterals. This has been achieved by
targeting the source of longwall gob gas:
i.e., the longwall and upper coal seams.
In a number of cases, TDI used its UDR
underground rig to drill upper coal
degasification boreholes. Borehole
lengths greater than 1219 m (4000 ft)
have been drilled to degasify the upper
coal seam in advance of – and during –
longwall mining, where CBM wells
could not be drilled. TDI has designed a
600 hp underground horizontal rig,
called the UDR600, to drill in-mine
horizontal gob boreholes to target upper
coal seams or rock strata above the
longwall for degasification in advance of,
and/or, during longwall mining.
TDI has developed and launched its
permissible MagneStar MWD™ Cabled
Survey System designed to conform to
MSHApermissibility standards. The
company is finalising the next evolution
of this system called the MagneStar
MWD™ EM Survey System, which will
not require the coaxial cable assembly in
the drill pipe, scheduled for launch later
this year. Both systems can be used
in-mine and on surface directional wells
to vertical depths of about 1000 m
(3280 ft). Lastly, TDI and CCM have
plugged 119 594 m (658 540 ft) of in-mine
degasification boreholes and CBM well
coal laterals with 3.26 million l
(864 540 gal.) of its proprietary mix of
polymer gel chemicals, resulting in
thousands of safe mining intercepts
without incident.
Reprinted from March 2015 | World Coal |