This document summarizes what is known and not known about the tradeoffs of oil and gas development in the Western US. It notes that a small number of compounds are of concern for contaminating drinking water, and that the incidence of documented groundwater contamination is very low relative to the number of wells. However, it also outlines several important unknowns, such as the properties and risks of unknown and proprietary compounds used in drilling and hydraulic fracturing, as well as contaminant behavior at high pressures and temperatures and potential long-term flow paths through the subsurface.
The presentation by Andrei Yurkevich of Altoros @ the Cloud Foundry Summit 2015. It describes the metrics needed to quantify the value that the Cloud Foundry PaaS brings to an organization.
ENCH 4300 – Chemical System DesignUniversity of Tennessee - Ch.docxchristinemaritza
ENCH 4300 – Chemical System Design
University of Tennessee - Chattanooga
‹#›
‹#›
.
1
Outline
Introduction
EPA and State Roles
Pollution “Categories”
“Right to Know”
Process Safety Management (PSM)
2
Introduction
Environmental pollution – not a new problem
Natural vs. man-made
Strategies to reduce pollution
Prevention – unlikely
Remediation – your job
“Outside factors”
Once in the air, forget it
Piccadilly Circus in Pea-Soup Fog, 1952, unknown photographer
Environmental Law/Regulation in the U.S.
Sources of Environmental Directives
Federal statutes
State statutes
Executive orders
Judicial decisions
Implementation
Federal and state regulations
Hierarchy of Authority in Federal System
ISRP Iowa City, IA 2017
EPA and State Roles
Conduct research
Perform risk assessments
Set national standards
Monitor compliance
Enforce national standards
Develop state-level standards
Monitor compliance
Enforce state and national standards
Issue permits
EPA
States
Pollution “Categories”
Air
Water
Hazardous Waste
Toxics & Pesticides
Air Pollution Control - History
ISRP Iowa City, IA 2017
CAA & CAAA – Key Provisions
Clean Air Act (CAA) – 1970
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Emissions standards for vehicles and fuels
Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) – 1990
Air toxics
Stratospheric ozone layer
Acid rain
Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management (CRARM)
NAAQS and HAPs
NAAQS for criteria air pollutants
Pb, CO, PM, SO2, NOx, O3
Emissions standards based on human health and ecological risks
Standards reviewed every 5 years
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)
187 toxic air pollutants (e.g., benzene, asbestos)
Technology-based standards (MACT)
Potential to Emit (PTE)
Potential to emit – “maximum capacity”
Major source
PTE 100 ton/yr of criteria pollutants, 10 ton/yr of HAP or 25 ton/yr total HAPs
Very involved permitting requirements (public comments, MACT)
Minor source – everyone else
Synthetic minor source
Clean Air Act - Example
Your process generates 100 ton/yr dust -> this is your “Potential to Emit”
You are therefore a major source
You have a baghouse that is 99.9% efficient
Your actual emissions (pollution) are 0.1 ton/yr
You can apply to be a “Synthetic Minor Source”
Process
Pollution Control Device
Uncontrolled Emissions
Pollution
Water Pollution Control - History
ISRP Iowa City, IA 2017
CWA – Key Provisions
Establish effluent limitations
States and tribes set water quality standards based on EPA’s ambient water quality criteria
Create control technology standards for new industrial point sources
Publish list of toxic substances and associated effluent limitations
Establish the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Clean Water Rule (CWR)
Clean Water Act
Overall concept: all discharges into nation’s water are unlawful unless authorized by permit
Point source pollution: discrete sources (e.g, pipes/spillways, culverts, raw sewage discharges)
Non-poi.
Presentation from the “Nonexistent Data” session of the “Our World, Our Data” conference held at at MIT Media Lab on April 30, 2017. Organized by Safecast with sponsorship from the Shuttleworth Fund. Many thanks to Joi Ito, Director of the MIT Media Lab, and Ethan Zuckerman and Lorrie LeJeune of The Center for Civic Media.
https://www.media.mit.edu/events/our-world-our-data/
Well Water Groundwater Pennsylvania- Private Well Owners Manual- Our New Educ...Brian Oram
Pennsylvania Groundwater Quality: Your Private Well - A Guide to Drinking Water and Well Water Quality in Pennsylvania. The goal of this booklet is to help educate and inform citizens on issues related to water conservation, ensuring that private water supply systems produce safe drinking water for your family, protecting the long-term quality of our streams and drinking water sources, and helping you to understand the potential sources of pollution to our water resources. The booklet provides general information explaining certified water testing, chain-of-custody, and drinking water regulations and standards. It provides information related to the health (primary standards) or aesthetic (secondary standards) concerns for each parameter and provides information on water quality parameters that do not specifically have a drinking water limit. This reference is intended as a guide to understand water quality by providing guidance on selecting water quality testing parameters for baseline testing from a citizen's perspective and by serving as a tool to help interpret water quality data. In some cases, this document provides guidance on what actions you may want to consider.
Comments about the New Booklet (unsolicited)
Source: PA State Representative - " Your Guide very helpfully for me and my constituents who own private wells... and is an instructive guide to me as a policy maker as I strive to protect our water supply" (October 31, 2012).
For Slatington, PA - Yes- We received , thank you very much. The information is great! (December 2012).
WOW ! that was fast !! our son has moved in to his house at Harvey's Lake, read the book, and we both learned a lot (December 2012).
Happy new year! I received your package in the mail today. You have really developed a wonderful educational guide. I read the consent form as well and your idea is something I would really like to get behind. (January 2013)
Health Effects- Unconventional Natural Gas Development and Production (“FRACK...Tiffany Blackden
Ann Bristow shared this science based presentation on fracking in Maryland at the Garrett County Commissioner's Meeting on March 17, 2015. Fracking in Garrett County is restricted until October, 2017, when the moratorium is lifted, and the state will permit fracking. Now is the time to get involved and alert law makers to the fact that the risks are immense, and we are NOT willing to be collateral damage.
The presentation by Andrei Yurkevich of Altoros @ the Cloud Foundry Summit 2015. It describes the metrics needed to quantify the value that the Cloud Foundry PaaS brings to an organization.
ENCH 4300 – Chemical System DesignUniversity of Tennessee - Ch.docxchristinemaritza
ENCH 4300 – Chemical System Design
University of Tennessee - Chattanooga
‹#›
‹#›
.
1
Outline
Introduction
EPA and State Roles
Pollution “Categories”
“Right to Know”
Process Safety Management (PSM)
2
Introduction
Environmental pollution – not a new problem
Natural vs. man-made
Strategies to reduce pollution
Prevention – unlikely
Remediation – your job
“Outside factors”
Once in the air, forget it
Piccadilly Circus in Pea-Soup Fog, 1952, unknown photographer
Environmental Law/Regulation in the U.S.
Sources of Environmental Directives
Federal statutes
State statutes
Executive orders
Judicial decisions
Implementation
Federal and state regulations
Hierarchy of Authority in Federal System
ISRP Iowa City, IA 2017
EPA and State Roles
Conduct research
Perform risk assessments
Set national standards
Monitor compliance
Enforce national standards
Develop state-level standards
Monitor compliance
Enforce state and national standards
Issue permits
EPA
States
Pollution “Categories”
Air
Water
Hazardous Waste
Toxics & Pesticides
Air Pollution Control - History
ISRP Iowa City, IA 2017
CAA & CAAA – Key Provisions
Clean Air Act (CAA) – 1970
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Emissions standards for vehicles and fuels
Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) – 1990
Air toxics
Stratospheric ozone layer
Acid rain
Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management (CRARM)
NAAQS and HAPs
NAAQS for criteria air pollutants
Pb, CO, PM, SO2, NOx, O3
Emissions standards based on human health and ecological risks
Standards reviewed every 5 years
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)
187 toxic air pollutants (e.g., benzene, asbestos)
Technology-based standards (MACT)
Potential to Emit (PTE)
Potential to emit – “maximum capacity”
Major source
PTE 100 ton/yr of criteria pollutants, 10 ton/yr of HAP or 25 ton/yr total HAPs
Very involved permitting requirements (public comments, MACT)
Minor source – everyone else
Synthetic minor source
Clean Air Act - Example
Your process generates 100 ton/yr dust -> this is your “Potential to Emit”
You are therefore a major source
You have a baghouse that is 99.9% efficient
Your actual emissions (pollution) are 0.1 ton/yr
You can apply to be a “Synthetic Minor Source”
Process
Pollution Control Device
Uncontrolled Emissions
Pollution
Water Pollution Control - History
ISRP Iowa City, IA 2017
CWA – Key Provisions
Establish effluent limitations
States and tribes set water quality standards based on EPA’s ambient water quality criteria
Create control technology standards for new industrial point sources
Publish list of toxic substances and associated effluent limitations
Establish the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Clean Water Rule (CWR)
Clean Water Act
Overall concept: all discharges into nation’s water are unlawful unless authorized by permit
Point source pollution: discrete sources (e.g, pipes/spillways, culverts, raw sewage discharges)
Non-poi.
Presentation from the “Nonexistent Data” session of the “Our World, Our Data” conference held at at MIT Media Lab on April 30, 2017. Organized by Safecast with sponsorship from the Shuttleworth Fund. Many thanks to Joi Ito, Director of the MIT Media Lab, and Ethan Zuckerman and Lorrie LeJeune of The Center for Civic Media.
https://www.media.mit.edu/events/our-world-our-data/
Well Water Groundwater Pennsylvania- Private Well Owners Manual- Our New Educ...Brian Oram
Pennsylvania Groundwater Quality: Your Private Well - A Guide to Drinking Water and Well Water Quality in Pennsylvania. The goal of this booklet is to help educate and inform citizens on issues related to water conservation, ensuring that private water supply systems produce safe drinking water for your family, protecting the long-term quality of our streams and drinking water sources, and helping you to understand the potential sources of pollution to our water resources. The booklet provides general information explaining certified water testing, chain-of-custody, and drinking water regulations and standards. It provides information related to the health (primary standards) or aesthetic (secondary standards) concerns for each parameter and provides information on water quality parameters that do not specifically have a drinking water limit. This reference is intended as a guide to understand water quality by providing guidance on selecting water quality testing parameters for baseline testing from a citizen's perspective and by serving as a tool to help interpret water quality data. In some cases, this document provides guidance on what actions you may want to consider.
Comments about the New Booklet (unsolicited)
Source: PA State Representative - " Your Guide very helpfully for me and my constituents who own private wells... and is an instructive guide to me as a policy maker as I strive to protect our water supply" (October 31, 2012).
For Slatington, PA - Yes- We received , thank you very much. The information is great! (December 2012).
WOW ! that was fast !! our son has moved in to his house at Harvey's Lake, read the book, and we both learned a lot (December 2012).
Happy new year! I received your package in the mail today. You have really developed a wonderful educational guide. I read the consent form as well and your idea is something I would really like to get behind. (January 2013)
Health Effects- Unconventional Natural Gas Development and Production (“FRACK...Tiffany Blackden
Ann Bristow shared this science based presentation on fracking in Maryland at the Garrett County Commissioner's Meeting on March 17, 2015. Fracking in Garrett County is restricted until October, 2017, when the moratorium is lifted, and the state will permit fracking. Now is the time to get involved and alert law makers to the fact that the risks are immense, and we are NOT willing to be collateral damage.
Presentation by Dr Robert Wright, APEC and US Department of Energy at the 2015 CCUS Workshop on CO2 Storage, January 22 at the University of Sonora, Hermosillo
Running head OIL SPILLSOIL SPILLS .docxtoltonkendal
Running head: OIL SPILLS
OIL SPILLS 8
Oil Spills
Name
collage
Introduction:
Oil spills are a serious problem all over the world. It is widely known that oil is the very important resources in human daily life. In this research paper, I will discuss how government and environment scientists have to solve this situation. Billions of dollars are lost and it is an oil spill disaster management so as to rehabilitate the environment. Many countries are focusing on finding a safer ways to transfer oil between countries and remedy the spills. As a worldwide problem, the public should pay more attention to the consequence of oil spills, to prevent the advance effects and seek a preventative measure of the long-term effects associated with oil spills.
Thesis statement: Oil spills cause both short-term and long-term environmental destruction, some of the effects of oil spills can be long-lasting. This research paper looks into the cause and effects of Oil Spills
Cause and Effect Pattern, Problem
Oil spills in water bodies such as rivers, lakes bays and ocean or along the pipelines are usually as a result of accidents which may involve oil tankers, breakage or linkages on the pipeline storage facilities or accidents on the drilling rigs. More often than not these spills are caused by human errors or negligence during operations sometimes equipment's may break down resulting in oil spillage. Another cause of oil spillage is natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes. When they occur they result in massive destruction of the oil storage and drilling facilities. More often than not, a majority of oil transportation facility does not withstand the impact of earthquakes hence they break down causing spillage. In recent years there have been reported spillages caused by deliberate acts e.g. by terrorism, war and vandalism. Illegal dumping of used engine oil and grease has also emerged as a major cause of oil spills.
Oil spills have two major categories of effects namely economic and environmental effects the effects are similar for both patterns only that the large spills have a far-reaching effect. To begin with, we shall look at the environmental effects. Oil spill covers the shoreline with oil residue, as a result, it becomes difficult for plants to thrive. When it occurs on the land, it covers plants, therefore, hindering transpiration as a result plants wither off and die. Aquatic animals choked to death. When the pattern is large the young once of wildlife animals may starve to death because the oil covers there skin making it hard for the mothers to detect their natural smell. Marine oil spills destroy plankton and collar reefs (Ramseur, 2015).
Heavily furred sea mammals subjected to oil spills are afflicted in similar ways. Oil coats the hair of sea otters and seals, lowering its insula ...
Water quality and water resource impacts of oil and gas production
1. What We Know, What We Don’t Know,
and What We Need to Know about the
Tradeoffs of Oil and Gas Development
in the Western US
AirWaterGas NSF Sustainability Research Network | www.airwatergas.org
Mark Williams
University of Colorado Boulder
2. AWG SRN
Embedded
Tech
U Michigan
UC Boulder
Social-Ecological
Systems Analysis
UCB
Water Quality
CSPUP
UCB
Air Quality
UCB
NOAA
NREL
Water Quantity
UCB
CSU
Health Effects
CSPH
Analytical
Laboratory
UC Boulder
Policy and
Practices
UCB
Oil and Gas
Infrastructure
CSM
Outreach
Education
UCB
UCAR
Assessment
UCB
Data
Management
UCB
Water
Treatment
UCB
CSM
3. Which compounds are of concern?
hazardous persistent
mobile
hazardous
compounds that
may reach
drinking water
Joe Ryan slide
4. What We Know
Small number of compounds of concern
a few dozen of concern, not a few hundred
Very low incidence of groundwater
contamination
tens of thousands, a hundred thousand (?)
oil and gas wells hydraulically fractured,
only tens, hundreds (?) of water wells
contaminated
5. What We Don’t Know
Unknown compounds
compounds from producing formations
proprietary compounds
efforts to reduce risk (e.g., CleanStim)
Contaminant properties at
high temperature and pressure
up to 250C (480F), up to 10,000 psi
Flow paths
probabilities of the possibilities?
6. What We Don’t Know
Time
predictions less certain for longer time
