Meeting the challenges of the 21st century Piping made from polyethylene is a cost effective solution for
a broad range of piping problems in municipal, industrial, marine ,mining, landfill, duct and agricultural
applications. It has been tested and proven effective for above ground, surface, buried, sliplined,
floating, and sub-surface marine applications.
High-density polyethylene pipe (HDPE) can carry potable water, wastewater, slurries, chemicals,
hazardous wastes, and compressed gases. In fact, polyethylene pipe has a long and distinguished history
of service to the gas, oil, mining and other industries. It has the lowest repair frequency per mile of pipe
per year compared with all other pressure pipe materials used for urban gas distribution.
Polyethylene is strong, extremely tough and very durable. Whether you're looking for long service,
trouble-free installation, flexibility, resistance to chemicals or a myriad of other features, high-density
polyethylene pipe will meet all your requirements.
Meeting the challenges of the 21st century Piping made from polyethylene is a cost effective solution for
a broad range of piping problems in municipal, industrial, marine ,mining, landfill, duct and agricultural
applications. It has been tested and proven effective for above ground, surface, buried, sliplined,
floating, and sub-surface marine applications.
High-density polyethylene pipe (HDPE) can carry potable water, wastewater, slurries, chemicals,
hazardous wastes, and compressed gases. In fact, polyethylene pipe has a long and distinguished history
of service to the gas, oil, mining and other industries. It has the lowest repair frequency per mile of pipe
per year compared with all other pressure pipe materials used for urban gas distribution.
Polyethylene is strong, extremely tough and very durable. Whether you're looking for long service,
trouble-free installation, flexibility, resistance to chemicals or a myriad of other features, high-density
polyethylene pipe will meet all your requirements.
Water Depletion/Affordability of Food - Presentation by Ashok Kumar Chapagain, Science Director, Water Footprint Network. This presentation was given as part of the 'Metrics of Sustainable Diets and Food Systems Workshop co-organized by Bioversity International and CIHEAM-IAMM, November 4th -5th 2014, Agropolis International, Montpellier
Visit 'Metrics of Sustainable Diets and Food Systems' Workshop webpage.
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/metrics-sustainable-diets-workshop/
Experimental Study on High Strength Concrete using Industrial Wastesijtsrd
Generally the river sand is used as a fine aggregate on concrete and is obtained by mining the sand from river bed. Increased sand mining not only affects the aquifer of the river bed but also causes environmental problems. In recent days demand for river sand is increasing due to its lesser availability. Therefore the practice of replacing river sand with Metakaolin is taking a tremendous growth. It is inferred from the literature that replacement of Metakaolin upto 40 gives tremendous increase in the strength of the concrete above which the strength starts to decrease. Various literatures show that replacing with green sand 30 to 40 replacement seems to be effective. In both the cases the workability decreases with the increase in its quantity. Also Bottom ash and Metakaolin replacement results in the decrease of workability and it leads to uneconomic in the project. This paper presents the replacement of fine aggregate up to 40 . The river sand is replaced by Green sand, and Marble powder. The replacement levels of Green sand and marble powder varies from 5 , 10 , 15 and 20 . From the mix design, the w c ratio is taken to be 0.40. The specimens are to be casted, cured for the respective mix proportions and various strength characteristics of the concrete at 28 days are to be performed. The suitability of the replacement materials as fine aggregate for concrete has been assessed by comparing its strength. Sriram R | Mr. Prabakaran | Mrs. Uma Nambi ""Experimental Study on High Strength Concrete using Industrial Wastes"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23155.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/23155/experimental-study-on-high-strength-concrete-using-industrial-wastes/sriram-r
Water Depletion/Affordability of Food - Presentation by Ashok Kumar Chapagain, Science Director, Water Footprint Network. This presentation was given as part of the 'Metrics of Sustainable Diets and Food Systems Workshop co-organized by Bioversity International and CIHEAM-IAMM, November 4th -5th 2014, Agropolis International, Montpellier
Visit 'Metrics of Sustainable Diets and Food Systems' Workshop webpage.
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/metrics-sustainable-diets-workshop/
Experimental Study on High Strength Concrete using Industrial Wastesijtsrd
Generally the river sand is used as a fine aggregate on concrete and is obtained by mining the sand from river bed. Increased sand mining not only affects the aquifer of the river bed but also causes environmental problems. In recent days demand for river sand is increasing due to its lesser availability. Therefore the practice of replacing river sand with Metakaolin is taking a tremendous growth. It is inferred from the literature that replacement of Metakaolin upto 40 gives tremendous increase in the strength of the concrete above which the strength starts to decrease. Various literatures show that replacing with green sand 30 to 40 replacement seems to be effective. In both the cases the workability decreases with the increase in its quantity. Also Bottom ash and Metakaolin replacement results in the decrease of workability and it leads to uneconomic in the project. This paper presents the replacement of fine aggregate up to 40 . The river sand is replaced by Green sand, and Marble powder. The replacement levels of Green sand and marble powder varies from 5 , 10 , 15 and 20 . From the mix design, the w c ratio is taken to be 0.40. The specimens are to be casted, cured for the respective mix proportions and various strength characteristics of the concrete at 28 days are to be performed. The suitability of the replacement materials as fine aggregate for concrete has been assessed by comparing its strength. Sriram R | Mr. Prabakaran | Mrs. Uma Nambi ""Experimental Study on High Strength Concrete using Industrial Wastes"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23155.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/23155/experimental-study-on-high-strength-concrete-using-industrial-wastes/sriram-r
Effect of mill scale and fly ash waste on the performance of cement mortareSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper investigates effect of mill scale and fly ash wastes as a replacement of fine aggregate generally natural sand on the performance of cement mortar. Utilization of fly ash and mill scale in cement mortar production not only provides significant environmental benefits but also enhances performance of the cement mortar when used at optimum amounts. They may be used in the form of finely ground additive to replace part of aggregates in cement mortar. This study looked at the feasibility of mill scale and fly ash waste inclusion as partial aggregate replacement in normal cement mortar. Properties of cement mortar incorporating fly ash and mill scale waste as partial substitution for natural aggregate were investigated. The study involves six replacement levels of mill scale and fly ash wastes into cement mortar for each mix design. Mortar cubes are tested for strength, & water absorption. The partial replacement of fine aggregate by M(3,30), M(5,30), M(8,30), M(10,30), M(12,30), M(15,30) ( M-mix of mill scale & fly ash %) improves the properties of normal mortar. In the design mix of industrial wastes produced, percentage of fly ash is kept constant (30 %) and mill scale is varied from 0 to 15 % by weight of natural sand. The test results indicate that the mechanical properties of mill scale and fly ash modified mortar are improved to a great extent, whereas the water absorption is reduced as compared to that of plain mortar.
Keywords: Mill Scale, Fly Ash, Compressive Strength, Durability, Water Absorption, Density
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
The Metaverse and AI: how can decision-makers harness the Metaverse for their...Jen Stirrup
The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
1. Water Footprint and Mining
South Africa
Kate Laing
Pegasys Strategy & Development
30 November 2011
www.waterfootprint.org
2. The Water Footprint Network
Mission: Promoting sustainable, equitable and efficient
water use through development of shared standards on
water footprint accounting and guidelines for the reduction
and offsetting of impacts of water footprints.
Network: bringing together expertise from academia,
businesses, civil society, governments and international
organisations.
3. Overview
1. Introduction to Water Footprint
2. How a Water Footprint is calculated?
3. The water impacts of mining
• What would a mining water footprint look like?
4. Who is interested in Water Footprint?
• Water Footprint & Policy
• Water Footprint & Corporates
• Water Footprint & Consumers
5. Water Footprint Response
5. Globalization of Water
Economic perspective:
Water-abundant regions have an advantage
over water-scarce regions, but water is not
factored into the price of commodities.
Environmental-social perspective:
Consumers indirectly contribute to water
depletion and pollution elsewhere, without
covering the cost.
Political perspective:
Several nations become increasingly
dependent on external water resources. Water
becomes a geopolitical resource.
6. The Water Footprint of a product
• The volume of fresh water used to produce the product,
summed over the various steps of the supply chain.
• This is the same concept as virtual water.
• However, a water footprint goes on to:
• Quantify the actual volume
• Consider of the type of water used
• Consider when and where the water is used.
15. Type of water used
Green water footprint
► volume of rainwater evaporated or incorporated into product.
Blue water footprint
► volume of surface or groundwater evaporated,
incorporated into product or returned to another catchment or the sea.
Grey water footprint
► volume of polluted water.
16. Components of a Water Footprint
Direct water footprint Indirect water footprint
consumption
Green water footprint Green water footprint
Water
Water withdrawal
Non-consumptive water
use (return flow)
Blue water footprint Blue water footprint
pollution
Water
Grey water footprint Grey water footprint
The traditional
statistics
on water use
[Hoekstra, 2008]
20. Water footprint of EU‟s Cotton Consumption
Blue Water
421
Mm3/yr
2959M
m3/yr
581
Mm3/yr
803
Mm3/yr
450
Mm3/yr
533
Mm3/yr
690
Mm3/yr
2459
Mm3/yr
Blue water footprint
Million m3/yr
EU25's impact on blue water resources
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
21. Water footprint of EU‟s cotton consumption
Green Water
485
Mm3/yr
165
Mm3/yr
325
186
Mm3/yr
Mm3/yr
283
Mm3/yr
3467
Mm3/yr
Green water footprint
Million m3/yr
EU25's impact on green water resources
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
22. Water footprint of EU‟s cotton consumption
Grey Water
92
310 Mm3/yr
Mm3/yr
635
Mm3/yr
102
Mm3/yr
398
83 Mm3/yr
Mm3/yr
409
Mm3/yr
697
Mm3/yr
Dilution water footprint
Million m3/yr
EU25's impact on global water resources due to pollution
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
23. Water footprint:
Makes a link between consumption in one place and
impacts on water systems elsewhere.
Shrinking Aral Sea
24. Water footprint:
Makes a link between consumption in one place and
impacts on water systems elsewhere
Endangered Indus River Dolphin
[Photo: WWF]
25. Water Footprint vs Carbon Footprint
Water footprint Carbon footprint
• measures freshwater • measures emission GH-
appropriation gasses
• spatial and temporal • no spatial / temporal
dimension dimension
• actual, locally specific values • global average values
• always referring to full supply- • supply-chain included only in
chain „scope 3 carbon accounting‟
• focus on reducing own water • many efforts focused on
footprint (water use units are offsetting (carbon emission
not interchangeable) units are interchangeable)
26. WF vs Life Cycle Assessment
Water footprint LCA
• measures freshwater • measures overall
appropriation environmental impact
• multi-dimensional (type of • no spatial dimension
water use, location, timing)
• actual water volumes, no • weighing water volumes
weighing. based on impacts
28. Type of water used
Green water footprint
► volume of rainwater evaporated or incorporated into product.
Blue water footprint
► volume of surface or groundwater evaporated,
incorporated into product or returned to another catchment or the sea.
Grey water footprint
► volume of polluted water.
29. The green and blue water footprint in relation to the
water balance of a catchment area
Green water footprint Blue water footprint
Non
production-related
Precipitation Production-related Water contained Production-related Water contained Water transfer to
evapotranspiration
evapotranspiration in products evapotranspiration in products other catchment
Catchment area
Abstraction Return flow
Runoff at Runoff from
Soil and vegetation field level Ground- and surface water catchment
[Hoekstra et al., 2011]
30. Green Water Footprint
Green water footprint
• Volume of rainwater evaporated or incorporated into a
product.
• Particularly relevant for agricultural products.
• Typically measured as rain water crop evapotranspiration
• There are some industrial examples of direct use of
rainwater.
.
31. Blue Water Footprint
Blue water footprint
• Volume of surface or groundwater consumed in the production
of a good.
• Consumption refers to the volume of surface water:
• Evaporated or incorporated to a product
• Or abstracted and returned to another catchment/the sea
• In agricultural products this is typically irrigation.
• In industrial production this is BOTH surface and ground water
abstraction.
.
32. Grey Water Footprint
Grey water footprint
• Volume of polluted freshwater associated with the production
of a product over its full supply-chain.
• Calculated as the volume of water that is required to
assimilate pollutants based on ambient water quality
standards.
.
33. Grey water footprint in a catchment
Assimilative capacity
1. WFgrey < R
not fully used
Level of
pollution
L (kg)
Critical Full assimilative
load 2. WFgrey = R capacity of the river
used
L1 L2 L3
Critical load is when assimilation
capacity is fully consumed Pollution exceeding
the assimilative
Lcrit = R (cmax - cnat) 3. WFgrey > R
capacity of the
environment
34. Coherence in water footprint accounts
• WF product = sum of the water footprints of the process steps taken to
produce the product.
• WF consumer = sum of the water footprints of all products consumed by
the consumer.
• WF community = sum of the water footprints of its members.
• WF national consumption = sum of the water footprints of its inhabitants.
• WF business = sum of the water footprints of the final products that the
business produces.
• WF within a geographically delineated area = sum of the process water
footprints of all processes taking place in the area.
35. Unit of a water footprint
• WF of a product: water volume per product unit. Examples:
o water volume per unit of mass
o water volume per unit of money
o water volume per unit of energy (food products, fuels)
36. Green, blue, grey, so what?
Egyptian Wheat: Australian Wheat:
Total water: 930m3/ton Total water: 1588m3/ton
Green water: 0% Green water: 99%
Blue water: 100% Blue water: 1%
37. So what beer? SABMiller
SABMiller Water Futures 2009
39. Type of water used
Green water footprint
► volume of rainwater evaporated or incorporated into product.
Blue water footprint
► volume of surface or groundwater evaporated,
incorporated into product or returned to another catchment or the sea.
Grey water footprint
► volume of polluted water.
40. Water & Mining issues
Mining has an impact upon:
• Water quantity
• Water quality
These factors will both affect the water footprint of a mining
operation.
41. Water Quantity issues
Factors that would affect the water footprint of a mineral output:
• Climatic conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity > affect evaporation rates)
• Primary water source: surface water, ground water or saline water.
• Ore mineralogy and geochemistry (>affects processing)
• Tailings and overburden management (>affects water management).
• Type of commodity (e.g. uranium requires extensive dust suppression).
• The extent of reuse and recycling
• Mine site water management regime (e.g. allowable discharges; treatment)
• Surrounding communities‟ land uses, and/or industries.
• Project design and configuration (type of mining, beneficiation, closure,
etc).
• The initial moisture content of the ore and waste rock.
• Whether the mine is above or below the water table.
• Surrounding hydrogeological conditions (e.g. high permeability aquifers;
artesian groundwater depressuration issues).
42. Water Quality issues
Water quality impacts of mining operations:
• Acid Rock Drainage (ARD).
• Neutral mine drainage (NMD) or Saline Drainage (SD)
• Heavy metal contamination and leaching
• Processing chemicals pollution
• Erosion and sedimentation.
43. Mining & Water Risk
• Extractive companies undertake significant operations in the
location of the resource (extraction, treatment, & often
processing.)
• As such, operations only receive water from an individual
catchment or transfer scheme
• There is almost no scope to move operations once
investment has begun without significant financial costs
(water is expensive to move).
• Water risk is therefore bound to local context.
• Surplus water is as much a risk as scarcity for a mining
company.
44. Shared risk
Dimensions of Water Risk
Physical Risks Regulatory Risks Reputational Risks
Company High reliance on freshwater Increasing competition with Concerns of
Risk other users might lead to stakeholders around
Mines are locationally fixed right curtailment or quality and quantity from
so continual adverse revocation company operations can
conditions cannot be solved cause distribution to
by relocating Increasing cost for rights,
Location of Water risks
operations or increase
storage, waste treatment, cost of doing business
Disruptions of operations and discharge
due to extreme weather Depletion of resource
events Government may reject may create negative
licenses based on perceptions elsewhere in
stakeholder concern the basin
Basin Availability of freshwater Institutional weakness or Large corporates are
Risk limited as a result of other failure can affect water easy scapegoats for
user requirements quantity or quality basin wide water risk
issues around quality
Other basin users might International basins at risk and quantity even if they
pollute water resource if other riparian are not the primary
state(s)have poor contributing party
Climate change might alter regulations
hydrology of basin and user
End users may chose
needs Local companies favoured
not to purchase product
over multi-nationals for
from a particular basin if
licensing and fees
there is high risk
45. This Water Footprint, not That
• Water footprint would be measured in m3/ton of product
• It would vary significantly, between and within ore types.
• It is influenced in large part by the quality of ores.
• Because of the importance of local conditions, the water
footprint of mining varies considerably between sites.
• Operations impact on a mining water footprint
• Mine closure has an impact on a mining water footprint.
46. Water Footprint & Mining
• Water Footprint expands the concept of fresh water consumption:
• Green water
• Grey water
• It helps to talk about “non consumption” (recycled water)
• It creates a shared standard and language for water use.
• Most mines understand their water balance – WF can contribute to
understanding where water is consumed in production and identify where
best to invest in water saving technology or process.
• The WF Assessment helps with understanding the sustainability of water
footprint within the context of the local water resources (impact).
• Mining companies may understand their current water use but may not be
able to plan for future water needs given:
• Expansion of activities
• Climate change.
51. Policy: WF & Water Allocation
1 2 3 Example: Water Footprint of Biofuels
52. Business & Water Footprints
Businesses face water risk:
• Physical risk
• Reputational risk
• Regulatory risk
• Financial risk
There are opportunities for business
• Supply chain risk management
• Corporate image
Corporate social responsibility
1 2 3
53. Water footprint: What is new for business?
• From operations to supply-chain thinking.
• Shifting focus from water withdrawals to consumptive water use.
• From securing the „right to abstract & emit‟ to assessing the full
range of economic, social and environmental impacts of water use
in space and time.
• From meeting emission standards to managing grey water
footprint.
1 2 3
55. SABMiller Water Footprint
Crop Cultivation Crop Processing Brewing Distribution Consumer
Energy Transport Energy Transport Disposal
Fertiliser/ Energy Transport Recycling
pesticide Crop Imports Packaging
Crop Growth Direct Water Raw Materials
(rainfed/ Use Waste
irrigated) Direct Water
Use
1 2 3
57. SABMiller Water Footprint
“Each of these countries are facing different water related
issues, are at different levels of economic development,
use land in different ways and are experiencing different
climatic challenges.” (SABMiller Water Futures)
1 2 3
59. SABMiller 5 R‟s
• Influence farmers in responsible water use
• Understand the watersheds where there are breweries &
P(r)otect bottling plants.
• Where appropriate, replenish water resources through
rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge
• Employ new processes and change behaviour to
Reduce, Reuse & reduce water consumption within plants.
• Collect & re-use waste water within facilities where
Recycle appropriate.
• Investigate and employ new technologies to recycle.
• Provide local communities with clean water through
community investment programmes
Redistribute • Treat waste water so it can be used for irrigation or
other purposes.
1 2 3
61. Consumers & Water Footprint
Protest at the proposed $4.8 billion
Conga gold mine (Peru, 25 November
2011)
Fears that the mine would hurt nearby
water supplies, the mine would cause
pollution and alter sources of
irrigation water.
1 2 3
66. Water Footprint Response
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Avoid the water Water footprint Water footprint
footprint reduction offsetting
67. Avoid, Reduce & Offset
Avoid: do not undertake water-using activities if reasonable
alternatives are available.
Reduce: undertake what is reasonably possible to reduce the existing
water footprint.
Offset: compensate the residual water footprint by making a
reasonable investment (payments or in-kind contributions) in
establishing or supporting projects that aim at a sustainable,
equitable and efficient use of water in the catchment where the
residual water footprint is located.
68. Role of Technology
Preventing water use
redesign of process – e.g. dry sanitation, dry cleaning
Water saving technology
innovative devices in households and industries
water-saving irrigation techniques along the whole supply chain
(storage – distribution – application)
water reuse
Desalination
Pollution prevention
recycling chemicals and materials
wastewater treatment
70. Investor Perspectives
Reduce water risk of investments:
• physical risk formed by water shortages or pollution.
• risk of damaged corporate image
• regulatory risk
• financial risk
There will be increased demand for accounting and substantiated
quantitative water footprint reduction targets from companies.
[Morrison et al., 2009; Pegram et al, 2009; Hoekstra et al., 2009]
71. Government Perspective
Water footprint analysis is becoming embedded in national water
policy making.
It promotes coherence between water and other governmental
policies: environmental, agricultural, energy, trade, foreign policy.
Future requirements for product transparency - annual water footprint
accounts and implementation of water footprint reduction measures.
e.g. through promoting a water label for water-intensive
products;
e.g. through water-certification of businesses.
72. Government Perspective
Water use efficiency at different levels:
Level Means
User level Create incentives to the water user:
water pricing, promoting technology,
Local water use efficiency awareness raising
River basin level Allocate water where its value
added is highest
Water allocation efficiency
Global level Virtual water trade from water-
abundant to water-scarce regions
Global water use efficiency
Key question: how to develop a coherent set of actions at different spatial
levels to solve local water problems?
73.
74. Thank You
Kate Laing
Pegasys Strategy & Development
Email: kate@pegasys.co.za
Twitter: @kate_laing
www.waterfootprint.org