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cement industry
- 2. reference
- 3. • Concrete is second only to water as the most consumed substance on Earth, with almost one ton of it being used for each human every year on the planet earth • one of the largest greenhouse gas emitting, highly energy and natural resource consuming industries
- 4. • To assess the life cycle of Portland cement manufacturing process to minimize the environmental impact.
- 5. • Types : 1) Hydro process (Wet process) 2) Pyro process (Dry process) • Considering life cycle of cement, it undergoes various chemical and physical transformations. • Considering product system: • Inputs: Raw materials and energy (Electricity and fuel sources) • Outputs: Principal product, Emissions to air, solid waste, other environmental interactions
- 6. Lime Stone Mining Crushing Stacking and reclaiming Raw material grinding Raw meal storage and blending Preheating and burning Clinker cooling Clinker storage Clinker grinding Cement storage in silos Packing and dispatch Use Disposal Other raw material Water effluents Airborne emissions Solid waste Other environmental interactions Energy
- 8. • Cement is an inorganic, non-metallic substance with hydraulic binding properties, and is used as a bonding agent in building materials. Cement Compound Weight Percentage Chemical Formula Abbreviated Notation Tricalcium silicate 50 Ca3SiO5 or 3CaO•SiO2 C3S Dicalcium silicate 25 Ca2SiO4 or 2CaO•SiO2 C2S Tricalcium aluminate 10 Ca3Al2O6 or 3CaO •Al2O3 C3A Tetracalcium aluminoferrite 10 Ca4Al2Fe2O10 or CaO•Al2O3•Fe2O3 C4AF Gypsum 5 CaSO4•2H2O
- 10. • To assess the potential environmental impact due to cement manufacturing process • Purpose of this study is the outcomes and conclusions will be beneficial for SriLankan cement industry so as to tackle with environmental impacts, energy efficiency and cost effectiveness.
- 11. • The scope of the project focuses on the raw material acquisition, processing, and product manufacturing stages i.e. lime stone mining to Cement.
- 13. Emissions ( e.g. CFCs) Chemical reaction releases Cl, Br Cl, Br destroy ozone Midpoint ( Ozone depletion potential ODP ) Less ozone allows increased UVB radiation - Endpoint Skin cancer Crop damage Immune system suppression Cataracts Marine life damage Damage to materials like plastics
- 14. The categories of the environmental problems • Resource depletion/Abiotic depletion ADP • Global warming , GWP • Acidification, AP • Photo-oxidant formation, POCP • Eutrophication, EP • Human toxicity, HTP
- 15. • Graphical presentation of emitted particulate mater based on functional unit 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 R & K exhaust Cooler Cement mill Coal mill LM crusher kg/tonLMcrusherofcement
- 16. • Valuing / Weighting
- 17. • SriLankan cement industry is one of the most growing industrial sector. • SriLanka’s per capita cement consumption is below than the world average per capita cement consumption. • There are many new cement manufacturing units and cement grinding units are in progress in India. • Still the reliable and acceptable LCA are not available for specifically SriLankan conditions. • The LCAs should be carried out for different types of cement. The LCA of cement will help to better use of natural resources with minimized environmental impact.
- 18. • Enclosing cement mill section and using rubber curtains as a barriers for dust. • Control the corrosion of different transfer platforms. • Provision of dust suction facility at ground level • A comprehensive norm for cement industry (covering all pollutants, when coal and/or alternate fuels are used.) • Incentivizing the use of wastes as raw materials / fuels.
- 19. • Efforts for enrichment of low grade limestone • Shifting emphasis from environment control to environment protection (using globally accepted decision making tools like LCA to operational mines.) • Utilization of biodiesel for quarrying operations to lower lifecycle emission profiles. Conclusions/ Recommendations • Encouraging cement plants to take up LCA studies voluntarily for continual improvement. • Waste heat recovery system
- 20. • National policy to systemize supply on long term basis for consistent quality waste derived fuel. • Encouraging manufacture of blended cement and incentivizing the conversion of OPC grinding facilities to PPC. • Optimization of supply & distribution of fly ash within a cluster. • Encouraging production of low energy cement. • Encouraging creation of additional grinding capacities near demand centers (Split location).
- 21. • Policy initiatives to discourage the usage of packed cement bags for large infrastructure projects and bulk consumers. • Encouraging the investments in bulk material handling and transport facilities to bring down seepage loss • Encouraging the cement plants to practice common / strategic sourcing across the cement sector for environmental improvement in a cluster. • Encouraging creation of a Environmental Data Bank shared sourcing center, (NCB as nodal agency to share experience and technical participation).
- 22. REFERENCE • Vijay Kulkarni and Ramachandran, T.V. 2009, Environmental Management, • Ralph Home, Tim Grant and Karli Varghese, Published by CSIRO Publishing, 2009, Life Cycle Assessment – Principles, practices and prospects • INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 14040, First edition 1997-06- 15, • Life Cycle Assessment: A Tool for Evaluating and Comparing Different Treatment Options for Plastic Wastes • UNEP LCA Training Kit, Module e – Impact assessment, Life Cycle • Internet access • www.lcacenter.org • http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/lcaccess/index.html • http://www.scienceinthebox.com/en_UK/sustainability/lifecycleassessment_en. html • http://www.youtube/lx3945tyr0