Water makes up a large percentage of the human body and serves many critical functions. It acts as a solvent, transport medium, and aids in temperature regulation. Water intake and output must balance, with intake coming from food, liquids, and metabolism, and output through urine, skin, breath, and feces. The body also contains intracellular and extracellular water compartments. Minerals are important micronutrients that provide structure, help maintain bodily functions, and regulate metabolism as components of enzymes and hormones. Major minerals are required in larger amounts while trace minerals are needed in smaller quantities.

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Water and
Minerals
K O N G A I YA B
M P T ( N e u r o ) I s t Y r

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WATER

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INTRODUCTION
Water is a clear liquid that has no colour or taste which can
exisit in all three forms as liquid, solid and gas.
It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is decribed
as the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT and SOLVENT OF LIFE.
Its chemical formula is H20.

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Physical Properties
 Excellent solvent
Hight dielectric constant
Hight surface tension
High heat of vapourization
High heat of melting
High heat capacity

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Water in HUMAN BODY
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• Water makes up from 40 to 70% of body mass, depending on age, gender, and body
composition (i.e., differences in lean vs. fat tissue). Water constitutes 65 to 75% of the
weight of muscle and about 10% of the weight of fat. Body fat has a relatively low water
content, so individuals with more total fat have a smaller overall percentage of their
body weight as water.
• The body contains two fluid “compartments.” One compartment, intracellular, refers to
fluid inside the cells, whereas extracellular includes fluids that flow within the
microscopic spaces between cells (interstitial fluid) as well as lymph, saliva, fluid in the
eyes, fluid secreted by glands and the digestive tract, fluid that bathes the spinal cord
nerves, and fluid excreted from the skin and kidneys.
• Blood plasma accounts for nearly 20% of the extracellular fluid (3 to 4 L).

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Percentage of water distributed in different fluid
compartments

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Terminologies

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FUNCTIONS OF BODY WATER
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• Serves as a transport and reactive medium
• Aids in removal of waste products.
• In conjunction with proteins, lubricates joints and cushions a variety
of “moving” organs such as the heart, lungs, intestines, and eyes.
• Water is noncompressible so it gives structure and form to the body
through the turgor it provides for body tissues.
• Water has tremendous heat-stabilizing qualities because it absorbs
considerable heat with only small changes in temperature.

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Water Balance: INTAKE VERSUS OUTPUT
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INTAKE OUTPUT
• A sedentary adult in a thermoneutral
environment requires about 2.5 L of water
daily.
• For an active person in a warm, humid
environment, the water requirement often
increases to between 5 and 10 L daily.
• Three sources provide this water:
1. Foods (1 L)
2. Liquids (1.2L)
3. Metabolism (350 ml)
• Water loss from the body occurs in four ways:
1. In urine(1.25 L)
2. Through skin (0.85L)
3. As water vapor in expired air(0.35)
4. In feces(0.1L)

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DAILY REQUIREMENT FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
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Water requirement in physical activity and dehydration
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Related Article
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“
Water is EVERYWHERE around and
EVERYWHERE in us!!!
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Reference
Te x t b o o k o f e x e r c i s e p h y s i o l o g y W i l l i a m D . M c A r d l e , F r a n k
I . K a t c h , V i c t o r L . K a t c h
W e b b e r s N u t r i t i o n
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MINERALS
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Approximately 4% of the body’s mass consists of 22 mostly metallic elements, collectively called
minerals. Minerals serve as constituents of enzymes, hormones, and vitamins; they combine with
other chemicals (e.g., calcium phosphate in bone, iron in the heme of hemoglobin) or exist
singularly (e.g., free calcium and sodium in body fluids).
Most minerals, major or trace, occur freely in nature— mainly in the waters of rivers, lakes, and
oceans; in topsoil; and beneath the earth’s surface. Minerals exist in the root systems of plants
and the body structure of animals that consume plants and water containing minerals.
The minerals essential to life include seven major minerals (required in amounts >100 mg daily)
and 14 minor or trace minerals (required in amounts <100 mg daily)
Consuming excess amount of minerals has no positive physiological effects but can lead toxic
effects in the body.
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Introduction

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ROLE OF MINERALS IN THE BODY
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• Minerals serve three broad functions in the body:
1. Provide structure in forming bones and teeth.
2. Help to maintain normal bodily functions (e.g., heart rhythm,
muscle contractility, neural conductivity, acid-base balance).
3. Regulate metabolism by becoming constituents of enzymes and
hormones that modulate cellular activity

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Major minerals
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Trace Minerals
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Required amount of minerals
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RELATED ARTICLE
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Te x t b o o k o f E x e r c i s e p h y s i o l o g y V i c t o r L . K a t c h , F r a n k I
K a t c h
W e b b e r s N u t r i t i o n .
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Reference

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Thank You