Water is essential for life and covers most of the Earth's surface. It exists in different states such as liquid, vapor, and solid. Most water is found in oceans, while a small portion is found on land as freshwater in rivers, lakes, underground aquifers, and other sources. Water has unique properties like cohesion, surface tension, and high heat capacity that allow life to exist. Conservation efforts aim to ensure a sustainable water supply by reducing consumption and waste. Common conservation methods include fixing leaks, using efficient appliances, and watering landscapes efficiently.

1. “Water Resources”
The definition of water resource is the total range of
natural waters present on earth and have potential to use by
human beings.
These water resources may occur in form of
liquid, vapor or solid .these resources include rivers, lakes,
underground water, oceans, snow fields, glaciers, etc.
Water covers 71% of earth’s surface and vital for all
forms of life on it. 1.6% of water is below the ground in
aquifer and 0.001% is present in air as vapor, perspiration and
clouds. 0.6% of water is present on land’s surface in form of
rivers, lakes and ponds. Glaciers and polar ice caps cover 2.4%.
97% , the largest part of surface water is in form of oceans.

2. Water unique properties:
1. Cohesion: is the sticking together of similar molecules. Water is very
cohesive. This allows water to be pulled along a pathway with relative ease.
2. Surface Tension: cohesion allows water to pull together and form droplets
or form an interface between it and other surfaces. The measure of how hard
it is to break this interface is its surface tension.
Water allows materials to rest upon it if the surface tension is not broken.
Pollen, dust, water insects, and other biological materials are able to remain
on the surface of the water because of this tension.
3. Adhesion: The sticking of one substance to another. Water is a good
adhesive. It will cling on to many objects and act as a glue. Capillary Action
is an example of cohesion and adhesion working together to move water up
a thin tube.
4. Imbibition: The process of soaking into a hydrophilic substance. Water
being taken into a sponge, into a seed, into paper towels.

3. 5. High Specific Heat: Specific heat of a substance is the heat needed (gained or
lost) to change the temperature of 1g. of a substance 1degree Celsius. Heat is the
total quantity of kinetic energy due to molecular motion. Temperature measures the
intensity of the average kinetic energy of the molecules. Heat and temperature are
not the same thing. A Kilocalorie or large C equals 1,000 small calories. It takes 1,000
calories to raise 1,000g. of water 1 degree C. Nutritional Packaging has the calorie
measurements in Kilocalories. One gram of Protein = 3 calories. This means 3,000
small calories or 3 Kilocalories.
6. High Heat of Vaporization: Water must absorb a certain amount of additional
heat to change from a liquid into a gas. This extra heat is called heat of vaporization.
In humans, this value is 576 cal/g. This results in evaporative cooling of the surface.
Alcohol has a value of 237cal/g. and chloroform 59cal/g.
As one can see water removes much more heat from a surface upon evaporation than
does either alcohol or chloroform.
7. Freezing and Expansion of Water: Water is most dense at 4 degrees C. At )
degrees C. it is 10% less dense. Ice floats because maximum Hydrogen bonding
occurs at 0 degrees C.
8. Versatile Solvent: Water is a major solvent in nature. When water and another
substance is mixed the resulting solution is called an aqueous solution.

4. Water conservation
Water conservation can be defined as:
• Any beneficial reduction in water loss, use or
waste as well as the preservation of water quality.
• A reduction in water use accomplished by
implementation of water conservation or water
efficiency measures; or,
• Improved water management practices that
reduce or enhance the beneficial use of water.

5. Goals
The goals of water conservation efforts include as follows:
• Sustainability. To ensure availability for future generations,
the withdrawal of fresh water from an ecosystem should
not exceed its natural replacement rate.
• Energy conservation. Water pumping, delivery, and
wastewater treatment facilities consume a significant
amount of energy. In some regions of the world over 15% of
total electricity consumption is devoted to water
management.
• Habitat conservation. Minimizing human water use helps
to preserve fresh water habitats for local wildlife and
migrating waterfowl, as well as reducing the need to build
new dams and other water diversion infrastructures.
• Reduce water consumption per capita.

6. 10 Ways To Conserve Water
• There are a number of ways to save water, and they all start with
you.
#2
• When washing dishes by hand, don't let the water run while
rinsing. Fill one sink with wash water and the other with rinse
water.

7. #3
• Some refrigerators, air conditioners and ice-makers are cooled
with wasted flows of water. Consider upgrading with air-
cooled appliances for significant water savings.
#4
• Adjust sprinklers so only your lawn is watered and not the
house, sidewalk, or street.
#5
• Run your clothes washer and dishwasher only when they are
full. You can save up to 1,000 gallons a month.
#6
• Choose shrubs and groundcovers instead of turf for hard-to-
water areas such as steep slopes and isolated strips.
#7
• Install covers on pools and spas and check for leaks around
your pumps.

8. #8
• Use the garbage disposal sparingly. Compost vegetable food waste
instead and save gallons every time.
#9
• Plant in the fall when conditions are cooler and rainfall is more
plentiful.
• For cold drinks keep a pitcher of water in the refrigerator instead
of running the tap. This way, every drop goes down you and not
the drain.

11. PREPARED BY:
HADZRA MAE DAUD
RADZMIL ALISLA
CASMIR SALIC
MIL GERUSALEM JAY GERNER
JONIEL ALIGATO