This project discuss the susceptibility of corona virus due to biomedical waste produced daily as a result of the virus. It also puts across the challenges and the solution to handle this waste in India before disposing of.
This presentation focuses on a short history of bioterrorism, description, its advantages and disadvantages and organisms incorporated into weapons are also shown here.
Biomedical waste includes human waste, animal waste, and materials contaminated with blood or body fluids. It is generated from healthcare, research, and laboratory facilities. The document discusses the types and categories of biomedical waste, how it should be segregated by color-coded containers, and the various treatment and disposal methods. Key steps in management include waste surveys, segregation, collection, storage, transportation, and final treatment through incineration, autoclaving, chemical disinfection, or secured landfilling depending on the waste category. Proper biomedical waste handling is important to prevent disease transmission and protect environmental health.
Needle stick injury BE aware......................Pradnya Sane
This document discusses needlestick injuries among healthcare workers. It notes that such injuries are caused by stress, carelessness, improper passing of sharps, and lack of knowledge about the seriousness. Nurses have the highest risk of injury, making up 48% of those affected. The highest sources of injury are garbage bags, needle recapping, and IV line administration. While the risk of infection from a needlestick is low, healthcare workers should still promptly report injuries and follow post-exposure protocols to reduce risk of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or HIV transmission. Proper sharps disposal, immunization, and avoiding risky behaviors can help reduce needlestick injuries among healthcare workers.
Introduction to bioterrorism , history of bioterrorism, key features of biological agents used as bioweapons, biological agents and effects, bioterrorism agents, effects of biological attacks, COVID-19 used as bioweapon , technology at work, preventive measures.
Sharp injuries and needle stick post exposure prophylaxis [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Sharp injuries and needle stick post exposure prophylaxis
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Are you injured by used needle ? You may be at risk of getting blood born pathogen like HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Good news is that still you have chance of protect yourself from potential HIV and Hepatis B infection by using post exposure prophylaxis.
The document provides an overview of infectious waste management. It begins by noting there is no agreed upon definition of "infectious waste" and discusses factors necessary for a waste to cause infection, including the presence of a pathogen, its virulence, sufficient dose, and a susceptible host. The document then outlines key components that should be included in an infectious waste management plan, such as designation, segregation, packaging, storage, transport, treatment, disposal, contingency planning, and staff training. It emphasizes the role of infection control professionals in developing a safe and effective plan based on scientific evidence.
This presentation focuses on a short history of bioterrorism, description, its advantages and disadvantages and organisms incorporated into weapons are also shown here.
Biomedical waste includes human waste, animal waste, and materials contaminated with blood or body fluids. It is generated from healthcare, research, and laboratory facilities. The document discusses the types and categories of biomedical waste, how it should be segregated by color-coded containers, and the various treatment and disposal methods. Key steps in management include waste surveys, segregation, collection, storage, transportation, and final treatment through incineration, autoclaving, chemical disinfection, or secured landfilling depending on the waste category. Proper biomedical waste handling is important to prevent disease transmission and protect environmental health.
Needle stick injury BE aware......................Pradnya Sane
This document discusses needlestick injuries among healthcare workers. It notes that such injuries are caused by stress, carelessness, improper passing of sharps, and lack of knowledge about the seriousness. Nurses have the highest risk of injury, making up 48% of those affected. The highest sources of injury are garbage bags, needle recapping, and IV line administration. While the risk of infection from a needlestick is low, healthcare workers should still promptly report injuries and follow post-exposure protocols to reduce risk of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or HIV transmission. Proper sharps disposal, immunization, and avoiding risky behaviors can help reduce needlestick injuries among healthcare workers.
Introduction to bioterrorism , history of bioterrorism, key features of biological agents used as bioweapons, biological agents and effects, bioterrorism agents, effects of biological attacks, COVID-19 used as bioweapon , technology at work, preventive measures.
Sharp injuries and needle stick post exposure prophylaxis [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Sharp injuries and needle stick post exposure prophylaxis
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Are you injured by used needle ? You may be at risk of getting blood born pathogen like HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Good news is that still you have chance of protect yourself from potential HIV and Hepatis B infection by using post exposure prophylaxis.
The document provides an overview of infectious waste management. It begins by noting there is no agreed upon definition of "infectious waste" and discusses factors necessary for a waste to cause infection, including the presence of a pathogen, its virulence, sufficient dose, and a susceptible host. The document then outlines key components that should be included in an infectious waste management plan, such as designation, segregation, packaging, storage, transport, treatment, disposal, contingency planning, and staff training. It emphasizes the role of infection control professionals in developing a safe and effective plan based on scientific evidence.
This document discusses recombinant DNA vaccines. It explains that DNA vaccines use genetic material from pathogens to induce an immune response against the pathogen. The genetic material is injected into host cells where it is expressed to produce foreign antigens that the immune system responds to. This induces both antibody and cellular immunity. Recombinant DNA vaccines are considered a third generation of vaccines as they rely on plasmid DNA to produce antigens rather than an inactivated or attenuated pathogen. They have advantages like inducing long-lasting immunity and not requiring refrigeration. However, they can currently only encode protein antigens. Human trials are ongoing for DNA vaccines against diseases like AIDS, influenza, Ebola, and malaria.
The Biomedical Waste Management of the wastes which are colour coded to Yellow, i.e., the Pharmaceutical and Medical Wastes are described along with the steps of Management here. Everything is explained along with Images and simple yet completely understandable contents.
The pictures placed in the document belongs to their respective owners. Strictly no copyright infringement intended.
Biological weapons are living organisms or toxins that can be used as weapons to kill or incapacitate humans, animals, or plants. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens. Biological weapons are categorized based on their priority and how easily they can spread. Some historical uses of biological weapons include using plague-infected corpses in the 14th century and smallpox against Native Americans in the 18th century. Modern concerns include the growing availability of gene editing technology that could be misused to create new biological weapons. Defenses against biological weapons focus on detection, protective equipment, vaccines, and rapid medical response.
Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Challenge for Joint ActionSIANI
Presented by Juan Lubroth at the seminar "Antimicrobial resistance; linkages between humans, livestock and water in peri-urban areas" at the World Water Week, 29th August 2016.
Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. There are three main types of influenza viruses (A, B, C) with Type A causing the most severe illness. Influenza viruses are constantly evolving through antigenic drift and antigenic shift, allowing them to evade host immunity. Vaccines aim to induce antibodies against predicted circulating strains, but the viruses' evolution requires continuous surveillance and vaccine updates. Influenza poses a significant disease burden, with estimated annual deaths ranging from 3,000 to 48,000 in the US alone.
Viruses are Different From Other Microbes
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. They depend totally on their host cells for their existence. Their total host dependence makes it, extremely difficult to get good insight of them natural conditions, because the internal characteristics of the host cells are likely to interfere with the observations. Due to these reasons, it has been found desirable that viruses are cultivated or grown in the laboratory itself.
Laboratory animals
Fertilized Hen’s Egg
Chorioallantoic membrane
Allantoic cavity
Amniotic cavity
Yolk sac
Organ/Tissue/Cell Culture
Growth identified by serological method like neutralization.
Embryonated Egg Chorioallantioc membrane (CAM)
Allantoic cavity
Amniotic cavity
Yolk Sac
Cell Lines/ Tissue cultures Primary
Diploid/ Secondary
Continuous
Animal inoculation Suckling
Embryonated Hen’s Egg
Cultivation of Viruses and Bacteria
Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) – visible lesions called pocks. Each infectious virus particle forms one pock. e.g. Variola, Vaccinia virus
Allantoic cavity – Influenza virus (vaccine production) & paramyxoviruses
Amniotic cavity – primary isolation of Influenza virus
Yolk sac – Chlamydia, Rickettsia & some viruses
Embryonated eggs:
The Embryonated hen’s egg was first used for cultivation of viruses by Good Pasteur and Burnet (1931). Cultivation of viruses in organized tissues like chick embryo necessitates a different type of approach.. For all practical purposes they all themselves behave as tissue cultures. The process of cultivation of viruses in embryonated eggs depends on the type of egg which is used. The egg used for cultivation must be sterile and the shell should be intact and healthy.
F.M. Burnet in the laboratory
in the early 1950's,
was experimenting
on influenza virus genetics,
using the developing hen's egg
Inoculated eggs are candled
daily to see the chicken
embryos inside.
Animals and chick embryo
were the first method that was used
to cultivate virus. This method is rarely
used as it is not convenient.
However, when preparing for bulk virus,
(e.g. antigen or vaccine production)
the usage of chick embryo is useful.
Fertile chicken eggs provide
a convenient, space-saving incubator
for many kinds of animal viruses.
Different viruses can be injected
into an egg at different sites and
the egg can be easily observed
for viral replication throughout
the development of the chicken embryo.
Isolation and cultivation of many avian
This document provides information on dengue fever. It begins with a brief history of dengue virus and discusses its classification. It then describes the virus structure, life cycle, transmission, clinical presentation and diagnosis. Key points include that dengue virus is an arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, there are four serotypes, and secondary infection with a different serotype increases the risk of severe disease like dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome due to antibody-dependent enhancement. Clinical features range from a self-limiting flu-like illness to severe bleeding and organ impairment. Diagnosis involves antigen detection, antibody testing and molecular methods.
The document provides guidelines for the safe disposal of dead bodies and carcasses during disease outbreaks such as anthrax, plague, and avian influenza. Key recommendations include:
1) Carcasses of animals that died of anthrax should be disposed of by incineration or rendering to prevent the spread of infection.
2) During plague outbreaks, the bodies of human victims should be cremated or buried according to local customs to safely dispose of them.
3) Dead birds and materials during avian influenza outbreaks should be buried or burned in deep pits and the areas disinfected to control the spread of the disease.
Bioterrorism involves the intentional release of biological agents like viruses, bacteria, or toxins to cause disease or death in humans, animals, or plants. It has occurred throughout history, such as when the British distributed smallpox-infected blankets to Native Americans in the 18th century. Biological weapons are categorized based on their contagiousness and lethality. Category A agents like anthrax, smallpox, and plague are highly contagious and lethal. While biological attacks are difficult to carry out and predict, strengthening public health measures like disease monitoring and drug development can help address this threat.
The document discusses bio-medical waste management. It defines bio-medical waste and outlines the objectives of proper management which are to minimize waste production, recycle waste when possible, treat waste through safe methods, ensure safety during handling, and prevent healthcare-associated infections. It classifies waste into four categories (yellow, red, white, blue) and describes the appropriate treatment and disposal methods for each category of waste.
In this presentation, we discuss the clinical trial process for the new Covid-19 vaccines. We discuss the different vaccine types. We also discuss the Covid-19 vaccines that the UK is currently using in the NHS, as well as vaccines likely to be used in the next year.
This presentation discusses environmental decontamination and infection control practices. It provides a brief history of environmental decontamination methods dating back to ancient times. It then discusses the role of the hospital environment in infection transmission, highlighting reservoirs like air, water, surfaces. Specific multidrug-resistant organisms like VRE, MRSA, A. baumanii are discussed in relation to environmental contamination. The roles of cleaning with detergents versus use of disinfectants on surfaces are reviewed based on past studies. Newer terminal room decontamination strategies like hydrogen peroxide vapor and UV light are presented as highly effective alternatives to standard cleaning methods.
This document discusses biological weapons and bioterrorism. It defines biological weapons and lists ideal characteristics. It describes epidemiological clues to detecting a biological attack and biosafety levels. It focuses on smallpox, anthrax, plague, and botulism as potential biological weapons and summarizes detection, treatment, prophylaxis, and response in the event of a biological attack.
There are four main types of COVID-19 vaccines: viral vector vaccines like AstraZeneca, genetic vaccines like Moderna and Pfizer, inactivated vaccines like Sinovac, and protein-based vaccines like Novavax. Viral vector and genetic vaccines work by introducing genetic material that causes cells to produce viral proteins to stimulate an immune response. Inactivated vaccines contain killed virus to trigger immunity. Protein vaccines contain synthesized spike proteins to teach the immune system to recognize the virus. Common side effects include pain at the injection site, tiredness, and fever.
Epidemiology, Disease and Preventive Strategies of RabiesDilshan Wijeratne
This document provides information on rabies control in Sri Lanka. It discusses the global and local epidemiology of rabies, describing it as a neglected tropical disease transmitted primarily from dogs to humans. It then outlines strategies for rabies control, including post-exposure prophylaxis for exposed individuals, mass dog vaccination programs to achieve herd immunity, environmental control measures, and inter-sectoral coordination between ministries. Surveillance systems are also summarized to monitor rabies in humans and animals. The overall aim is elimination of rabies in Sri Lanka by 2020 through coordinated prevention and control efforts.
This document discusses the management of biomedical waste. It defines biomedical waste as waste generated during diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of humans or animals. It notes that 85% of healthcare waste is non-infectious, while 10-25% is hazardous. Hazardous waste is further divided into two types - infectious solid waste and hazardous chemicals. The document outlines the different categories of biomedical waste and appropriate treatment and disposal methods for each category.
Coronaviruses can cause respiratory infections in humans and are named for their crown-like appearance under electron microscopy. Common human coronaviruses include HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63, HKU1, and MERS-CoV. In December 2019, a new coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China causing pneumonia and was subsequently named 2019-nCoV. It is genetically similar to SARS-CoV and can be transmitted between animals and people through air droplets. Symptoms include fever, cough, breathing difficulties, and pneumonia.
This document describes a plasma sterilizer. It begins by explaining what sterilization and plasma sterilization are. Plasma sterilization uses mechanisms like free radicals, UV/VUV radiation, and volatilization to eliminate microorganisms. It then discusses different methods of plasma sterilization like dielectric barrier discharge, inductively coupled plasma, and atmospheric pressure plasma jets. The document concludes by providing details about a specific low-temperature plasma sterilizer model made by Tuttnaurer, including its features, sterilization programs, and use of a process challenge device.
Impact of covid-19 on garment sector in bangladeshKhademulIslam15
The document discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Bangladesh's garment sector. It notes that the garment industry is a key contributor to Bangladesh's economy, accounting for over 80% of exports and 20% of GDP. However, the pandemic has severely impacted the sector through cancelled orders and declining revenues. This has led to widespread job losses, with over one-third of garment workers estimated to have lost their jobs. The economic fallout from troubles in the garment industry poses major challenges for Bangladesh and risks exacerbating unemployment and poverty in the country.
Impact of Covid-19 On The RMG Industry Of Bangladesh..pdfMd. Nazmul Haque
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the ready-made garment (RMG) industry in Bangladesh, which is one of the country's largest and most important sectors, accounting for around 80% of the country's exports and providing employment to over 4 million workers.
The impact of COVID-19 on the RMG industry of Bangladesh can be seen in the following ways:
Orders Cancellations: Many retailers and brands in the US and Europe canceled their orders or postponed them, leading to a severe drop in demand for Bangladeshi-made garments.
Supply Chain Disruptions: The pandemic has disrupted global supply chains, causing delays in the delivery of raw materials and finished products. This has caused significant challenges in meeting production deadlines and increased the cost of production.
Factory Closures: To contain the spread of the virus, many factories in Bangladesh had to temporarily shut down, causing significant financial losses for factory owners and job losses for workers.
Health and Safety Concerns: The pandemic has also raised concerns about the health and safety of workers in factories, leading to the need for additional safety measures and increased costs for factory owners.
Overall, the pandemic has had a severe impact on the RMG industry in Bangladesh, with many factories struggling to survive, and workers facing significant job losses and income reductions. The industry is gradually recovering from the initial shock, but it may take time to fully regain its pre-pandemic level of activity.
This document discusses recombinant DNA vaccines. It explains that DNA vaccines use genetic material from pathogens to induce an immune response against the pathogen. The genetic material is injected into host cells where it is expressed to produce foreign antigens that the immune system responds to. This induces both antibody and cellular immunity. Recombinant DNA vaccines are considered a third generation of vaccines as they rely on plasmid DNA to produce antigens rather than an inactivated or attenuated pathogen. They have advantages like inducing long-lasting immunity and not requiring refrigeration. However, they can currently only encode protein antigens. Human trials are ongoing for DNA vaccines against diseases like AIDS, influenza, Ebola, and malaria.
The Biomedical Waste Management of the wastes which are colour coded to Yellow, i.e., the Pharmaceutical and Medical Wastes are described along with the steps of Management here. Everything is explained along with Images and simple yet completely understandable contents.
The pictures placed in the document belongs to their respective owners. Strictly no copyright infringement intended.
Biological weapons are living organisms or toxins that can be used as weapons to kill or incapacitate humans, animals, or plants. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens. Biological weapons are categorized based on their priority and how easily they can spread. Some historical uses of biological weapons include using plague-infected corpses in the 14th century and smallpox against Native Americans in the 18th century. Modern concerns include the growing availability of gene editing technology that could be misused to create new biological weapons. Defenses against biological weapons focus on detection, protective equipment, vaccines, and rapid medical response.
Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Challenge for Joint ActionSIANI
Presented by Juan Lubroth at the seminar "Antimicrobial resistance; linkages between humans, livestock and water in peri-urban areas" at the World Water Week, 29th August 2016.
Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. There are three main types of influenza viruses (A, B, C) with Type A causing the most severe illness. Influenza viruses are constantly evolving through antigenic drift and antigenic shift, allowing them to evade host immunity. Vaccines aim to induce antibodies against predicted circulating strains, but the viruses' evolution requires continuous surveillance and vaccine updates. Influenza poses a significant disease burden, with estimated annual deaths ranging from 3,000 to 48,000 in the US alone.
Viruses are Different From Other Microbes
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. They depend totally on their host cells for their existence. Their total host dependence makes it, extremely difficult to get good insight of them natural conditions, because the internal characteristics of the host cells are likely to interfere with the observations. Due to these reasons, it has been found desirable that viruses are cultivated or grown in the laboratory itself.
Laboratory animals
Fertilized Hen’s Egg
Chorioallantoic membrane
Allantoic cavity
Amniotic cavity
Yolk sac
Organ/Tissue/Cell Culture
Growth identified by serological method like neutralization.
Embryonated Egg Chorioallantioc membrane (CAM)
Allantoic cavity
Amniotic cavity
Yolk Sac
Cell Lines/ Tissue cultures Primary
Diploid/ Secondary
Continuous
Animal inoculation Suckling
Embryonated Hen’s Egg
Cultivation of Viruses and Bacteria
Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) – visible lesions called pocks. Each infectious virus particle forms one pock. e.g. Variola, Vaccinia virus
Allantoic cavity – Influenza virus (vaccine production) & paramyxoviruses
Amniotic cavity – primary isolation of Influenza virus
Yolk sac – Chlamydia, Rickettsia & some viruses
Embryonated eggs:
The Embryonated hen’s egg was first used for cultivation of viruses by Good Pasteur and Burnet (1931). Cultivation of viruses in organized tissues like chick embryo necessitates a different type of approach.. For all practical purposes they all themselves behave as tissue cultures. The process of cultivation of viruses in embryonated eggs depends on the type of egg which is used. The egg used for cultivation must be sterile and the shell should be intact and healthy.
F.M. Burnet in the laboratory
in the early 1950's,
was experimenting
on influenza virus genetics,
using the developing hen's egg
Inoculated eggs are candled
daily to see the chicken
embryos inside.
Animals and chick embryo
were the first method that was used
to cultivate virus. This method is rarely
used as it is not convenient.
However, when preparing for bulk virus,
(e.g. antigen or vaccine production)
the usage of chick embryo is useful.
Fertile chicken eggs provide
a convenient, space-saving incubator
for many kinds of animal viruses.
Different viruses can be injected
into an egg at different sites and
the egg can be easily observed
for viral replication throughout
the development of the chicken embryo.
Isolation and cultivation of many avian
This document provides information on dengue fever. It begins with a brief history of dengue virus and discusses its classification. It then describes the virus structure, life cycle, transmission, clinical presentation and diagnosis. Key points include that dengue virus is an arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, there are four serotypes, and secondary infection with a different serotype increases the risk of severe disease like dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome due to antibody-dependent enhancement. Clinical features range from a self-limiting flu-like illness to severe bleeding and organ impairment. Diagnosis involves antigen detection, antibody testing and molecular methods.
The document provides guidelines for the safe disposal of dead bodies and carcasses during disease outbreaks such as anthrax, plague, and avian influenza. Key recommendations include:
1) Carcasses of animals that died of anthrax should be disposed of by incineration or rendering to prevent the spread of infection.
2) During plague outbreaks, the bodies of human victims should be cremated or buried according to local customs to safely dispose of them.
3) Dead birds and materials during avian influenza outbreaks should be buried or burned in deep pits and the areas disinfected to control the spread of the disease.
Bioterrorism involves the intentional release of biological agents like viruses, bacteria, or toxins to cause disease or death in humans, animals, or plants. It has occurred throughout history, such as when the British distributed smallpox-infected blankets to Native Americans in the 18th century. Biological weapons are categorized based on their contagiousness and lethality. Category A agents like anthrax, smallpox, and plague are highly contagious and lethal. While biological attacks are difficult to carry out and predict, strengthening public health measures like disease monitoring and drug development can help address this threat.
The document discusses bio-medical waste management. It defines bio-medical waste and outlines the objectives of proper management which are to minimize waste production, recycle waste when possible, treat waste through safe methods, ensure safety during handling, and prevent healthcare-associated infections. It classifies waste into four categories (yellow, red, white, blue) and describes the appropriate treatment and disposal methods for each category of waste.
In this presentation, we discuss the clinical trial process for the new Covid-19 vaccines. We discuss the different vaccine types. We also discuss the Covid-19 vaccines that the UK is currently using in the NHS, as well as vaccines likely to be used in the next year.
This presentation discusses environmental decontamination and infection control practices. It provides a brief history of environmental decontamination methods dating back to ancient times. It then discusses the role of the hospital environment in infection transmission, highlighting reservoirs like air, water, surfaces. Specific multidrug-resistant organisms like VRE, MRSA, A. baumanii are discussed in relation to environmental contamination. The roles of cleaning with detergents versus use of disinfectants on surfaces are reviewed based on past studies. Newer terminal room decontamination strategies like hydrogen peroxide vapor and UV light are presented as highly effective alternatives to standard cleaning methods.
This document discusses biological weapons and bioterrorism. It defines biological weapons and lists ideal characteristics. It describes epidemiological clues to detecting a biological attack and biosafety levels. It focuses on smallpox, anthrax, plague, and botulism as potential biological weapons and summarizes detection, treatment, prophylaxis, and response in the event of a biological attack.
There are four main types of COVID-19 vaccines: viral vector vaccines like AstraZeneca, genetic vaccines like Moderna and Pfizer, inactivated vaccines like Sinovac, and protein-based vaccines like Novavax. Viral vector and genetic vaccines work by introducing genetic material that causes cells to produce viral proteins to stimulate an immune response. Inactivated vaccines contain killed virus to trigger immunity. Protein vaccines contain synthesized spike proteins to teach the immune system to recognize the virus. Common side effects include pain at the injection site, tiredness, and fever.
Epidemiology, Disease and Preventive Strategies of RabiesDilshan Wijeratne
This document provides information on rabies control in Sri Lanka. It discusses the global and local epidemiology of rabies, describing it as a neglected tropical disease transmitted primarily from dogs to humans. It then outlines strategies for rabies control, including post-exposure prophylaxis for exposed individuals, mass dog vaccination programs to achieve herd immunity, environmental control measures, and inter-sectoral coordination between ministries. Surveillance systems are also summarized to monitor rabies in humans and animals. The overall aim is elimination of rabies in Sri Lanka by 2020 through coordinated prevention and control efforts.
This document discusses the management of biomedical waste. It defines biomedical waste as waste generated during diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of humans or animals. It notes that 85% of healthcare waste is non-infectious, while 10-25% is hazardous. Hazardous waste is further divided into two types - infectious solid waste and hazardous chemicals. The document outlines the different categories of biomedical waste and appropriate treatment and disposal methods for each category.
Coronaviruses can cause respiratory infections in humans and are named for their crown-like appearance under electron microscopy. Common human coronaviruses include HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63, HKU1, and MERS-CoV. In December 2019, a new coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China causing pneumonia and was subsequently named 2019-nCoV. It is genetically similar to SARS-CoV and can be transmitted between animals and people through air droplets. Symptoms include fever, cough, breathing difficulties, and pneumonia.
This document describes a plasma sterilizer. It begins by explaining what sterilization and plasma sterilization are. Plasma sterilization uses mechanisms like free radicals, UV/VUV radiation, and volatilization to eliminate microorganisms. It then discusses different methods of plasma sterilization like dielectric barrier discharge, inductively coupled plasma, and atmospheric pressure plasma jets. The document concludes by providing details about a specific low-temperature plasma sterilizer model made by Tuttnaurer, including its features, sterilization programs, and use of a process challenge device.
Impact of covid-19 on garment sector in bangladeshKhademulIslam15
The document discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Bangladesh's garment sector. It notes that the garment industry is a key contributor to Bangladesh's economy, accounting for over 80% of exports and 20% of GDP. However, the pandemic has severely impacted the sector through cancelled orders and declining revenues. This has led to widespread job losses, with over one-third of garment workers estimated to have lost their jobs. The economic fallout from troubles in the garment industry poses major challenges for Bangladesh and risks exacerbating unemployment and poverty in the country.
Impact of Covid-19 On The RMG Industry Of Bangladesh..pdfMd. Nazmul Haque
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the ready-made garment (RMG) industry in Bangladesh, which is one of the country's largest and most important sectors, accounting for around 80% of the country's exports and providing employment to over 4 million workers.
The impact of COVID-19 on the RMG industry of Bangladesh can be seen in the following ways:
Orders Cancellations: Many retailers and brands in the US and Europe canceled their orders or postponed them, leading to a severe drop in demand for Bangladeshi-made garments.
Supply Chain Disruptions: The pandemic has disrupted global supply chains, causing delays in the delivery of raw materials and finished products. This has caused significant challenges in meeting production deadlines and increased the cost of production.
Factory Closures: To contain the spread of the virus, many factories in Bangladesh had to temporarily shut down, causing significant financial losses for factory owners and job losses for workers.
Health and Safety Concerns: The pandemic has also raised concerns about the health and safety of workers in factories, leading to the need for additional safety measures and increased costs for factory owners.
Overall, the pandemic has had a severe impact on the RMG industry in Bangladesh, with many factories struggling to survive, and workers facing significant job losses and income reductions. The industry is gradually recovering from the initial shock, but it may take time to fully regain its pre-pandemic level of activity.
Self Reliant India Need, Pre and Post Pandemic scenarioJyotsna Prasad
This is a research paper about How India was before the covid 19 pandemic and how it would be after this ends. Where India Should be utilising its finances and how it should be managed to achieve the best.
Impacts of corona virus on e commerce in bangladeshFahimNeloy47
The document discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on e-commerce in Bangladesh. It notes that while e-commerce sites selling essential goods have seen increased sales, other sites have experienced negative impacts as the supply chain from China was disrupted. Customer behavior also changed as people turned to e-commerce for goods instead of physical stores due to lockdowns. However, the long-term impact remains uncertain and the industry will need government support to recover from losses.
How does Covid-19 at a high-risk situation for RMG sector of Bangladeshnaimulhudatanzim
The document discusses the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on Bangladesh's ready-made garment (RMG) sector, which is the country's largest export industry and a major driver of economic growth. It provides statistics showing declines in export growth for woven and knit products during the pandemic. Over 1 million garment workers lost their jobs or were furloughed as factories canceled orders or buyers refused to pay for canceled orders. The literature review discusses previous research finding significant negative consequences for the RMG sector and overall economy from the pandemic, including wage cuts, job losses, and health issues for workers.
The document discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ready-made garment (RMG) workers in Bangladesh. It notes that the RMG industry employs around 4 million workers in Bangladesh and has been severely impacted by the pandemic. Factory closures led to around 55% of RMG workers losing their jobs. This had significant socioeconomic consequences as most RMG workers are low-income and support families in rural areas. The pandemic also exposed the difficult and unsafe working conditions that RMG workers face. The document examines the issue from various perspectives including health, employment, livelihoods, and socioeconomic factors.
The document discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ready-made garment (RMG) workers in Bangladesh. It notes that the RMG industry employs around 4 million workers and had been severely impacted by factory closures during lockdowns. This led to around 55% of RMG workers losing their jobs and 10 million workers returning home from Dhaka as they could no longer support themselves without work. The pandemic exacerbated existing poor working conditions and low wages for RMG workers. It also increased the risk of health issues, food insecurity, domestic violence, and long-term psychological impacts for these vulnerable workers.
The COVID-19 pandemic has undermined the progress made on sustainable development. It poses a significant challenge to the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda as there has been a rise in extreme poverty, inequalities and injustice across the globe.
Impact of covid 19 on Indian Economy & Banking SectorDr Praveen S
Impact of Covid-19 on indian Economy & Banking Sector
Topics covered:
- What is Covid-19 ((Corona Virus Disease) ?
- Socio - Economic Effects of Covid-19 on global society.
- How Covid-19 hit India?
- Impact of COVID-19 on Indian Economy.
- Impact of COVID-19 on Indian Banking Sector.
- Steps to be taken by Indian Banks.
Impact of covid 19 on the rmg export scenario of bangladeshMosaibur Rahman
The study has made on descriptive research, is conducted to identify different dimension of Impact of Covid-19 on the RMG export scenario of Bangladesh. To come up with the result, researchers were not required to visit the factory. For this reason, researchers have ignored the direct data collection and surveys. Consequently, the research technique has relied based on information from secondary sources. Those data collected through Journals, Research articles, Thesis papers, newspapers case studies, online news paper and survey reports, garments Manufacturing Industries Annual reports, BGMEA Yearly report and Files. The data was collected basically through skimming ad scanning out the findings of different secondary source. After the completion of the data collection descriptive analyses was used illustrate the data. This study did not use any unethical means to collect information.
IMPACTS OF CORONA VIRUS ON DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES MaulikSinghal2
The document discusses the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on various industries in India. It states that OTT platforms and TV viewership have increased due to social isolation. E-commerce companies like Flipkart and Amazon have seen a 20-30% spike in orders. The aviation industry has been hit hard, with Air India expected to lose Rs. 30-35 crore per day. A study mentioned found that effective quarantine measures could reduce the healthcare burden from COVID-19 by 90%. Several companies are assisting efforts to produce medical supplies like ventilators and sanitizers. Crude oil price declines may benefit India as an oil importing country.
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Waste generation and its management during covid 19 pandemic in india
1. Assignment Topic
Waste Generation and it’s Management during
Covid-19 Pandemic in India
Subject: AECC-EVS
Sub Code: 72182801
Shaheed Bhagat Singh College
University of Delhi
(2021-21 Session)
Submitted by
Name- Saksham Sinha
Roll no.- 684
Bachelors in Commerce
1st Semester
Section E
Shaheed Bhagat Singh College
University of Delhi
2. 2
1.Introduction
SARS-CoV-2, most commonly known as Coronavirus, emerged first in the Wuhan city of China
in late 2019 and proved to be an unprecedented threat to the whole world since then. It has truly
imposed a restriction on human lives in many countries and has taught us a new way of living.
Being the second-most populous country in the world and one of the top contenders in the
hierarchy in terms of coronavirus infection, India is facing far more extreme consequences of this
unrestrained outbreak than many other countries in the same league.
Apart from all the other challenges put forward by the existence of SARS-CoV-2, there is a need of
proper management to handle the different types of solid waste especially Biomedical waste
(BMW) emerging from different health care facilities, quarantine homes, and centres, which is
appearing in a huge amount every day and the possible challenges we are facing while confronting
the problem of this waste, that could be a source itself to spread this contagious virus, if not handled
and treated properly.
In this assignment, I have discussed briefly the susceptibility of the virus due to Biomedical waste
produced daily as a result of curing infected patients. This assignment also put across the
challenges and the solution to handle this waste in India before it is disposed of.
2. About Coronavirus
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) has shaken the entire world lately, after coming into
existence in the late 2019 in the city of Wuhan. While India is fighting the coronavirus threat, there
is one more aspect that needs our attention which is the biomedical waste generated from the
hospitals and laboratories, for instance surgical masks, face shields, gloves, shoe cover, personal
protective equipment (PPE). Not all if it is hazardous, but even the smaller amount of hazardous
waste is enough to spread the virus and hinder our fight against corona.
3. 3
3. Biomedical waste generation and management during COVID-19
pandemic in India:
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the massive generation of biomedical waste (BMW) and
plastic waste (PW). This sudden spike in BMW and PW has created challenges to the existing waste
management infrastructure, especially in developing countries. Safe disposal of PW and BMW is
essential; otherwise, this virus will lead to a waste pandemic.
Biomedical waste poses various health and environmental hazards. Hence, it should be handled
with the utmost care and disposed of safely. Several lacunas exist in the management of biomedical
waste in India, and the pandemic posed by the coronavirus has made it even more challenging. The
sudden outbreak of the virus led to an exponential rise in the quantity of biomedical waste.
Furthermore, the poor infrastructure and lack of human resources have aggravated this situation. To
combat this serious problem in a timely manner, the government has formulated various standard
operating procedures and has amended the existing rules and guidelines
Biomedical waste (BMW) differs from general municipal waste as it poses various health hazards.
BMW management rules 2016 and the amendment rules 2018 are the latest guidelines from the
ministry of environment, forest & climate change to regulate the handling of BMW activities in the
country. India is the second-most populous country after China and the second worst-hit nation by
the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after the United States of America (As of November 9,
2020). Due to the flawed biomedical waste management system and lack of resources, India is
facing severe consequences during the COVID-19. Untreated and improperly managed BMW is a
potential source of infection. The diligent handling and management of BMW can prevent the
occurrence of hospital-acquired infection and lower the rates of disease transmission. In addition,
the untreated or the rudimentary handling of BMW creates a nuisance and decreases patient
satisfaction.
According to the data published by the central pollution control board (CPCB) in the year 2018, the
total amount of BMW generated in India is 517 tonnes/day in the year 2016 and around 501
tonnes/day in the year 2015, out of which around 4–5% remains untreated. The annual report
2018/2019 released by CPCB showed the generation of 557 tonnes/day BMW in 2017, out of which
517/day was treated. The country has a total of 238,170 healthcare facilities, out of which 87,267
are bedded while the remaining 151,208 are non-bedded healthcare facilities (HCFs) generating
BMW. There are 198 approved common biomedical waste disposal facilities (CBMWFs) in the
country and 28 are under construction.
4. 4
4. Ground-level process for handling and managing the BMW in India
Biomedical waste generation and management during COVID-19
pandemic in India
Biomedical waste is not handled like municipal waste. The central pollution control board
(CPCB) is the apex body to monitor the country's BMW management activities under the
ministry of environment, forest, and climate change. There are separate state pollution control
boards in each state to monitor and regulate the BMW activities within the state and report the
findings to the CPCB.
The country has a stringent policy of onsite segregation of the generated BMW and storing,
transporting, and disposing of them in adherence to the biomedical waste rules framed by the
ministry under the Government of India. It is mandatory for all the small clinics, diagnostics,
laboratories, nursing houses, hospitals and other healthcare institutions to comply with these
guidelines.
Previously, the country had ten different categories of waste for segregation. Later, it was amended
into four classes for easy segregation. Infected or potentially infected waste is labelled as yellow,
apparently non-infected and recyclable fall in the red category, sharps and small metallic items
come under the white category while waste consisting of glass is segregated into the blue category.
● Segregated waste is stored in a well-ventilated area and the stored waste is carried to
the disposal facility (commonly known as common biomedical waste disposal
facilities) for further treatment and disposal. The treatment of solid waste at the site
of generation or storage is prohibited according to the updated guidelines.
● The waste should be transported in a designated closed vehicle that is equipped with
the global positioning system tracker.
● The BMW in the CBMWFs is then treated, sterilised, and sent for recycling,
incineration, or landfilling based on the waste category.
● The qualitative process and quantitative data on the generated and disposed off
BMW should be accurately documented and reported to the state pollution control
board.
Violating these guidelines by healthcare facilities and disposal facilities will subject them to
penalties. Despite stringent rules and liability, the country reports a high degree of non-
adherence to these guidelines. According to the annual report, 2018/19 published by the
CPCB, 23,942 HCFs violated the BMW rules 2016, and 18,210 HCFs were issued a
warning for their violation. The report shows the massive amount of BMW generation per
day and around 13% of HCFs have violated BMW rules, which show the poor biomedical
handling and management in India.
5. 5
5. Existing problems of BMW and crisis during COVID-19 pandemic
According to data published by NDTV on September 18, 2020, the country is generating a
considerable amount (Above 100 tonnes/day) of COVID-19 related biomedical waste in the
country. Maharashtra contributes for approximately 17% of total COVID-19 related BMW. Now
the national daily waste generation is reaching around 850 tonnes/day. The details on the monthly
generation of COVID-19 related BMW across several states of India (From June 2020–December 2
According to the evidence from scientific literature, the virus may stay for more than 24h within the
cardboard, boxes, other rigid substances and around 72h on the surfaces of metals and sharps, which
is a significant threat for the workers collecting the waste for their daily survival. There are an
estimated two to four million ragpickers or korales in India.
However, they do not have sufficient information and adequate awareness about the necessary
precautions to be taken. Consequently, the pandemic has recorded that more than thousands of
waste workers have contracted the virus and hundreds of them have lost their lives.The country
does not have sufficient infrastructure and human resources to handle this huge amount of BMW.
The presence of 198 CBMWFs and 225 captive incinerators was insufficient to dispose of 700
tonnes of waste generated in a day. This additional BMW stirred up havoc in the disposal of BMW.
The workers involved in BMW management are pitching in extra hours to cater to this need.
According to the Supreme Court report, there is an increment in the quantity of BMW ranging from
25 to 349 tonnes/day during the month of May–July and it is expected to have doubled during the
months of August–October. Presently, there is a poor practice of segregation at the site of
generation due to the exponential rise in the generation, thus elevating the risk to the environment.
Additionally, inadequate safety measures for the BMW workers continue to remain another major
challenge in the Indian context. At present, around five million sanitation workers are performing
their duty and cleaning the country and these labourers are simultaneously handling the biomedical
waste as well. Sadly, they are not provided with the necessary personal protective equipment. These
workers are at high risk and subsequently pose a threat to the residing community.
6. 6
6. Measures required in the healthcare facilities for safe handling
and disposal of biomedical waste
6.1. Handling of solid biomedical waste
● The guidelines recommend the use of colour-coded bins for onsite segregation and
the usage of double-layered bags in the COVID-19 isolation areas.
● There should be additional and temporary bins for disposable PPEs, gloves and
masks and separate containers for reusable materials (e.g., N95 mask for cleaning
and sterilisation).
● The feces from the confirmed COVID-19 positive patient should be collected in a
diaper and segregated as the yellow category BMW or it can be collected in a pan
and flushed in the toilet, following which the toilet should be disinfected in
adherence to the SOPs.
● There should be separate segregation bags and carrier trolleys for handling the BMW
generated at COVID-19 areas. The bags and containers should be well labelled as
“COVID-19” for easy identification, treatment, and disposal of BMW. The outer and
inner surfaces of the containers and trolleys should be cleaned daily by using a 1–2%
sodium hypochlorite solution.
● A separate record should be maintained for BMW generated from COVID-19 related
activities, and the same should be reported to the pollution control board.
● The facilities can download the official application of the central pollution control
board (COVID19BWM) from the Google play store and register in the app in order
to upload the details with ease.
● A separate arrangement for the transportation of BMW from the hospital to the
common BMW disposal and treatment facility should be made.
● There should be dedicated vehicles for the transportation of BMW, and it should be
sanitised after every trip.
● BMW generated from COVID-19 related activities should be strictly disposed of
within 24 h.
7. 7
● All the waste collected from the nearby isolation and quarantine centres should be
treated as BMW generated within the hospital and the details should be documented
and reported to the pollution control board.
● Liquid waste should be treated chemically, and the disinfection process should
ensure the inactivation of coronaviruses in an effluent treatment plant.
● All the persons involved in the handling of BMW (COVID-19) should be given the
required training and personal protective equipment.
● These individuals should adhere to the standard operating procedures, follow basic
hygiene and infection control measures, and undergo regular health screening. This
should be accompanied by education, training and awareness is given at regular
intervals.
The amendments mentioned in the guidelines should be communicated to all the people
involved and should follow prompt implementation.
8. 8
6.2 Managing the liquid waste and wastewater from hospitals and
laboratories
Although the evidence of virus transmission through sewage is low, individuals working with the
sewage treatment plant (STP) are at high risk. The wastewater and liquid waste generated in the
healthcare facilities while performing COVID-19 related activities should be handled and treated
with the utmost care. The management of liquid waste differs from solid waste due to its physical
nature and hence, the processes used for the management of solid BMW are not applicable to liquid
waste. The following measures as directed by the central pollution control board can be considered;
● All the healthcare facilities operating STP and the terminal sewage plant operators are
responsible for treating the liquid waste.
● The hospital and the person involved in its handling should ensure the inactivation or death
of coronavirus.
● All the STP should strictly follow the SOPs framed by the pollution control board.
● The workers involved in the handling of wastewater treatment should be protected with
PPE.
● The utilisation of treated water from the STP can be avoided during the pandemic.
9. 9
7. Measures to follow in quarantine centres
The waste generated within the quarantine centres should be considered as general waste, but the
waste generated from the suspected and confirmed cases within the quarantine centres should be
treated as BMW. The waste generated in the quarantine centres should be segregated at the site of
generation and kept in the designated bags/bins/boxes like the handling of BMW in healthcare
facilities.
7.1. How to segregate the biomedical waste generated from the
quarantine centres?
The pandemic led to the generation of an unexpectedly high amount of BMW as various new
materials were introduced in the market for prevention, screening, diagnosing and treating the
patients. Some of the additional items generating the BMW in quarantine and isolation centres are
divided into various colour codes, as shown in Table :
10. 10
BMW
waste
Types of
boxes/bags
Types of wastes Treatment and
disposal
Yellow Non-chlorinate-d
plastic bag
(Autoclavable)
● Personal protective
equipment(PPE)
with spill
● Donned of PPE
● Disposable linen gloves
● Non-plastic and semi
plastic materials
● Soiled gloves
● Headcovers
● Disposable bed sheets
● Thermal scanners
● Soiled mask
● Disposable masks
● Tissues and toiletries
● Swab contaminated with
blood and other body fluids
● Plasma pyrolysis
● Incineration
● Deep burials
Red Non-chlorinated
plastic bag
(Autoclavable)
● Goggles(eye protection)
● Reusable bed sheets
● Nitrile gloves
● Hazmat suite
● Plastic water bottles used
in quarantine or isolation
areas
● Other recyclable materials
like pens
● Plastic coveralls
● Face shields
● Splash- proof aprons
● Empty sanitizer bottles
● Sterilising the waste
by autoclaving,
hydroplaning or
radiation based
● Treated/Sterilised
waste should be
sent for the
recycling
● This waste should
not be incinerated
or buried
White Leak and
Puncture proof
bags
● All the shapes generated in
quarantine, isolation or
screening areas
● Sharp metallic waste
● Wet or dry heating
sterilisation
● Sterilised waste is
shredded/mutilated
● Encapsulated and
sent for landfill
Blue Cardboard boxes ● All the glasswares
● Tube lights and bulbs
● CFL and LEDs
● All the glass bottles
● Metallic waste (recyclable
size)
● Disinfected or
sterilisation
● Sent for recycling
11. 11
7.2. How to segregate the biomedical waste generated from the
quarantine centres?
All the quarantine centres should be adequately supplied with yellow and red bags, blue cardboard
and white puncture-proof containers for onsite segregation and waste collection. The collected
waste should be kept in the designated storage area. The biomedical waste generated in the
quarantine centres should not be stored for more than 24h after generation. The BMW should be
transported to the common disposal facilities (CBMWFs) for final disposal. The generated waste
can also be transported to the nearby hospital approved for incineration in case of non-availability
of CBMWFs, and the same should be disposed of complying with the BMW rules 2016. The
guideline recommends the use of PPE by all the persons handling the BMW in quarantine centres.
The state pollution control board should continuously monitor the BMW handling and management
procedures in the quarantine centres and ensure compliance with the standard guidelines.
12. 12
8. Duties of the authorities and people involved in the BMW
handling during the COVID 19
The duties of the persons and authorities involved in BMW's handling and management are clearly
described in BMW rules 2016 and amendment rule 2018. All the healthcare facilities should strictly
comply with the roles designated by the CPCB. The authorities should give the utmost priority to
the management of BMW to prevent virus transmission. The current setup might lack the
information and resources for the safe handling of BMW, similar to quarantine centres. Therefore,
an excellent team who are trained, prepared and informed on the updated guidelines should be in
charge of the handling and processing of biomedical waste in these centres.
13. 13
8.1. Duties of quarantine facility authorities
Providing all the legal authority for the establishment and allocation of resources for the BMW
storage area.
● Arranging authorised vehicles for the transportation of BMW to the hospital or disposal
facilities.
● Conducting induction, orientation programs and training the personnel involved in the
handling and management of BMW.
● Monitoring the processes and ensuring its compliance with SOPs that have been laid down.
● Issuing the authorised identity card to the person entering the quarantine facilities.
● Handing over the generated BMW to the authorised collectors.
● Maintaining accurate documentation and reporting the same to the higher authorities.
8.2. Duties of biomedical waste management company, hospitals
● Timely collection of BMW from the quarantine centres (at least twice a day).
● Providing all the personal protective equipment to the persons involved in the transportation
and disposal of BMW.
● Regular sanitization of the BMW workers.
● Encouraging the strict adherence to the guidelines during the transportation and disposal of
waste.
● Providing the information regarding the reception of BMW to the generating facilities.
● Handing over the disinfected or sterile waste to the respective agency for recycling.
14. 14
● Providing updated information to the BMW handlers.
● Assist healthcare facilities and quarantine centres during the training.
● Maintaining proper records and documents for at least five years.
● Auditing the records with the generating facilities.
● Any injury or accident case should be reported to the quarantine facility in charge or the
sanctioned authority.
● Continuous education, training, monitoring and supervision of BMW handling processes
(daily basis).
8.3. Duties of central pollution control board
● They should ensure the compliance of healthcare facilities and other BMW generating
centres to the BMW rules 2016.
● They can allow the CBMWF for additional hours of work, but it should be monitored and
recorded accurately.
● They should make sure that the minimum documentation for the authorization of quarantine
centres is received and maintained.
● They shall monitor and supervise the BMW handling activity of all the facilities regularly
and document the same.
● Remote quarantine centres beyond the reach of CBMWFs should be permitted for the deep
burial of BMW.
● The state control board should assist CBMWFs with any required resource collection and
disposal during the pandemic.
15. 15
● In case the amount of BMW exceeds the capacity of CBMWFs, the hospital or healthcare
setting can be permitted for incineration within the health care setting
● State pollution control should download and use the COVID19BWM app and stay updated
with the uploaded data regularly
16. 16
9. Conclusion
Biomedical waste is a serious health concern. Untreated biomedical waste serves as a potential
source of pathogens. Literature has reported more than 40 species of harmful micro-organism to
possess the potential to transmit and cause human illness. The etiological agent of the pandemic is
highly contagious and rapidly transfers from one person to another via various routes. Due to its
high transmission rate, the risk of getting infected is persistently high. Realising the threat of
disease, state and central pollution control boards in association with AIIMS New Delhi have
framed various guidelines. These guidelines are focused on the prevention of healthcare personnel
and workers involved in its handling and management. This update has enabled the preparation of
policies for the temporary centres and has emphasised the roles and responsibilities of the
concerned persons and authorities’. Strict compliance with these newly framed guidelines will make
the management of the exponential increase in BMW easier and safer for the environment and
community.