WAFIC 2013 fitness research update

Fitness Research 2013
Copyright ‐ Dr Mark McKean USC 1
Dr Mark McKean PhD AEP CSCS RSCC*E
RESEARCH UPDATE 2013
SPONSORED BY FITNESS RESEARCH
 Current Issue: Vol. 2, No. 1 – July 2013
 Next issue due out December 2013 Vol.2, No. 2
 Open access
 Free registration and subscription
 No submission fees for authors
 Part of the Fitness Research program in partnership with
Australian Institute of Fitness, Australian Fitness
Network, University of the Sunshine Coast.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Group Exercise
 Quantifying 4 different Les Mills Classes for energy
expenditure, steps taken, HR.
Strength Training
 6RM squat scores to determine quadricep and
hamstring strength levels.
Biomechanics
 Anterior knee shear and rotation during exercise in ACL
injury
Wii‐Fit
 Does 6 weeks of balance training on Wii‐Fit board
improve balance in oldies
Nutrition
 What do fitness members want from trainers regarding
nutrition knowledge?
GROUP EXERCISE
Quantifying and Comparing Activity in
Group Fitness Classes
Honours project: Aimee Harvey
RESEARCH AIM
Research aim
 Evaluate and compare physical activity levels and
physical responses from four different group exercise
classes, using a single sensor device combined with
heart rate data.
 13 Males (27.9 ± 6.3 years, 177.4 ± 5.1cm and 78.7 ±
4.8kg)
 17 females (30.5 ± 6.7 years, 167.5 ± 4.67cm, and 63.8 ±
9.2kg)

METHODOLOGY
 Participants completed four Les Mills
Programs; in a randomised order over a
seven day period and completed a six
question survey post participation.
 BODYPUMP™, BODYCOMBAT™,
BODYBALANCE™ and BODYATTACK™
 Participants followed similar dietary patterns
 All classes were performed in the same air‐
conditioned group exercise studio (19 degrees
Celsius).
 Instructors were certified and registered exercise
professionals with Fitness Australia.
METHODOLOGY
 Participants wore a Polar RS400 heart rate monitor as
well as a BodyMedia SenseWear Pro3 armband.
MEASUREMENTS
BodyMedia SenseWear MF‐SW Armband (SWA) measures
 physical activity and movement data from a tri‐axial
accelerometer – steps, force data
 physiological sensors (skin temperature, heat exchange
and galvanic skin response)
Heart rate measured through Polar HRM
RESULTS – ENERGY EXPENDITURE
ENERGY EXPENDITURE (kJ)
BODYCOMBATTM BODYPUMPTM BODYBALANCETM BODYATTACKTM
M 2498.1
(2303.8,2692.5)#*
1513.3
(1494.3,1612.2)#*
1068.2
(1009.9,1126.6)#*
2550.7
(2398.6,2702.8)#*
F 1890
(1751.2,2030.5)#*
1112.8
(1026.9,1198.7)#*
713.5
(636.6,790.3)#*
2035.8
(1890.2,2181.3)#*
STEP COUNT
M
5575.5
(5344.6,5806.5)#*
898.9
(783.8,1013.9) #*
171.9
(126.8,217.1)*
5701.8
(5528.3,5875.3) #*
F 5167.1
(4964.3,5369.9) #*
747.2
(640.8,853.6) #*
156.6
(124.6,188.6)*
5516.5
(5434.4,5598.7) #*
RESULT - STEPS

.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
450.00
500.00
550.00
600.00
650.00
700.00
750.00
800.00
850.00
900.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Step Count
Step Count track by track for all four classes
BODYCOMBAT MALE
BODYCOMBAT FEMALE
BODYPUMP MALE
BODYPUMP FEMALE
BODYBALANCE MALE
BODYBALANCE FEMALE
BODYATTACK MALE
BODYATTACK FEMALE
RESULTS
 Confidence in classes helping participants to achieve
goals – highest for BODYPUMPTM followed
BODYATTACKTM
 Most enjoyable classes ‐ highest for BODYPUMPTM
followed BODYATTACKTM
 Order of complexity from complex to not at all –
BODYCOMBATTM, BODYATTACKTM, BODYBALANCETM,
BODYPUMPTM
RESULTS
 BODYATTACKTM and BODYCOMBATTM – Average METS for
both classes fell into the vigorous category.
 BODYPUMPTM and BODYBALANCE – Average METs for
both classes fell into the moderate category
AVERAGE METS
M 7.9
(7.5,8.3)#*
4.9
(4.8,5.1)#*
3.7
(3.5,4)#*
7.6
(7.4,7.9)*
F 7.5
(7.2,7.7)#*
4.3
(4.1,4.5)#*
3.2
(2.9,3.5)#*
7.5
(7.2,7.8)*
DISCUSSION
BODYATTACK™ and BODYCOMBAT™.
 Both classes resulted in the highest readings for HR, step
count, METS and TEE. Although order differs between
males and females.
 METs for the entire class set fell into the  vigorous
category of 6.0 – 9.0 METS, supporting claims made by
Les Mills International.
DISCUSSION
 Over 5000 steps taken for both males and females in
BODYCOMBAT™ and BODYATTACK™ .
 The ACSM has suggested that 100 steps per minute for
30 minutes is a rough approximation of moderate
intensity exercise.
 BODYATTACK™, was 103.65 steps.min‐1 for males and
100.29 steps.min‐1 for females.
 BODYCOMBAT™ resulted in 101.37 steps.min‐1 for males
and 93.95 steps.min‐1 for, females
CONCLUSION
 These results allow the authors to rank classes
in the following order in terms of energy
expenditure for males and females.
 BODYATTACKTM, BODYCOMBATTM,
BODYPUMPTM and BODYBALANCETM
 No significant difference shown between
BODYATTACKTM, BODYCOMBATTM.

STRENGTH TRAINING
Compare lower body 6RM strength scores
and resultant ratios between female
football players and strength athletes
Honours project: Dan Marshall
RESEARCH AIM
Research aim
 Quantify and compare 6RM strength scores and
subsequent ratios of various lower limb strength
exercises, between female football players and female
strength training subjects
 15 Female amateur‐level football players (26.3 (6.4)
years, 165.9 (6.9) cm and 64.4 (10.5) kg)
 15 Female strength athletes (29.1 (4.5) years, 165.6 (4.4)
cm, and 63.6 (5.2) kg)
 No significant differences in populations for age, weight,
height etc. ‐ groups matched
 Ratios reported as right limb – no significant side to side
strength differences between both dominant and non‐
dominant limbs and groups
METHODOLOGY
 Day 1 – subjects were tested for 6RM strength scores of
back squat and single leg standing hamstring curl
 Day 2 – subjects were tested for 6RM strength scores of
stationary lunge and prone hamstring curl
 Exercise order on each testing day was randomised.
Subjects performed a standardised warm up for each
exercise
 Testing was supervised by an accredited Australian
Strength and Conditioning certified coach to ensure
correct exercise technique was adhered to
METHODOLOGY
• Back Squat Technique
METHODOLOGY
• Single Leg Standing Hamstring Curl Technique

METHODOLOGY
• Stationary Lunge Technique
METHODOLOGY
• Prone Hamstring Curl Technique
RESULTS
MEAN 6RM STRENGTH SCORES (kg)
Back Squat
Single Leg
Standing
Hamstring
Curl (SLSHC)
Stationary
Lunge (SL)
Prone
Hamstring
Curl
Football 51.7
(42.8,60.5)
13.3
(11.2,15.5)
29.5
(23.9,35.1)*
32.0
(28.8,35.3)
Strength 60.9
(52.7,69.0)
15.1
(12.0,18.3)
36.5
(32.3,40.7)*
34.2
(30.6,37.8)
STRENGTH RATIOS
SLSHC to Back
Squat
SL to Back Squat
Football
0.28
(0.22,0.34)
0.58
(0.51,0.65)
Strength
0.25
(0.20,0.30)
0.62
(0.55,0.69)
RELATIONSHIPS
 Strong linear relationship found between the 6RM back
squat and 6RM stationary lunge in both groups (0.82
football, 0.79 strength athletes)
 Moderate linear relationship (0.60) found between back
squat strength and training frequency in the strength
training group
RESULTS
MUSCLE SYMMETRY
between dominant and non dominant limbs
Single Leg
Standing
Hamstring Curl
Stationary Lunge
Football -2.01% -2.35%
Strength 2.65% -0.55%

DISCUSSION
 Bilateral to unilateral compound ratio
 Back squat to Stationary lunge
 59.7%( 55.0% ‐ 64.4%)
 Bilateral to unilateral knee flexor ratio
 Back squat to hamstring curls (single leg)
 26.5% (22.8% ‐ 30.3%)
BIOMECHANICS
Anterior knee shear and rotation during
exercise in ACL injury
Investigators: Dr Sue Keays, Dr Mark
Sayers, Mr Daniel Mellifont, Dr Carolyn
Richardson
RESEARCH AIM
Research aim
 to compare anterior tibial displacement (ATD;
sometimes referred to as anterior shear), and
internal tibial rotation during two commonly
prescribed exercises in ACL‐deficient and healthy
knees, namely:
 open kinetic chain (OKC) seated knee extension
 closed kinetic chain (CKC) single leg wall
squatting
METHODOLOGY
 3D motion analysis (Qualisys 3D‐Motion
Analysis System tracking 17 infrared
markers) of the knee during seated knee
extension with 3kg weight and a unilateral
wall squat was performed with eight ACL
deficient patients and eight healthy subjects
matched for age, gender and sports history.
Representative of some ACLD participants, possibly with more dynamically stable knees,
and shows a similar profile to participants with healthy knees. Here the tibia moves
posteriorly from 0°‐70° of knee flexion

Representative of a possibly less dynamically stable group of ACL‐deficient participants. Here
the tibia remains more anteriorly displaced throughout range more so in the CKC wall squat
than the OKC seated extension.
RESULTS
 significantly less control of knee shear (i.e.
increased ATD) in the wall squat compared
to the seated extension for both healthy and
ACL‐deficient knees (p=.049).
 Participants with ACL‐deficiency also
showed abnormal internal rotation of the
tibia with both exercises (i.e. the tibia was
significantly more internally rotated
(p=.003) in ACL‐deficient knees, irrespective
of the exercise).
CONCLUSION
 Do not assume that all closed chain knee exercises are safe.
Seek advice from the treating clinician (e.g. physiotherapist)
when prescribing exercises for people with ACL injuries or
surgery.
 Do not use wall squats or loaded open chain knee extension
exercises for these clients unless you are certain they can
maintain knee control (including knee shear/ATD and tibial
rotation).
 Exercises need to be individually assessed and carefully
prescribed.
 It remains essential to focus on the individual’s functional
ability and control when prescribing and performing exercise.
WII-FIT
To determine the safety and effectiveness
of Nintendo Wii‐Fit balance training in
independent older adults.
PhD Project: Vaughan Nicholson
RESEARCH AIM
 To determine the safety and effectiveness of a six‐week
unsupervised Wii‐Fit based program for an aged population
(65 years or older) who resided in an independent‐living
retirement village setting
 The pre‐ and post‐ outcome clinical measures included those
commonly associated with falls risk (balance, lower limb
strength, fear of falling).
METHODS
 The intervention group completed 3 x 30 minute Wii‐Fit
sessions per week for six weeks, the control group
received no intervention.
 Testing sessions were conducted at week ‐1 and week 7.
 The Wii Fit sessions were held at two retirement villages
where subjects completed the sessions within their
respective community halls unsupervised. Subjects in
the intervention group completed a logbook to
document their playing time and games played on the
Wii.

 Participants played selected Balance games from Wii‐Fit Plus
for at least 30 minutes three times per week, for six weeks.
 Nine games from the balance component of Wii‐Fit Plus were
chosen based on balance challenge, safety and enjoyment.
 Participants were required to play at least three games from
the nine options each session, and all nine games were to be
played at least once in the first week of the study.
 Participants undertook all gaming unsupervised within the
community hall of their retirement village. Participants were
encouraged to undertake the sessions in pairs.
COMPLIANCE & RESULTS
 41 subjects completed follow up testing (19 Wii group, 22
control group; 27 females, 14 males),
 mean age of 74.5 (5.4years) with an age range of 65‐84years.
 19 subjects in the Wii group completed an average of 17.5
sessions over the course of the six‐week program and
completed 32.3 minutes of game play per session.
 Total sessions completed ranged from 12 to 21.
 Overall adherence was 92%, comprising a total of 316
sessions out of the prescribed 342 (19 subjects x 6 weeks x 3
sessions per week).
Variable Group Baseline 6-weeks Mean difference
TUG (sec) Wii 7.85 (1.16) 7.24 (1.36) 0.54 (0.79)*
Control 7.53 (1.86) 7.39 (1.63) ‐0.13 (0.88)
Functional reach (cm) Wii 27.00 (5.03) 29.47 (4.46) 2.47 (5.08)
Control 29.73 (4.37) 31.05 (4.31) 1.32 (5.07)
Lateral reach left (cm) Wii 19.84 (5.67) 22.08 (4.97) 2.14 (4.79)
Control 21.25 (4.47) 18.91 (3.52) ‐2.14 (4.41)
Lateral reach right (cm) Wii 19.39 (4.68) 21.16 (3.44) 1.76 (4.88)
Control 21.09 (3.14) 20.05 (4.42) ‐1.05 (5.11)
Single leg stance left (sec) Wii 13.78 (13.48) 16.46 (15.99) 1.67 (11.73)**
Control 19.89 (19.85) 13.37 (13.56) ‐4.03 (10.28)
Single leg stance right (sec) Wii 16.29 (14.67) 19.18 (15.88) 4.03 (11.6)**#
Control 16.78 (15.17) 14.83 (13.90) ‐1.72 (12.33)
Repeated sit to stand Wii 15.82 (3.68) 17.72 (3.65) 1.65 (2.16)
Control 15.09 (3.38) 17.05 (5.14) 1.71 (2.97)
Gait (m/s) Wii 1.34 (0.15) 1.38 (0.17) 0.04 (0.12)**
Control 1.41 (0.19) 1.37 (0.20) ‐0.05 (0.11)
CONCLUSION
 The six‐week unsupervised Wii Fit based program for an
aged population (65 years or older) was found to be
effective with significant group related improvements
occurred in the Wii Fit intervention group for five out of
eight clinical tests used to assess mobility and balance.
 Participants were very competitive
 Aged care homes invested in Wii Fit games post research
 PT’s could prescribe Wii Fit games for elderly clients as
additional activity in own home
FITNESS INDUSTRY
Type and scope of nutritional and lifestyle
advice sought by Australians who utilise
Exercise professionals and related services
Investigators: Dr. Mark McKean,
Professor Brendan Burkett, Dr Gary
Slater, Dr Florin Oprescu
RESEARCH AIM
To determine the type and scope of nutritional and lifestyle advice sought by
every day Australians who utilise Exercise professionals and related services:
 what their fitness and lifestyle related goals were when joining the
fitness facility;
 what information and advice they were seeking when they joined to
assist them with their goals;
 what nutritional and lifestyle related information they received from
fitness professionals and does this information fit with what they were
seeking;
 the participant’s confidence in the information provided and their
intention to use it;

METHODS
 500+ respondents from regional and city areas of
Australia
 Online 200+ national coverage
 Face to face 300 + regional clubs on Sunshine Coast Qld
 iPads – SurveyMonkey
 Average age 35 (20‐74 year range)
RESULTS
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
Number 1 goal (rated as a 5 Likert scale) as a percentage of total responses
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
Less
than 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Per week, how many days do you attend your fitness facility? Less than 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
20.0%
Less
than 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 or
more
Per week, approximately how many hours do you train/work out towards
achieving your health and fitness goals?
Less than 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 or more
80%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
Less than 1
month
1 to 3
months
3 to 6
months
6 to 9
months
9 to 12
months
1 to 2 years 2 years or
more
What is the average length of time you have worked continuously with an
Exercise Professional?
Less than 1 month
1 to 3 months
3 to 6 months
6 to 9 months
9 to 12 months
1 to 2 years
2 years or more
50%

0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
50.0%
1 2 3 4 5
Describe the impact your exercise professional has had on your
health and fitness goals. (1 = very negative, 2 = negative, 3 =
neutral or no impact, 4 = positive, 5 = very positive).
1
2
3
4
5
86%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
From the list below select those reasons that prevent you from
eating better. Please TICK ALL relevant boxes.
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
1 2 3 4 5
Please rate how confident you are in all of the nutritional
advice you received from your Exercise Professional.(1 = not
confident, 2 = low confidence, 3 = confident, 4 = very
confident, 5 = extremely confident)
1
2
3
4
5
90%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
Strongly
disagree
Disagree Neither agree
nor disagree
Agree Strongly
agree
I prefer to work with an Exercise Professional who offers
advice on nutrition.
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Neither agree nor
disagree
Agree
Strongly agree
55%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
Strongly
disagree
Disagree Neither agree
nor disagree
Agree Strongly
agree
I prefer to work with an Exercise Professional who has
specific qualifications in nutrition.
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Neither agree
nor disagree
Agree
Strongly
agree
57%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
Exercise Professionals
are experts in nutrition
should be experts in
nutrition
should know a fair bit
about nutrition but do not
need to be experts
do not need to know
much about nutrition (not
their job)
should refer clients to
nutrition experts
Based on your experience how do you see Exercise Professionals
when considering their nutrition knowledge? Select one option from
below.
80%

Do YOU OR an Exercise Professional currently
monitor your body composition i.e. body fat, muscle
mass?
No
Yes 0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
Percentage of clients responded with rating these as a 4 or 5 on
Likert scale for importance
SUMMARY
A large proportion of clients:
 want to use a trainer with nutrition knowledge
 Expect trainers to have a good level of day to day
nutrition knowledge
 Goals relate to body composition
 Don’t have their body composition measured by their
trainer
CURRENT PROJECTS
GROUP EXERCISE
Changes in Body Composition, Bone
density, Balance in oldies after 6 months
BodyPump.
Chief Investigator: Vaughan Nicholson
(PhD Project)
RESEARCH AIM
Research aim
 Explore the response to participation in a BodyPump
program in apparently healthy independently living
older adults
 Aged 65yrs plus
 Measured VO2 (predicted max),balance and mobility
tasks, 1RM leg strength, Body Composition and Bone
density (DEXA‐BodPod)

METHODS
Three stages of testing
 Stage 1 – pretesting
 Motion Lab – force plate data
 Body Comp – DEXA‐BodPod
 Gym – 1RM Leg strength incline leg press
 Submax VO2 gas analysis with 3 lead ECG
 Stage 2 ‐ BodyPump induction
 Stage 3 – 3 months participation & mid stage
testing
 Stage 4 – additional protocol added – Body
Balance
 Stage 5 – final testing
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Physical Literacy on Children
Honours project: Claire Tompsett
RESEARCH AIM
Research aim
 Produce a screening tool that can be used by practitioners to
improve movement and influence physical activity participation
by all school aged children
 Determine whether testing foundational movement capacities of
children underpin the movements in skill based tests
 Investigate relationships between scores on these tests and
lifestyle factors such as BMI and participation hours in physical
activity
 Create a baseline of scores for movement improvement
 Determine the inter‐ and intra‐reliability of the scoring
METHODS
 A target of 300 participants, equal quantities from year
4, year 6 and year 8 across 5 schools
 Collection of anthropometric data including height and
weight to determine BMI.
 Objective measurement of 7 movement competencies’
 Questionnaire ascertaining lifestyle factors
 Ethics approval number A/13/440
DIABETES
The effect of two exercise bouts on fat oxidation
rates and post prandial or 24‐hr glucose control in
an insulin resistant population group.
Honours project: Rachel Luff
RESEARCH AIM
 The research aims to identify if impaired rates of fat oxidation
in the insulin resistant population can be improved by
depletion of whole‐body carbohydrate stores via evening
exercising, low carbohydrate feeding and exercise the
following morning in a fasted state.
 Secondly, the research seeks to identify if this strategy would
help glucose control over a 24‐hr period.
 The findings may provide clinicians, physicians and other
health professionals with useful advice to giver their patients
regarding glucose control and reductions in fat mass.

METHODS DAY 1
The study would use a repeated measures design
 Day 1:No exercise
 6.30pm, standardised moderate carbohydrate meal
 Day 2
 7am, 60 minute fasted‐state steady state low‐intensity
exercise session while measuring fat oxidation rates
 8.30am, post‐prandial glucose and other blood testing,
such as lipids, or 24‐hr glucose monitoring.
METHODS DAY 2
 Wash out period
 Day 1
 5pm, aerobic interval session
 6.30pm, standardized low carbohydrate dinner
 Day 2
 7am, 60 minute fasted‐state steady state low‐intensity
exercise session while measuring fat oxidation rates
 8.30am, post‐prandial glucose and other blood testing, such
as lipids or 24‐hr glucose monitoring.
TECHNOLOGY
The Use of Inertial Sensors to Study Surfing
Manoeuvres: Does the Lower Body Force
Profile Change with Age and Surfing Ability?
Honours project: Chris Wood
RESEARCH AIM
Research aim
 quantify the acceleration of the surfboard during a ‘bottom
turn’ and ‘carving turn’ in normal surfing conditions using
inertial sensors;
 quantify the forces generated by the lower limbs in
performing a ‘bottom turn’ and ‘carving turn’ in normal
surfing conditions using inertial sensors;
 compare these forces with those generated by the lower body
during tests of performance in the laboratory; and
 determine if the lower body force abilities change with age,
gender and/or surfing ability.
METHODS
 20 semi elite juniors and 20 master surfers
 Two testing sessions
 Session 1: Motion Laboratory
 Anthropometry, Postural sway control and Power jump tests
 Session 2: Maroochydore/Coolum beach
 Surfers fitted with three inertial sensors and one on the board
 Ride four waves and perform two predetermined surfing
manoeuvres
 Force data of manoeuvres analysed
OTHER RESEARCH
 Pullups V lat pulldown biomechanics
 EMG activity of quads and hammies in split squats
 Use of single leg vertical jump to determine asymmetry in legs
 Nutrition & exercise prescription knowledge of AEP’s
 Exercise prescription knowledge of dietitians
 Qld OzTag – fitness profile of players and refs
 Barriers to Swimming participation in disabled groups
 Group exercise – class interventions
 Aquatic therapies
 Heart rate variability and use in training and recovery

SEND YOUR IDEAS FOR FITNESS
RESEARCH TO
mmckean@ucs.edu.au
JOURNAL OF FITNESS RESEARCH
 Current Issue: Vol. 2, No. 1 – July 2013
 Next issue due out Dec 2013 Vol.2, No. 2
DR MARK MCKEAN PHD
 Research Fellow
 University of Sunshine Coast ‐ Fitness Research
 mmckean@usc.edu.au

WAFIC 2013 fitness research update

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