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Biochemistry Chapter 7
Vitamins
Definition
Vitamins are those Organic Substances that maintain the normal structure and
function of cells .
Vitamins are not synthesised by human body , that is why they are taken in
food from external source ( plants , animals ) .
Classification
1) Fat soluble Vitamins : Vitamin A, D,E , K ( KEDA) are fat soluble vitamins .
They are hydrophobic in nature and are stored in liver .
These are not excreted out from body , so excessive intake can cause toxic
effect which is called Hypervitaminosis .
2) Water soluble Vitamins : Vitamin B Complex and Vitamin C are water soluble
Vitamins .
These are not stored in the body , therefore they are required daily in small
quantity .

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Scientific name of Vitamins
Fat soluble Water soluble
Vit. A ( Retinol ) B 1 ( Thiamine )
VIt. D ( Calciferol ) B 2 ( Riboflavin )
Vit. E ( TocoPherol ) B3 ( Niacin )
Vit . K ( Phylloquinone ) B5 ( Pantothenic Acid )
B6 ( Pyridoxine )
B7 ( Biotin )
B9 ( Folic acid )
B12 ( Cobalamin , Cyanocobalamin )

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Vitamin A ( retinol )
Functions
1) It is necessary for normal Vision .
2) It is important for body growth .
3) It helps in growth of bones and Neurological System .
4) It keeps the skin , Kidneys , and other organs perfect .
Deficiency Diseases
1) Night Blindness 2) xErophthelmia ( dryness of eye )
3) Keratomalacia ( ulcernation of cornea ) 4) Dryness of skin .
Daily Dietary requirement
600 mcg /d
Sources :
Green Vegetables , fruits , cereals , liver , milk , Butter , and egg yolk .
overuse ( Hypervitaminosis A )
Overuse cases Headache , nausea , Vomiting , tiredness etc.

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Vitamin D ( Calceferol )
Functions
1) It increases the absorption of Calcium and Phosphorus from Intestine
2) It promotes the normal growth and development of bones .
3) It keeps bones healthy .
4) It promotes the normal growth of the body .
Deficiency Diseases
1) Rickets in children 2) Osteomalacia
Daily Dietary requirement
100 units / day ( 2.5 mcg) . and lactating mother 400 units /d
Sources :
Cod liver oil , fish liver Oil , egg yolk , animal liver .
Overuse

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Over intake of Vitamin D ( 100 mcg or 1000 IU ) on regular basis can cause
Kidney stone , anorexia ( loss of appetite ) , Polyuria , Constipation , excessive
thirst , weight loss etc.
Vitamin E ( Tocopherol )
Functions
1) it is helpful for healthy reproductive system .
2) it is an good antioxidant .
3) it prevents liver cells from toxicity .
4) it protect nerve fibres from demylination
5) it prevents rancidity .
Deficiency diseases
1) Tooth discoloration 2) weakness of RBC
3) Thrombosytosis and oedem 4) Sterility in male , death of fetus in uterus
in female
Daily Dietary requirement

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10 mg/day and for pregnant and lactating woman 35mg /d .
Sources :
Meat , liver , fish , chicken , vegetable oils , green leafy vegetables ,egg yolk .
Vitamin K ( phylloquinone )
Functions
1) it increases the activity of blood clotting factors .
2) it helps the liver to manufacture the enzyme that catalyses the formation of
prothrombin .
Deficiency diseases
1) Delay in blood clotting 2) improper functioning of liver .
Daily Dietary requirement
140-200mg/d
Sources
green leafy vegetables( Spinach , Cabbage etc.) , Soya beans , wheat germ .

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Vitamin B 1 ( Thiamine )
Functions
1) It is necessary for maintaining good appetite .
2) It helps in utilizing the carbohydrates in body .
3) it is needed for brain metabolism .
Deficiency diseases
1) Beri-Beri ( nerve system problems , oedema , weakness , headache ,
Insomnia , GIT disorders .)
2) Anorexia ( loss of appetite )
Daily Dietary requirement
1.5mg /d
Sources :
rice bran , wheat bran , whole grains , nuts , pulses , beam , yeast , liver , eggs ,
fish , meat , and milk .

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Vitamin B2 ( Riboflavin)
Functions
1) It helps the regulation of some carbohydrate- metabolising hormones.
2) In presence of light , it stimulate the optic nerve .
Deficiency diseases
1) injury of lips 2) Cracks at the mouth' s angle )
3) Eczema on face ( red and dry skin and itch ) 4) Hair loss
5) red eye reproductive problems 6) cataract
Daily Dietary requirement
0.5mg/d
Sources
Milk , liver , eggs yolk , sprouts cereals .

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Vitamin B3 ( Niacin )
Functions
1) It perform metabolic function
2) It converts carbohydrates into glucose .
3) it keeps nervous system working properly .
Deficiency diseases
1) dermatitis ( Itchy inflammation of skin )
2) Diarrhoea
3) Demantia ( memory loss , neuronal disorder )
Daily Dietary requirement
6 mg/d
Sources
Liver , fish , bean , and peanuts .

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Vitamin B5 ( Pantothenic Acid )
Functions
1) It is essential for growth of infants and children .
2) It is required for Breakdown of fasts and carbohydrates for energy .
3) It is required for formation of RBCs .
Deficiency diseases
1) Anaemia 2) growth problem 3) Liver problems
4) nausea 5) Vomiting 6) Fatty liver .
Daily Dietary requirement
6mg/d
Sources
Honey , cereals , nuts , eggs , liver ,fish , milk , meat , bran .

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Vitamin B6 ( Pyridoxine )
Functions
1) It is needed for Infant growth .
2) It is required for formation of dopamine , serotonin etc.
3) Formation of RBCs and WBCs
Deficiency diseases
its deficiency rarely occurs
1) depression 2) confusion 3) decrease immune function . 4 anaemia
Daily Dietary requirement
1.6-2 .0mg/d
Sources
Milk , liver , eggs yolk , meat , leafy vegetables etc.

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Vitamin B7 ( Biotin )
Functions
1) It helps in metabolism of carbohydrates , lipids , proteins and produces
energy .
Deficiency diseases
1) alopecia ( hair loss ) 2) hair graying .
Daily Dietary requirement
100-300mcg /d
Sources
Honey , Milk , liver , eggs yolk , meat , fish etc.
Vitamin B9 ( Folic acid )
Functions
1) it help in Protein metabolism ,.
2) Controls Homocysteine level
3) it break Homocysteine amino acid .
Deficiency diseases

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1) affect DNA Synthesis
2) Megaloblastic anaemia . ( abnormal large Red Blood cells ) .
Daily Dietary requirement
300-400 mcg /d
Sources
leafy vegetables liver , eggs etc .
Vitamin 12 ( Cobalamine )
Functions
1) it is required for formation of genetic materials .
2) For formation and maturation of RBCs
3) it is needed for maintenance of nervous system .
Deficiency diseases
1) neurological disorder 2) Infertility 3) Demyelination
4) Megaloblastic anaemia .
Daily Dietary requirement
5mcg /D
Sources

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liver, milk, moulds ,eggs .
Vitamin C ( ascorbic acid )
Functions
1) It is necessary for Iron absorption .
2) It provides immunity against viruses and cold .
3) It keeps gums and capillaries healthy .
4) It helps in wound Healing .
Deficiency diseases
1) Scurvy disease
a) bleeding from gums and decaying teeth .
b) loosing teeth
c) haemorrhage due to weakness of capillaries .
d) delay in wound healing .
Daily Dietary requirement

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30mg/D for infants and 70mg/D for adults .
Sources
Citrus Fruits , grapes , apple , papaya , guava , vegetables etc

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Co-Enzymes
Definition
Co-Enzymes are a non protein Compound that bind with Enzymes and increase the function of
Enzymes .
All the water soluble vitamins and two of the fat soluble vitamins A and K act as Co -enzyme or
Cofactors .
Co-enzyme Forms of Vitamins
Water soluble
B 1 ( Thiamine )
B 2 ( Riboflavin )
B3 ( Niacin )
B5 (Pantothenic Acid )
B6 ( Pyridoxine )
B7 ( Biotin )
B9 ( Folic acid )
B12 ( Cobalamin ,
Coenzyme Form
Thiamine Pyrophosphate ( TPP )
Flavin Mono Neucleotide ( FMN) , Flavin Adenine
Dineucleotide ( FAD )
Nicotinamide Adenine Dineucleotide ( NAD )
Nicotinamide Adenine Dineucleotide Phosphate
Coenzyme A
Pyridoxal Phosphate
Biotine Carboxyl - carrier Protein
Tetrahydrofolic Acid
Co -enzyme B12

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Chemical Nature of Vitamins
Vitamin A
It is insoluble In water , soluble in ethanol and freely soluble in organic solvent like fats
and oils .
It is an antioxidant .
Low sensitive light , heat and Iodine
Retinoids occurs in these three forms
a) Alcoholic Retinol b) aldehyde retinol c) Acid retinoic Acid .
Vitamin D
It is insoluble in water , moderately soluble in fats ,oils and ethanol , freely soluble in
aceton , ether , and petroleum ether .
It is sensitive to oxygen , light and iodine .
heating , or mild acidity can converts it to the inactive forms .
Vitamins E
It is insoluble in water ,and soluble in fats and oils .
they are good antioxidants .

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they are resistant to acid .
they are stable in air .
it is acidic in nature ( acetic acid )
it is oil at room temperature .
Vitamins K
Insoluble in water , and slightly soluble in ethanol and freely soluble in ether , chloroform
, fats and oils .
It is sensitive to light .
Vitamin B1
It is highly soluble in water moderately soluble in methanol and glycerol , and insoluble
fats and oils .
free thiamine is unstable , that is why hydrochloride and mononitrate forms are used .
it is colourless crystal
Vitamins B2
It is moderately soluble in water
insoluble in fats and oils

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It is light sensitive , so should be handle in dark ,
It can not be extracted with usual organic solvent , it is extracted with chloroform .
Vitamins B3
It is of amphoteric nature and forms salts with acids as well as with bases .
It is soluble in water .and insoluble in fats .
It is stable in dry form
Vitamin B5
It is yellow viscous oil .
It is soluble in water and ether , and in soluble in organic solvents like fats acids .
It is unstable to heat and acidic or alkaline condition .
Vitamins B6
It is colourless crystal at room temperature .
It is highly soluble in water and insoluble in chloroform and fat .
it is stable in solution
Vitamins B7
It is white crystalline substance .

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It is stable to air , heat and light in dry form .
It degraded under strongly acidic or basic condition .
It is soluble in water , and insoluble in fat .
Vitamin B 9
it is an organic yellow crystalline substance
soluble in water and insoluble in fats .
unstable to light .
Vitamin B 12
it is red , red -orange or yellow crystalline substance .
Soluble in water and insoluble in fats .
stable to heat
It is more stable in presence of ascorbic acid .
Vitamin C
* It is soluble in water and insoluble in fats .
* In aqueous solution , Dehyroascorbic acid is unstable .
* Dehydroascorbic acid reacts with several amino acids .

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