d

1. Vital Signs/Blood
pressure

2. •Arterial blood pressure is a
measure of pressure exerted
by the blood as flows through
the arteries. (measured by
mmHg.)

3. Systolic BP is a measurement of the
maximal pressure exerted against
arterial walls during systole,
primarily a reflection of cardiac
output.

4. Diastolic BP is a measurement of
pressure remaining in arterial system
during diastole (period of relaxation
that reflects the pressure remaining in
blood vessels after heart has pumped),
a reflection of peripheral vascular
resistance.

5. Pulse Pressure Measurement of the
ratio of stroke volume to
compliance (total distensibility) of
the arterial system.

6. BP normal limits
120/80 mmHg (adults)

7. Determinants of BP
Cardiac output
Peripheral vascular
resistance
Blood volume
Blood viscosity (Hct. >
60-65%)

8. Factors affecting BP
 Age (elasticity of the
arteries)
 Exercise
 Stress
 Race: African,
European American
males over 35 years
have higher BP.
 Gender
 medications
 Obesity
 Diurnal variations
 Disease process
(complications)

9. Assessing BP
Sphygmomanometer &
stethoscope
Electronic
Sphygmomanometer
Doppler US
Arterial lines

11. Assessing BP
Sites:
Brachial
Radial
Popliteal

14. Assessing BP
Contraindications For Brachial Artery BP
Measurement
Venous access devices, as IV infusion or AV fistula
for renal dialysis
Surgery in breast, axilla, shoulder, arm, hand
Injury or disease to shoulder, arm, or hand, such
as trauma, burns, or cast or bandage

15. Assessing BP
Hypertension
Primary hypertension
Secondary hypertension

16. Assessing BP (Hypertension)
Associated factors include:
Smoking
Obesity
Alcohol
Arteriosclerosis
Lack of physical activity
High blood cholesterol
Stress

17. Assessing BP (Hypertension)
Diagnostic measures: >140/90 mmHg in
multiple readings
Rx. : treatment of secondary causes, life
style changes and monitoring.

18. Assessing BP (Hypotension)
Orthostatic hypotension
Assessment of: drugs, bleeding, severe
burn and dehydration
Management: supine position 2-3min.,
V/s, prevent falls, Rx of the cause.

19. Orthostatic Postural Hypotension
Postural or orthostatic hypotension
(sudden; temporary drop in BP when rising
from a reclining position)
Most common in those with circulatory
problems, dehydrated, or those who take
diuretics or other drugs that lower BP

20. Category Systolic
(mmhg)
Diastolic
(mmhg)
Follow-up
recommended
Optimal <120 <80 / 2 years
Normal <130 <85 2 years
High normal 130–139 85–89 1 year
Hypertension
Stage 1 140–159 90–99 In 2 months
Stage 2 160–179 100–109 In 1 month
Stage 3 180 or higher 110 or
higher
immediately or
in 1 week