Retinopathy of Prematurity is a rare disorder but it needs to be addressed on time. Eye Specialist of Escondido can help cure such conditions effectively.
This document summarizes common neonatal morbidities that can result from complications during pregnancy and delivery. It discusses how conditions like diabetes, hypertension, infection, and nutritional imbalances in the mother can negatively impact the health of the newborn. The summary provides management considerations for treating infants born with various medical issues and outlines how close collaboration between obstetric and neonatal clinicians is important for counseling families and ensuring the best outcomes for both mother and baby.
Prematurity & and its complication on different organs, Dr Iraguha Bandora Yv...IRAGUHA BANDORA Yves
The document discusses preterm birth and summarizes key information. It defines a preterm baby as one delivered before 37 weeks of gestation. Worldwide, preterm birth complicates 5-18% of births, with rates of 5-9% in Europe and 12-13% in the USA. Prematurity is associated with short and long term complications affecting multiple organ systems. Prevention strategies aim to reduce preterm birth through screening and treating at-risk women. Treatment includes steroids, antibiotics, tocolysis and neonatal care to improve outcomes.
Aggressive Management of Very Premature, Very Low-birth Weight B.docxdaniahendric
Aggressive Management of Very Premature, Very Low-birth Weight Babies
Introduction
Premature births, also called preterm births, occur when babies are born in less than 37 weeks of pregnancy.
The older the fetus, the heavier the birth weight at birth.
Preterm births that occur too early in the gestation period result in significantly low birth weight of the babies.
There are several risk factors of preterm birth including diabetes, stress, hypertension, infection among others.
Every year, about 15 million babies are born prematurely around the world (Ali et al., 2016).
Preterm births are one of the most challenging things that obstetricians are faced with. According to Ali et al. (2016), about 15 million babies are born prematurely around the world. The global preterm birth rate ranges between 5% and 18%, and India’s rate of 21% makes the country have the highest preterm birth rate in the world. Ali et al. argue that the mode of delivery of preterm babies does not affect the survival of the neonates. However, it is advisable to conduct cesarean delivery when other obstetric considerations need to be made aside from the birth itself.
2
Delivery of Preterm Babies
Aggressive management of very premature, very low-birth weight babies starts from the time the babies are delivered.
Although nearly half of preterm births occur spontaneously, aggressive delivery may be used in some cases (Ali et al., 2016).
Even though the survival rate of preterm births occurring in the low 20s of the gestational period have very neonatal mortality rates, advances in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) technology have improved survival rates of very premature babies (Ali et al., 2016).
Very premature and very low-birth weight babies are increasingly surviving even at low gestational age. This is because the combined use of neonatal intensive care units and antenatal corticosteroids has increased salvageability of premature babies born at very low gestational age (Ali et al., 2016). One of the main challenges regarding the issue of preterm births is very low awareness among members of the public.
3
Conditions Threatening Premature Babies
Very low-birth weight and premature babies are very susceptible to infections, diseases and health conditions which expose the babies to neonatal morbidity and mortality.
These conditions include:
Hyperbilirubinemia.
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).
Sepsis.
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
According to Ali et al. (2016), preterm babies are very likely to suffer from sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome, intra-ventricular hemorrhage and hyperbilirubinemia. Intra-ventricular hemorrhage results from patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). PDA is very common in very premature babies. Perez & Laughon (2015) argue that PDA has an incidence of up to 75% in preterm babies born at less than 28 weeks of gestation. PDA is very dangerous because it decreases the blood flow in body organs, t ...
This document discusses guidelines for follow up care of high risk newborns after discharge from the NICU. It outlines the importance of follow up to monitor for growth, development, and health deviations. Criteria for discharge planning are described, including being hemodynamically stable, maintaining temperature, full enteral feeds, parental confidence, and vaccinations. Improving compliance is discussed through informing parents, multi-disciplinary teams, integrating with routine visits, communication, and continuity of care. Risk factors for neurodevelopmental disabilities are outlined. Screenings and assessments recommended before discharge and during follow up include medical exams, neuroimaging, ROP screening, hearing screening, and metabolic screening. Levels of follow up care are assigned based
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture, caused by non-progressive brain damage early in development. It is characterized by abnormal muscle tone or movement, and often accompanied by disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition, communication, and behavior. CP can be caused by various genetic and acquired factors that result in brain abnormalities before, during, or after birth. While historically considered static, some features of CP may change over time. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and improve function through therapies, medications, surgery, and equipment.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) predominantly affects young women, so pregnancy is a common occurrence; however, it requires comprehensive planning to ensure a safe pregnancy. SLE can increase the risks of disease flares during pregnancy, preterm birth, miscarriages, and hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. Recognition of SLE disease activity during pregnancy can be difficult due to overlapping physiological changes. Increased disease activity, high prednisone use, hypertension, and other risk factors can contribute to preterm birth and preeclampsia. The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in SLE patients increases the risks of pregnancy loss, intrauterine growth retardation, and preterm births. Medications must be carefully managed during
This document discusses antenatal fetal surveillance, which involves assessing fetal well-being during pregnancy to ensure delivery of a healthy newborn. It outlines various indications for surveillance including maternal conditions like hypertension and diabetes, as well as fetal conditions like growth restriction. Methods of surveillance discussed include biochemical tests of maternal serum, ultrasound, MRI, amniocentesis, and clinical assessment of fetal growth through maternal weight gain and abdominal exams. The goal of surveillance is to monitor high-risk pregnancies and detect issues that could impact the fetus.
This document summarizes common neonatal morbidities that can result from complications during pregnancy and delivery. It discusses how conditions like diabetes, hypertension, infection, and nutritional imbalances in the mother can negatively impact the health of the newborn. The summary provides management considerations for treating infants born with various medical issues and outlines how close collaboration between obstetric and neonatal clinicians is important for counseling families and ensuring the best outcomes for both mother and baby.
Prematurity & and its complication on different organs, Dr Iraguha Bandora Yv...IRAGUHA BANDORA Yves
The document discusses preterm birth and summarizes key information. It defines a preterm baby as one delivered before 37 weeks of gestation. Worldwide, preterm birth complicates 5-18% of births, with rates of 5-9% in Europe and 12-13% in the USA. Prematurity is associated with short and long term complications affecting multiple organ systems. Prevention strategies aim to reduce preterm birth through screening and treating at-risk women. Treatment includes steroids, antibiotics, tocolysis and neonatal care to improve outcomes.
Aggressive Management of Very Premature, Very Low-birth Weight B.docxdaniahendric
Aggressive Management of Very Premature, Very Low-birth Weight Babies
Introduction
Premature births, also called preterm births, occur when babies are born in less than 37 weeks of pregnancy.
The older the fetus, the heavier the birth weight at birth.
Preterm births that occur too early in the gestation period result in significantly low birth weight of the babies.
There are several risk factors of preterm birth including diabetes, stress, hypertension, infection among others.
Every year, about 15 million babies are born prematurely around the world (Ali et al., 2016).
Preterm births are one of the most challenging things that obstetricians are faced with. According to Ali et al. (2016), about 15 million babies are born prematurely around the world. The global preterm birth rate ranges between 5% and 18%, and India’s rate of 21% makes the country have the highest preterm birth rate in the world. Ali et al. argue that the mode of delivery of preterm babies does not affect the survival of the neonates. However, it is advisable to conduct cesarean delivery when other obstetric considerations need to be made aside from the birth itself.
2
Delivery of Preterm Babies
Aggressive management of very premature, very low-birth weight babies starts from the time the babies are delivered.
Although nearly half of preterm births occur spontaneously, aggressive delivery may be used in some cases (Ali et al., 2016).
Even though the survival rate of preterm births occurring in the low 20s of the gestational period have very neonatal mortality rates, advances in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) technology have improved survival rates of very premature babies (Ali et al., 2016).
Very premature and very low-birth weight babies are increasingly surviving even at low gestational age. This is because the combined use of neonatal intensive care units and antenatal corticosteroids has increased salvageability of premature babies born at very low gestational age (Ali et al., 2016). One of the main challenges regarding the issue of preterm births is very low awareness among members of the public.
3
Conditions Threatening Premature Babies
Very low-birth weight and premature babies are very susceptible to infections, diseases and health conditions which expose the babies to neonatal morbidity and mortality.
These conditions include:
Hyperbilirubinemia.
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).
Sepsis.
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
According to Ali et al. (2016), preterm babies are very likely to suffer from sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome, intra-ventricular hemorrhage and hyperbilirubinemia. Intra-ventricular hemorrhage results from patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). PDA is very common in very premature babies. Perez & Laughon (2015) argue that PDA has an incidence of up to 75% in preterm babies born at less than 28 weeks of gestation. PDA is very dangerous because it decreases the blood flow in body organs, t ...
This document discusses guidelines for follow up care of high risk newborns after discharge from the NICU. It outlines the importance of follow up to monitor for growth, development, and health deviations. Criteria for discharge planning are described, including being hemodynamically stable, maintaining temperature, full enteral feeds, parental confidence, and vaccinations. Improving compliance is discussed through informing parents, multi-disciplinary teams, integrating with routine visits, communication, and continuity of care. Risk factors for neurodevelopmental disabilities are outlined. Screenings and assessments recommended before discharge and during follow up include medical exams, neuroimaging, ROP screening, hearing screening, and metabolic screening. Levels of follow up care are assigned based
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture, caused by non-progressive brain damage early in development. It is characterized by abnormal muscle tone or movement, and often accompanied by disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition, communication, and behavior. CP can be caused by various genetic and acquired factors that result in brain abnormalities before, during, or after birth. While historically considered static, some features of CP may change over time. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and improve function through therapies, medications, surgery, and equipment.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) predominantly affects young women, so pregnancy is a common occurrence; however, it requires comprehensive planning to ensure a safe pregnancy. SLE can increase the risks of disease flares during pregnancy, preterm birth, miscarriages, and hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. Recognition of SLE disease activity during pregnancy can be difficult due to overlapping physiological changes. Increased disease activity, high prednisone use, hypertension, and other risk factors can contribute to preterm birth and preeclampsia. The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in SLE patients increases the risks of pregnancy loss, intrauterine growth retardation, and preterm births. Medications must be carefully managed during
This document discusses antenatal fetal surveillance, which involves assessing fetal well-being during pregnancy to ensure delivery of a healthy newborn. It outlines various indications for surveillance including maternal conditions like hypertension and diabetes, as well as fetal conditions like growth restriction. Methods of surveillance discussed include biochemical tests of maternal serum, ultrasound, MRI, amniocentesis, and clinical assessment of fetal growth through maternal weight gain and abdominal exams. The goal of surveillance is to monitor high-risk pregnancies and detect issues that could impact the fetus.
This document discusses fetal growth disorders including intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). It defines key terms like SGA, discusses causes and risk factors for IUGR like placental insufficiency. It outlines methods for detecting and monitoring IUGR fetuses including ultrasound measurements and Doppler assessments. It also presents a staging system for managing IUGR pregnancies based on ultrasound and Doppler findings with recommendations for surveillance and timing of delivery.
This document provides frequently asked questions about thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and pregnancy. It discusses what thrombocytopenia is, and how a woman's platelet count may be affected during pregnancy. It also addresses whether women with pre-existing conditions like immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) can safely become pregnant, what medical supervision may be required during pregnancy, and which treatments are considered safe to use. The risks to the fetus and newborn are addressed, as well as questions about delivery methods and platelet count thresholds.
A high-risk pregnancy is one where both the mother and baby face increased health risks. Approximately 15% of pregnancies are considered high-risk due to factors like advanced maternal age over 35, being underweight or overweight, pregnancy complications involving the placenta, carrying multiples like twins, and certain sexually transmitted diseases. Close prenatal care and monitoring can help increase the chances of a healthy pregnancy outcome even if the pregnancy is high-risk.
Infections can occur in the prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal periods in babies. Common infections transmitted from mother to baby include toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, parvovirus B19, syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV, group B streptococci, and Listeria. Clinical manifestations in babies can include rash, jaundice, pneumonia, sepsis, and central nervous system abnormalities. Diagnosis involves testing amniotic fluid or infant samples. Treatment may involve antiviral medications for the mother or infant.
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It covers the significance, incidence, classification, pathophysiology, risk factors, care management, and key points regarding preeclampsia, eclampsia, gestational hypertension, and chronic hypertension. Specifically, it notes that hypertensive disorders complicate 5-10% of pregnancies, with preeclampsia occurring in 3-7% of pregnancies. Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Care management involves monitoring, activity restriction, medications like magnesium sulfate, and delivery once the condition is severe.
The document summarizes prenatal development from fertilization through fetal development and birth. It describes the processes of fertilization, the embryonic period of organ development in the first 8 weeks, and fetal development in the second and third trimesters where distinctive human features form. It also discusses potential complications like congenital abnormalities, maternal factors, prematurity, and risk factors for problematic pregnancies such as existing health conditions, age, and lifestyle habits.
EFFECT OF RADIATIONS ,DRUGS AND CHEMICAL.pdfOM VERMA
The document discusses the effects of radiation, drugs, chemicals, alcohol, and smoking during pregnancy. It explains that exposure to ionizing radiation, illegal drugs like cocaine and methamphetamine, excessive alcohol, and cigarette smoking during pregnancy can harm the fetus and increase risks of birth defects, low birth weight, fetal alcohol syndrome, and other health issues. The effects depend on the type of substance, dose, and gestational age at time of exposure.
MATERNAL AGE,MATERNAL DRUG THERAPY PRENATAL TEST AND DIAGNOSIS.pdfOM VERMA
This document discusses prenatal testing and diagnosis. It begins with an introduction to maternal age and risks associated with advanced maternal age such as preeclampsia and genetic disorders. It then describes various prenatal tests including amniocentesis, which analyzes amniotic fluid; chorionic villus sampling, which analyzes placental tissue; and non-invasive options like cell-free DNA screening from a blood sample and triple screening tests. The document outlines both invasive procedures that obtain fetal tissues and non-invasive procedures to screen for potential issues.
This document discusses antenatal care and diagnosis of pregnancy. It provides an overview of the objectives, importance and components of initial comprehensive evaluation during antenatal care visits. The initial evaluation involves diagnosing the pregnancy, obtaining a medical history, conducting a physical exam, assessing gestational age, and providing instructions to the patient. The goals are to monitor maternal and fetal health, identify high-risk pregnancies, detect medical issues, and educate the mother. A proper diagnosis is important to guide treatment and management of any existing conditions during the pregnancy.
This document provides an overview of common neonatal disorders classified into four categories: birth injuries, disorders related to physiological factors, disorders related to infectious processes, and disorders related to maternal conditions. Specific conditions discussed in detail include respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, hemolytic disease of the newborn, and neonatal sepsis. The nursing management of each condition focuses on supportive care, monitoring, treatment, and ensuring optimal outcomes for the infant.
This document discusses several common neonatal disorders classified by type. Birth injuries include caput succedaneum (edema of the scalp from pressure during labor), cephalhematoma (collection of blood under the skull from birth trauma), fractures, facial paralysis, and Erb's/Brachial palsy. Disorders related to physiological factors include hyperbilirubinemia, hemolytic disease of the newborn, and respiratory distress syndrome. Infectious disorders include sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. Disorders related to maternal conditions include infants of diabetic mothers. Specific details are provided on hemolytic disease of the newborn, respiratory distress syndrome, nursing care for injuries to the head, and Erb
High-risk approach with screening and assessmentAnamika Ramawat
High risk pregnancies require screening and assessment to identify risks and provide extra care. Around 20-30% of pregnancies are considered high risk due to factors that could adversely affect the pregnancy outcome for the mother or baby. Assessment involves evaluating the health history and risk factors, while screening identifies apparently healthy people who may be at increased risk. Various diagnostic tests can then be used to further evaluate any risks found during screening. These include noninvasive tests like ultrasound, CTG, NST and CST as well as invasive tests like CVS and amniocentesis. Proper screening, assessment and diagnosis of high risk pregnancies allows for improved monitoring and outcomes.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders caused by damage to the developing brain either during pregnancy or shortly after birth. It affects movement and posture and can cause physical disability. The main types are spastic CP (stiff muscles), athetoid/dyskinetic CP (uncontrolled movements), and ataxic CP (problems with coordination). Risk factors include preterm birth, low birth weight, infections during pregnancy, complications during delivery, and genetic disorders. Diagnosis involves assessing motor skills, muscle tone, reflexes, and ruling out other potential causes through imaging and tests.
This document summarizes prenatal human development from fertilization through fetal development and birth. It describes the processes of fertilization, the 8-week embryonic period of rapid cell division and organ development, fetal development in the second and third trimesters including physical changes and movements, potential congenital abnormalities and their causes, maternal factors that can influence development, preterm birth, and risk factors for pregnancy complications.
Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of systemic illness accompanied by bacteremia occurring in the first month of life. It can be caused by bacteria acquired during birth or in the NICU. Clinical signs are non-specific but may include temperature irregularity, changes in behavior or feeding, and cardiorespiratory issues. Risk factors include prematurity, rupture of membranes, maternal infection, and invasive procedures. Diagnosis involves blood and other cultures, as well as adjunctive lab tests like complete blood count and acute-phase reactants. Prompt treatment is important due to the potential for rapid progression and high mortality.
Neonatal infections, especially sepsis, continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns. Sepsis is caused by microorganisms or their toxins in the blood or tissues. There are two patterns of neonatal bacterial infection - early-onset within 24-48 hours of birth often caused by maternal vaginal flora, and late-onset after 2 weeks of age which may be acquired from the birth canal or external environment. Risk factors include preterm birth, prolonged rupture of membranes, maternal fever or infection. Signs of sepsis include respiratory distress, temperature instability, feeding intolerance and jaundice. Treatment involves administering IV antibiotics and supportive care while monitoring for improvement.
Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of systemic illness accompanied by bacteria in the blood occurring in the first month of life. It can be early-onset within the first week of life, usually acquired during birth from the mother, or late-onset between 1 week to 1 month of life, often from the hospital environment. Symptoms are non-specific but can include temperature irregularities, poor feeding, or respiratory distress. Treatment involves blood cultures, antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin, and supportive care for complications involving various organ systems. Future treatments may involve immunotherapies and blocking inflammatory responses.
Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of systemic illness accompanied by bacteria in the blood occurring in the first month of life. It can be early-onset within the first week of life, usually acquired during birth from the mother, or late-onset between 1 week to 1 month of life, often from hospital-acquired infections. Symptoms are non-specific but can include temperature irregularities, poor feeding, or respiratory distress. Treatment involves blood cultures, antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin, and supportive care for complications involving various organ systems. Ongoing research focuses on immunotherapies and blocking inflammatory responses.
Our expert eye specialist of Escondido provides cutting-edge remedies for those struggling with low vision. We help improve your eyesight and quality of life.
Are you an IT professional? Staring at screens all day can take its toll on your eyes. Don’t just keep waiting till you start realizing the harmful effects. Follow the tips and advice provided by the famous eye specialist of Escondido that can help you maintain good eye health and reduce strain.
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This document discusses fetal growth disorders including intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). It defines key terms like SGA, discusses causes and risk factors for IUGR like placental insufficiency. It outlines methods for detecting and monitoring IUGR fetuses including ultrasound measurements and Doppler assessments. It also presents a staging system for managing IUGR pregnancies based on ultrasound and Doppler findings with recommendations for surveillance and timing of delivery.
This document provides frequently asked questions about thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and pregnancy. It discusses what thrombocytopenia is, and how a woman's platelet count may be affected during pregnancy. It also addresses whether women with pre-existing conditions like immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) can safely become pregnant, what medical supervision may be required during pregnancy, and which treatments are considered safe to use. The risks to the fetus and newborn are addressed, as well as questions about delivery methods and platelet count thresholds.
A high-risk pregnancy is one where both the mother and baby face increased health risks. Approximately 15% of pregnancies are considered high-risk due to factors like advanced maternal age over 35, being underweight or overweight, pregnancy complications involving the placenta, carrying multiples like twins, and certain sexually transmitted diseases. Close prenatal care and monitoring can help increase the chances of a healthy pregnancy outcome even if the pregnancy is high-risk.
Infections can occur in the prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal periods in babies. Common infections transmitted from mother to baby include toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, parvovirus B19, syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV, group B streptococci, and Listeria. Clinical manifestations in babies can include rash, jaundice, pneumonia, sepsis, and central nervous system abnormalities. Diagnosis involves testing amniotic fluid or infant samples. Treatment may involve antiviral medications for the mother or infant.
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It covers the significance, incidence, classification, pathophysiology, risk factors, care management, and key points regarding preeclampsia, eclampsia, gestational hypertension, and chronic hypertension. Specifically, it notes that hypertensive disorders complicate 5-10% of pregnancies, with preeclampsia occurring in 3-7% of pregnancies. Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Care management involves monitoring, activity restriction, medications like magnesium sulfate, and delivery once the condition is severe.
The document summarizes prenatal development from fertilization through fetal development and birth. It describes the processes of fertilization, the embryonic period of organ development in the first 8 weeks, and fetal development in the second and third trimesters where distinctive human features form. It also discusses potential complications like congenital abnormalities, maternal factors, prematurity, and risk factors for problematic pregnancies such as existing health conditions, age, and lifestyle habits.
EFFECT OF RADIATIONS ,DRUGS AND CHEMICAL.pdfOM VERMA
The document discusses the effects of radiation, drugs, chemicals, alcohol, and smoking during pregnancy. It explains that exposure to ionizing radiation, illegal drugs like cocaine and methamphetamine, excessive alcohol, and cigarette smoking during pregnancy can harm the fetus and increase risks of birth defects, low birth weight, fetal alcohol syndrome, and other health issues. The effects depend on the type of substance, dose, and gestational age at time of exposure.
MATERNAL AGE,MATERNAL DRUG THERAPY PRENATAL TEST AND DIAGNOSIS.pdfOM VERMA
This document discusses prenatal testing and diagnosis. It begins with an introduction to maternal age and risks associated with advanced maternal age such as preeclampsia and genetic disorders. It then describes various prenatal tests including amniocentesis, which analyzes amniotic fluid; chorionic villus sampling, which analyzes placental tissue; and non-invasive options like cell-free DNA screening from a blood sample and triple screening tests. The document outlines both invasive procedures that obtain fetal tissues and non-invasive procedures to screen for potential issues.
This document discusses antenatal care and diagnosis of pregnancy. It provides an overview of the objectives, importance and components of initial comprehensive evaluation during antenatal care visits. The initial evaluation involves diagnosing the pregnancy, obtaining a medical history, conducting a physical exam, assessing gestational age, and providing instructions to the patient. The goals are to monitor maternal and fetal health, identify high-risk pregnancies, detect medical issues, and educate the mother. A proper diagnosis is important to guide treatment and management of any existing conditions during the pregnancy.
This document provides an overview of common neonatal disorders classified into four categories: birth injuries, disorders related to physiological factors, disorders related to infectious processes, and disorders related to maternal conditions. Specific conditions discussed in detail include respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, hemolytic disease of the newborn, and neonatal sepsis. The nursing management of each condition focuses on supportive care, monitoring, treatment, and ensuring optimal outcomes for the infant.
This document discusses several common neonatal disorders classified by type. Birth injuries include caput succedaneum (edema of the scalp from pressure during labor), cephalhematoma (collection of blood under the skull from birth trauma), fractures, facial paralysis, and Erb's/Brachial palsy. Disorders related to physiological factors include hyperbilirubinemia, hemolytic disease of the newborn, and respiratory distress syndrome. Infectious disorders include sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. Disorders related to maternal conditions include infants of diabetic mothers. Specific details are provided on hemolytic disease of the newborn, respiratory distress syndrome, nursing care for injuries to the head, and Erb
High-risk approach with screening and assessmentAnamika Ramawat
High risk pregnancies require screening and assessment to identify risks and provide extra care. Around 20-30% of pregnancies are considered high risk due to factors that could adversely affect the pregnancy outcome for the mother or baby. Assessment involves evaluating the health history and risk factors, while screening identifies apparently healthy people who may be at increased risk. Various diagnostic tests can then be used to further evaluate any risks found during screening. These include noninvasive tests like ultrasound, CTG, NST and CST as well as invasive tests like CVS and amniocentesis. Proper screening, assessment and diagnosis of high risk pregnancies allows for improved monitoring and outcomes.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders caused by damage to the developing brain either during pregnancy or shortly after birth. It affects movement and posture and can cause physical disability. The main types are spastic CP (stiff muscles), athetoid/dyskinetic CP (uncontrolled movements), and ataxic CP (problems with coordination). Risk factors include preterm birth, low birth weight, infections during pregnancy, complications during delivery, and genetic disorders. Diagnosis involves assessing motor skills, muscle tone, reflexes, and ruling out other potential causes through imaging and tests.
This document summarizes prenatal human development from fertilization through fetal development and birth. It describes the processes of fertilization, the 8-week embryonic period of rapid cell division and organ development, fetal development in the second and third trimesters including physical changes and movements, potential congenital abnormalities and their causes, maternal factors that can influence development, preterm birth, and risk factors for pregnancy complications.
Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of systemic illness accompanied by bacteremia occurring in the first month of life. It can be caused by bacteria acquired during birth or in the NICU. Clinical signs are non-specific but may include temperature irregularity, changes in behavior or feeding, and cardiorespiratory issues. Risk factors include prematurity, rupture of membranes, maternal infection, and invasive procedures. Diagnosis involves blood and other cultures, as well as adjunctive lab tests like complete blood count and acute-phase reactants. Prompt treatment is important due to the potential for rapid progression and high mortality.
Neonatal infections, especially sepsis, continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns. Sepsis is caused by microorganisms or their toxins in the blood or tissues. There are two patterns of neonatal bacterial infection - early-onset within 24-48 hours of birth often caused by maternal vaginal flora, and late-onset after 2 weeks of age which may be acquired from the birth canal or external environment. Risk factors include preterm birth, prolonged rupture of membranes, maternal fever or infection. Signs of sepsis include respiratory distress, temperature instability, feeding intolerance and jaundice. Treatment involves administering IV antibiotics and supportive care while monitoring for improvement.
Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of systemic illness accompanied by bacteria in the blood occurring in the first month of life. It can be early-onset within the first week of life, usually acquired during birth from the mother, or late-onset between 1 week to 1 month of life, often from the hospital environment. Symptoms are non-specific but can include temperature irregularities, poor feeding, or respiratory distress. Treatment involves blood cultures, antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin, and supportive care for complications involving various organ systems. Future treatments may involve immunotherapies and blocking inflammatory responses.
Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of systemic illness accompanied by bacteria in the blood occurring in the first month of life. It can be early-onset within the first week of life, usually acquired during birth from the mother, or late-onset between 1 week to 1 month of life, often from hospital-acquired infections. Symptoms are non-specific but can include temperature irregularities, poor feeding, or respiratory distress. Treatment involves blood cultures, antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin, and supportive care for complications involving various organ systems. Ongoing research focuses on immunotherapies and blocking inflammatory responses.
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Are you an IT professional? Staring at screens all day can take its toll on your eyes. Don’t just keep waiting till you start realizing the harmful effects. Follow the tips and advice provided by the famous eye specialist of Escondido that can help you maintain good eye health and reduce strain.
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We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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