This document provides a historical survey of the field of vision science from the 19th century through the late 20th century. It outlines the major developments in understanding vision from early empiricist and structuralist approaches, to behaviorism, neurophysiology experiments identifying receptive fields in the retina and visual cortex, computational models proposed by Marr, and the rise of neuroimaging. The survey concludes that while huge progress has been made, future work should take a more holistic approach to fully understand visual perception.
Neuroaesthetics: science embraces art (UX Bristol)Nomensa
This document is a presentation on neuroaesthetics given by Simon from Nomensa. It discusses how insights from neuroscience can be applied to design. It provides examples of artworks and explores concepts like inherited and acquired brain concepts, perceptual constancy, abstraction, and ambiguity. The presentation suggests designers can benefit from understanding how the brain perceives patterns, processes visual information, and experiences pleasure to create more engaging and intuitive designs.
Chapter 6: Perception
Selective Attention
At any moment we are conscious of a very limited amount of all that we are capable of experiencing. One example of this selective attention is the cocktail party effect—attending to only one voice among many. Another example is inattentional blindness, which refers to our blocking of a brief visual interruption when focusing on other sights.
Perceptual Illusions
Visual and auditory illusions were fascinating scientists even as psychology emerged. Explaining illusions required an understanding of how we transform sensations into meaningful perceptions, so the study of perception became one of psychology’s first concerns. Conflict between visual and other sensory information is usually resolved with the mind’s accepting the visual data, a tendency known as visual capture.
Perceptual Organization
From a top-down perspective, we see how we transform sensory information into meaningful perceptions when we are aided by knowledge and expectations.
The early Gestalt psychologists were impressed with the seemingly innate way we organize fragmentary sensory data into whole perceptions. Our minds structure the information that comes to us in several demonstrable ways:
Form Perception
To recognize an object, we must first perceive it (see it as a figure) as distinct from its surroundings (the ground). We must also organize the figure into a meaningful form. Several Gestalt principles—proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, and closure—describe this process.
Depth Perception
Research on the visual cliff revealed that many species perceive the world in three dimensions at, or very soon after, birth. We transform two-dimensional retinal images into three-dimensional perceptions by using binocular cues, such as retinal disparity, and monocular cues, such as the relative sizes of objects.
Motion Perception
Our brain computes motion as objects move across or toward the retina. Large objects appear to move more slowly than smaller objects. A quick succession of images, as in a motion picture or on a lighted sign, can also create an illusion of movement.
Perceptual Constancy
Having perceived an object as a coherent figure and having located it in space, how then do we recognize it—despite the varying images that it may cast on our retinas? Size, shape, and lightness constancies describe how objects appear to have unchanging characteristics regardless of their distance, shape, or motion. These constancies explain several of the well-known visual illusions. For example, familiarity with the size-distance relationships in a carpentered world of rectangular shapes makes people more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion.
Perceptual Interpretation
The most direct tests of the nature-nurture issue come from experiments that modify human perceptions.
Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision
For many species, infancy is a critical period during which experience must activate the brain’s innate visual mechanisms. If cataract removal restores eyesight to adults who were blind from birth, they remain unable to perceive the world normally. Generally, they can distinguish figure from ground and can perceive colors, but they are unable to recognize shapes and forms. In controlled experiments, animals have been reared with severely restricted visual input. When their visual exposure is returned to normal, they, too, suffer enduring visual handicaps.
Perceptual Adaptation
Human vision is remarkably adaptable. Given glasses that shift the world slightly to the left or right, or even turn it upside down, people manage to adapt their movements and, with practice, to move about with ease.
Perceptual Set
Clear evidence that perception is influenced by our experience—our learned assumptions and beliefs—as well as by sensory input comes from the many demonstrations of perceptual set and context effects. The schemas we have learned help us to interpret otherwise ambiguous stimu
This document provides an agenda and notes for a lecture on neural and hormonal systems. The agenda includes discussing neurons, action potentials, and synaptic communication. The notes cover topics like the basic parts and functions of neurons, how neurons communicate via neurotransmitters and action potentials, examples of neurotransmitters and how drugs can affect them, divisions of the nervous system, and an introduction to the endocrine system and hormones. Interactive activities are included, such as having students put events of neural communication in chronological order and demonstrations of reflexes.
The document discusses visual thinking and information visualization design. It covers several topics:
1) How the brain forms patterns by combining ideas with evidence from the visual world. Patterns emerge through top-down and bottom-up processes in the visual cortex.
2) The binding problem, where disconnected visual features must be combined into coherent patterns and objects. Binding is needed for contour detection and associating information across the brain.
3) Later visual areas like V4 and LOC that can detect more complex patterns like textures and generalized contours beyond just simple features.
4) How visual pattern recognition is shaped by both innate neural architecture and individual learning and experience.
Comprehensive Guide to Taxonomy of Future KnowledgeMd Santo
This document provides a comprehensive guide to taxonomy of future knowledge. It discusses evolving models of knowledge from data-information-knowledge to a nature knowledge continuum informed by consciousness. Key points include: 1) Knowledge is considered an emergent property within nature and the universe, differentiated by infinite levels of consciousness. 2) Human knowledge is part of nature knowledge and is produced through human knowing tools of senses, brain and DNA. 3) A new framework called Human System Biology-based Knowledge Management is presented for understanding knowledge as a psycho-somatic entity with consciousness.
This document provides an overview of recent developments in understanding the human brain and mind. It discusses how new techniques like functional imaging have opened up ways to study the brain in action and understand functions like memory, emotions, consciousness, and social interactions. While exciting, these developments also raise questions about how much we can view ourselves as "biological computers" and whether changing our brains could change our identity or sense of responsibility. The document signals that we have only begun to understand how the brain performs incredible cognitive feats through the interactions of neurons, and that more remains unknown, like the nature of consciousness.
The document provides an overview of how the human brain works and how research is shedding light on thinking and feelings. It discusses how the brain is divided into specialized areas, and how new techniques like functional imaging allow us to observe the brain in action. Memory is formed through connections between neurons being strengthened over time. Emotions are also processed in the brain and influence attention, decision-making, and memory formation. The amygdala plays a key role in processing emotional stimuli.
Not-Self in the Brain: Insights from Neuroscience about Not Taking Life Perso...Rick Hanson
The biological evolution of awareness and the apparent self; what neuroscience tells us about the distributed and endlessly variable neural nature of the apparent self; the stress, suffering, and interpersonal difficulties that come from “excesses of self”; the importance of healthy self-compassion and self-advocacy; how to heal injuries to self-worth; methods for taking things less personally, relaxing possessiveness, and feeling more at one with all things.
More resources, freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net
Neuroaesthetics: science embraces art (UX Bristol)Nomensa
This document is a presentation on neuroaesthetics given by Simon from Nomensa. It discusses how insights from neuroscience can be applied to design. It provides examples of artworks and explores concepts like inherited and acquired brain concepts, perceptual constancy, abstraction, and ambiguity. The presentation suggests designers can benefit from understanding how the brain perceives patterns, processes visual information, and experiences pleasure to create more engaging and intuitive designs.
Chapter 6: Perception
Selective Attention
At any moment we are conscious of a very limited amount of all that we are capable of experiencing. One example of this selective attention is the cocktail party effect—attending to only one voice among many. Another example is inattentional blindness, which refers to our blocking of a brief visual interruption when focusing on other sights.
Perceptual Illusions
Visual and auditory illusions were fascinating scientists even as psychology emerged. Explaining illusions required an understanding of how we transform sensations into meaningful perceptions, so the study of perception became one of psychology’s first concerns. Conflict between visual and other sensory information is usually resolved with the mind’s accepting the visual data, a tendency known as visual capture.
Perceptual Organization
From a top-down perspective, we see how we transform sensory information into meaningful perceptions when we are aided by knowledge and expectations.
The early Gestalt psychologists were impressed with the seemingly innate way we organize fragmentary sensory data into whole perceptions. Our minds structure the information that comes to us in several demonstrable ways:
Form Perception
To recognize an object, we must first perceive it (see it as a figure) as distinct from its surroundings (the ground). We must also organize the figure into a meaningful form. Several Gestalt principles—proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, and closure—describe this process.
Depth Perception
Research on the visual cliff revealed that many species perceive the world in three dimensions at, or very soon after, birth. We transform two-dimensional retinal images into three-dimensional perceptions by using binocular cues, such as retinal disparity, and monocular cues, such as the relative sizes of objects.
Motion Perception
Our brain computes motion as objects move across or toward the retina. Large objects appear to move more slowly than smaller objects. A quick succession of images, as in a motion picture or on a lighted sign, can also create an illusion of movement.
Perceptual Constancy
Having perceived an object as a coherent figure and having located it in space, how then do we recognize it—despite the varying images that it may cast on our retinas? Size, shape, and lightness constancies describe how objects appear to have unchanging characteristics regardless of their distance, shape, or motion. These constancies explain several of the well-known visual illusions. For example, familiarity with the size-distance relationships in a carpentered world of rectangular shapes makes people more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion.
Perceptual Interpretation
The most direct tests of the nature-nurture issue come from experiments that modify human perceptions.
Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision
For many species, infancy is a critical period during which experience must activate the brain’s innate visual mechanisms. If cataract removal restores eyesight to adults who were blind from birth, they remain unable to perceive the world normally. Generally, they can distinguish figure from ground and can perceive colors, but they are unable to recognize shapes and forms. In controlled experiments, animals have been reared with severely restricted visual input. When their visual exposure is returned to normal, they, too, suffer enduring visual handicaps.
Perceptual Adaptation
Human vision is remarkably adaptable. Given glasses that shift the world slightly to the left or right, or even turn it upside down, people manage to adapt their movements and, with practice, to move about with ease.
Perceptual Set
Clear evidence that perception is influenced by our experience—our learned assumptions and beliefs—as well as by sensory input comes from the many demonstrations of perceptual set and context effects. The schemas we have learned help us to interpret otherwise ambiguous stimu
This document provides an agenda and notes for a lecture on neural and hormonal systems. The agenda includes discussing neurons, action potentials, and synaptic communication. The notes cover topics like the basic parts and functions of neurons, how neurons communicate via neurotransmitters and action potentials, examples of neurotransmitters and how drugs can affect them, divisions of the nervous system, and an introduction to the endocrine system and hormones. Interactive activities are included, such as having students put events of neural communication in chronological order and demonstrations of reflexes.
The document discusses visual thinking and information visualization design. It covers several topics:
1) How the brain forms patterns by combining ideas with evidence from the visual world. Patterns emerge through top-down and bottom-up processes in the visual cortex.
2) The binding problem, where disconnected visual features must be combined into coherent patterns and objects. Binding is needed for contour detection and associating information across the brain.
3) Later visual areas like V4 and LOC that can detect more complex patterns like textures and generalized contours beyond just simple features.
4) How visual pattern recognition is shaped by both innate neural architecture and individual learning and experience.
Comprehensive Guide to Taxonomy of Future KnowledgeMd Santo
This document provides a comprehensive guide to taxonomy of future knowledge. It discusses evolving models of knowledge from data-information-knowledge to a nature knowledge continuum informed by consciousness. Key points include: 1) Knowledge is considered an emergent property within nature and the universe, differentiated by infinite levels of consciousness. 2) Human knowledge is part of nature knowledge and is produced through human knowing tools of senses, brain and DNA. 3) A new framework called Human System Biology-based Knowledge Management is presented for understanding knowledge as a psycho-somatic entity with consciousness.
This document provides an overview of recent developments in understanding the human brain and mind. It discusses how new techniques like functional imaging have opened up ways to study the brain in action and understand functions like memory, emotions, consciousness, and social interactions. While exciting, these developments also raise questions about how much we can view ourselves as "biological computers" and whether changing our brains could change our identity or sense of responsibility. The document signals that we have only begun to understand how the brain performs incredible cognitive feats through the interactions of neurons, and that more remains unknown, like the nature of consciousness.
The document provides an overview of how the human brain works and how research is shedding light on thinking and feelings. It discusses how the brain is divided into specialized areas, and how new techniques like functional imaging allow us to observe the brain in action. Memory is formed through connections between neurons being strengthened over time. Emotions are also processed in the brain and influence attention, decision-making, and memory formation. The amygdala plays a key role in processing emotional stimuli.
Not-Self in the Brain: Insights from Neuroscience about Not Taking Life Perso...Rick Hanson
The biological evolution of awareness and the apparent self; what neuroscience tells us about the distributed and endlessly variable neural nature of the apparent self; the stress, suffering, and interpersonal difficulties that come from “excesses of self”; the importance of healthy self-compassion and self-advocacy; how to heal injuries to self-worth; methods for taking things less personally, relaxing possessiveness, and feeling more at one with all things.
More resources, freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net
SGA Webinar- Designing a Curriculum for Serious GamesSeriousGamesAssoc
This document outlines proposals for new courses in a serious games program that take a interdisciplinary approach informed by psychology, mythology, and media studies. It argues that games have the potential to transform worldviews in the same way as dreams by mapping cognitive functions. A curriculum is proposed that includes courses on Jungian dream structure, narrative archetypes, interactive drama, storytelling, psychology of media and ethics. The goal is to prepare students for a new "psychecology" paradigm where games can analyze and shape personal and cultural dimensions of human cognition.
1. The nervous system is the body's electrochemical communication circuitry and is made up of billions of interconnected neurons. It controls and coordinates the body's activities.
2. Brandi Binder had surgery at age 6 to remove the right side of her cerebral cortex to stop severe epileptic seizures. Despite this, she showed remarkable recovery through brain plasticity.
3. The human brain has evolved over millions of years to be highly complex and adaptive. It coordinates our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in ways that helped humans survive and reproduce more successfully.
This document proposes the concept of "Smart Landscapes" as an integral approach to understanding the convergence of emerging technologies like NBIC (Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno) with human culture and transcendence. It argues that with technologies like the Internet of Things, the boundaries of the cognitive system and self extend beyond the human body. The "Smart Landscape" represents a posthuman condition where one's social space and interactions construct the environment as an extension of the self. It envisions personalized, interactive landscapes replacing city districts as a space for open communication and cultural symbol actualization between posthuman beings.
3 a cognitive heuristic model of community recognition finalAle Cignetti
- The document proposes a cognitive heuristic model for recognizing local communities.
- It describes the ambiguous concept of community and notes communities can be described as a clustering spectrum.
- The model is inspired by human cognitive skills and heuristics for effective community detection. It uses a tri-partite model involving unconscious knowledge, reasoning, and learning modules.
- The paper outlines a simple cognitive algorithm for community detection based on knowledge discovery, learning, inference, and evaluation phases that aims to be inherently local and scalable.
The document discusses various perspectives on consciousness and introduces the concept of artificial consciousness. It defines consciousness as individual awareness of one's thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations and environment. It notes that computer science has taken the study of consciousness to new levels by defining artificial consciousness as something more than just logic, mimicking human feelings and emotions. The document explores whether consciousness can be artificial and how it might be defined or created through computer systems.
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system. It is an interdisciplinary field that collaborates with other sciences. Neuroscience examines the nervous system from molecular to cognitive levels using various techniques. Modern neuroscience can be categorized into major branches that study specific areas and scales of the nervous system, such as behavioral, cellular, clinical, and computational neuroscience. Neuroscientists often work across subfields to answer questions.
Consciousness in the universe a review of the ‘orch or’ theory by hameroff an...Julio Banks
Here we review Orch OR in light of criticisms and develop-
ments in quantum biology, neuroscience, physics and cos-
mology. We also introduce a novel suggestion of ‘beat
frequencies of faster microtubule vibrations as a poss-
ible source of the observed electroencephalographic
(‘EEG’) correlates of consciousness. We conclude that
consciousness plays an intrinsic role in the universe.
This document discusses the relationship between space and narrative identity, and how they are constructed through digital and nonlinear media. It explores how time-based media has replaced written and aural narration by proposing different scales for measuring and editing narratives. Research is seen as being replaced by appropriation and market forces. Painting is discussed as using spatial-narrative codes to produce multiple stories without main plots or endings. The body and identity are seen as using sameness upon spatial and temporal heterogeneity for multiple narratives. The author, Klaus Hu, is introduced as focusing his work on narrative and spatial concepts using various media.
Expoiting Cognitive Biais - Creating UX for the Irrational Human MindYu Centrik
The document discusses how cognitive biases can be used to create more effective user experiences. It argues that while computers are strictly logical, human minds are irrational, subjective, and prone to cognitive biases. To design for humans, user-facing elements need a psychological approach that accounts for how people actually think, feel, and make decisions based on both logic and a variety of non-logical factors. Understanding cognitive biases can help predict human irrationality and apply specific biases to improve the user experience.
The document discusses challenges with the traditional view of psychological architecture for behavior, which depicts perception, cognition, and action as distinct sequential processes. It notes that this view was designed to explain human problem-solving and assumes a disembodied mind. The document questions where the "central executive" of cognition is located in the brain, as neural correlates of decision-making are found in many regions. It suggests this traditional view may not adequately explain neural data and that brains could be considered control systems rather than strictly input/output devices.
The document describes eight skills of an innovator: 1) Outreach Engagement, 2) Dispassionate Empathy, 3) Active Exploration, 4) Experimental Imagination, 5) Mental Duality, 6) Qualitative Synthesis, 7) Clarifying Storytelling, and 8) Options Decision Making. Each skill is defined in 1-3 sentences with an emphasis on engaging networks, understanding user motivations, exploring new knowledge, combining ideas creatively, considering multiple levels of a problem simultaneously, synthesizing incomplete information, communicating experiences emotionally and rationally, and making decisions with ambiguity. The skills work together to advance innovation.
This document discusses the methodological puzzle of determining the neural basis of phenomenal consciousness versus cognitive accessibility. It argues that to determine if unreportable representations inside modules are conscious, we need to separate phenomenal consciousness from the neural basis of reportability in clear cases. However, doing so requires already answering whether phenomenal consciousness includes reportability mechanisms. The document then provides two illustrations of this puzzle and argues that empirical evidence can help break out of this circular methodological problem by identifying neural correlates of phenomenal consciousness that overflow cognitive accessibility.
The document discusses Aristotle's illusion, where touching an object with crossed fingers leads to perceiving two objects. It summarizes research showing that the illusion occurs due to a lack of sensorimotor skills in the crossed finger configuration, as opposed to representations of finger position. Experiments demonstrate that the illusion disappears after training with crossed fingers, indicating an expansion of the applicable sensorimotor contingencies. The findings support an enactive view of perception as dependent on sensorimotor knowledge and skills rather than internal representations.
This document discusses the distribution of cognition across individuals, tools, language, and methodology (H-LAM/T systems). It suggests that improving individual effectiveness in society should be approached as a system engineering problem by studying the interacting whole using a synthesis-oriented approach. The document also discusses using control theory and information theory to explain cognitive and social phenomena (cybernetics). Finally, it discusses using paired analytics sessions with a visual analyst and domain expert to collaborate on analytic tasks and influence design decisions in aviation safety.
Being and Doing: Activating Neural Networks of Mindful Presence - Rick Hanson...Rick Hanson
In our turbocharged culture, "doing" routinely overpowers "being," so this talk and discussion covers effective ways to stimulate and strengthen "being networks: the neural substate of spacious contented awareness."
More resources, freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net
This document discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the electrochemical messages transmitted from sense organs to the brain in response to stimulation from the environment. Perception is defined as the brain's processing and interpretation of sensory information. The document outlines several key concepts in sensation and perception, including transduction, feature detectors, and the perceptual process of sensation, selection, organization, and translation. It also discusses factors that can influence perception such as those in the perceiver, target, or situation. Gestalt laws of grouping like proximity, similarity, closure, and symmetry are presented as influencing perceptual organization.
Mental imagery in cognitive psychology- maryam amir MaryamAmir5
The document provides a brief review of recent debates around mental imagery, including what mental imagery is, when it is used, prominent historical figures who studied it, and debates around whether imagery is depictive or descriptive; it also summarizes recent research on measuring imagery through questionnaires, mental rotation tasks, binocular rivalry, and reaction times.
1. The document discusses using principles from biological vision to improve computer vision systems.
2. It describes how computer vision has incorporated ideas from visual neuroscience, such as using oriented filters inspired by V1 simple cells and implementing normalization models.
3. The document argues that biology uses cascades of canonical operations like linear filtering, nonlinearities, and pooling in an optimized way for general-purpose vision, and following these principles can improve computer vision tasks like object recognition.
Consciousness & neuroscience francis crick & christof kochnjqtpie86
Francis Crick and Christof Koch are neuroscientists who argue that consciousness is a scientifically tractable problem that can be studied using modern neurobiology tools. They focus on visual consciousness, proposing that it consists of a series of static snapshots with motion painted on them. Studying neurons involved in bistable percepts, where perception alternates between two possibilities while visual input remains constant, may help identify the neuronal correlates of consciousness and understand how neural activity gives rise to subjective experience. While issues like qualia and the generation of meaning are complex, visual systems provide an initial approach to linking brain activity and consciousness.
Optical illusions are visual perceptions that differ from objective reality due to processing in the brain. There are three main types - literal illusions create different images than objects, physiological illusions result from excessive stimulation overwhelming neural pathways, and cognitive illusions arise from unconscious inferences about the world. Factors causing illusions include color, eye structure, depth/distance, past experience, and lines/curves. Examples of natural illusions are rainbows, auroras, and mirages. Studying these failures of perception provides insight into the brain's visual processing.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sensation and perception. It begins by defining sensation as the process by which sensory receptors receive stimulation from the environment and transmit that information to the brain. Perception is defined as the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information to recognize meaningful objects and events. The document then discusses several principles of perception, including that perception is an active constructive process, not a passive recording of external stimuli. It presents examples of perceptual illusions and organization to illustrate this. Subsequent sections discuss theories of perception, the distinction between active and passive touch, and Gibson's theory of affordances. The document emphasizes that perception involves an engagement with the world through action and exploration, not just internal representations in the
SGA Webinar- Designing a Curriculum for Serious GamesSeriousGamesAssoc
This document outlines proposals for new courses in a serious games program that take a interdisciplinary approach informed by psychology, mythology, and media studies. It argues that games have the potential to transform worldviews in the same way as dreams by mapping cognitive functions. A curriculum is proposed that includes courses on Jungian dream structure, narrative archetypes, interactive drama, storytelling, psychology of media and ethics. The goal is to prepare students for a new "psychecology" paradigm where games can analyze and shape personal and cultural dimensions of human cognition.
1. The nervous system is the body's electrochemical communication circuitry and is made up of billions of interconnected neurons. It controls and coordinates the body's activities.
2. Brandi Binder had surgery at age 6 to remove the right side of her cerebral cortex to stop severe epileptic seizures. Despite this, she showed remarkable recovery through brain plasticity.
3. The human brain has evolved over millions of years to be highly complex and adaptive. It coordinates our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in ways that helped humans survive and reproduce more successfully.
This document proposes the concept of "Smart Landscapes" as an integral approach to understanding the convergence of emerging technologies like NBIC (Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno) with human culture and transcendence. It argues that with technologies like the Internet of Things, the boundaries of the cognitive system and self extend beyond the human body. The "Smart Landscape" represents a posthuman condition where one's social space and interactions construct the environment as an extension of the self. It envisions personalized, interactive landscapes replacing city districts as a space for open communication and cultural symbol actualization between posthuman beings.
3 a cognitive heuristic model of community recognition finalAle Cignetti
- The document proposes a cognitive heuristic model for recognizing local communities.
- It describes the ambiguous concept of community and notes communities can be described as a clustering spectrum.
- The model is inspired by human cognitive skills and heuristics for effective community detection. It uses a tri-partite model involving unconscious knowledge, reasoning, and learning modules.
- The paper outlines a simple cognitive algorithm for community detection based on knowledge discovery, learning, inference, and evaluation phases that aims to be inherently local and scalable.
The document discusses various perspectives on consciousness and introduces the concept of artificial consciousness. It defines consciousness as individual awareness of one's thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations and environment. It notes that computer science has taken the study of consciousness to new levels by defining artificial consciousness as something more than just logic, mimicking human feelings and emotions. The document explores whether consciousness can be artificial and how it might be defined or created through computer systems.
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system. It is an interdisciplinary field that collaborates with other sciences. Neuroscience examines the nervous system from molecular to cognitive levels using various techniques. Modern neuroscience can be categorized into major branches that study specific areas and scales of the nervous system, such as behavioral, cellular, clinical, and computational neuroscience. Neuroscientists often work across subfields to answer questions.
Consciousness in the universe a review of the ‘orch or’ theory by hameroff an...Julio Banks
Here we review Orch OR in light of criticisms and develop-
ments in quantum biology, neuroscience, physics and cos-
mology. We also introduce a novel suggestion of ‘beat
frequencies of faster microtubule vibrations as a poss-
ible source of the observed electroencephalographic
(‘EEG’) correlates of consciousness. We conclude that
consciousness plays an intrinsic role in the universe.
This document discusses the relationship between space and narrative identity, and how they are constructed through digital and nonlinear media. It explores how time-based media has replaced written and aural narration by proposing different scales for measuring and editing narratives. Research is seen as being replaced by appropriation and market forces. Painting is discussed as using spatial-narrative codes to produce multiple stories without main plots or endings. The body and identity are seen as using sameness upon spatial and temporal heterogeneity for multiple narratives. The author, Klaus Hu, is introduced as focusing his work on narrative and spatial concepts using various media.
Expoiting Cognitive Biais - Creating UX for the Irrational Human MindYu Centrik
The document discusses how cognitive biases can be used to create more effective user experiences. It argues that while computers are strictly logical, human minds are irrational, subjective, and prone to cognitive biases. To design for humans, user-facing elements need a psychological approach that accounts for how people actually think, feel, and make decisions based on both logic and a variety of non-logical factors. Understanding cognitive biases can help predict human irrationality and apply specific biases to improve the user experience.
The document discusses challenges with the traditional view of psychological architecture for behavior, which depicts perception, cognition, and action as distinct sequential processes. It notes that this view was designed to explain human problem-solving and assumes a disembodied mind. The document questions where the "central executive" of cognition is located in the brain, as neural correlates of decision-making are found in many regions. It suggests this traditional view may not adequately explain neural data and that brains could be considered control systems rather than strictly input/output devices.
The document describes eight skills of an innovator: 1) Outreach Engagement, 2) Dispassionate Empathy, 3) Active Exploration, 4) Experimental Imagination, 5) Mental Duality, 6) Qualitative Synthesis, 7) Clarifying Storytelling, and 8) Options Decision Making. Each skill is defined in 1-3 sentences with an emphasis on engaging networks, understanding user motivations, exploring new knowledge, combining ideas creatively, considering multiple levels of a problem simultaneously, synthesizing incomplete information, communicating experiences emotionally and rationally, and making decisions with ambiguity. The skills work together to advance innovation.
This document discusses the methodological puzzle of determining the neural basis of phenomenal consciousness versus cognitive accessibility. It argues that to determine if unreportable representations inside modules are conscious, we need to separate phenomenal consciousness from the neural basis of reportability in clear cases. However, doing so requires already answering whether phenomenal consciousness includes reportability mechanisms. The document then provides two illustrations of this puzzle and argues that empirical evidence can help break out of this circular methodological problem by identifying neural correlates of phenomenal consciousness that overflow cognitive accessibility.
The document discusses Aristotle's illusion, where touching an object with crossed fingers leads to perceiving two objects. It summarizes research showing that the illusion occurs due to a lack of sensorimotor skills in the crossed finger configuration, as opposed to representations of finger position. Experiments demonstrate that the illusion disappears after training with crossed fingers, indicating an expansion of the applicable sensorimotor contingencies. The findings support an enactive view of perception as dependent on sensorimotor knowledge and skills rather than internal representations.
This document discusses the distribution of cognition across individuals, tools, language, and methodology (H-LAM/T systems). It suggests that improving individual effectiveness in society should be approached as a system engineering problem by studying the interacting whole using a synthesis-oriented approach. The document also discusses using control theory and information theory to explain cognitive and social phenomena (cybernetics). Finally, it discusses using paired analytics sessions with a visual analyst and domain expert to collaborate on analytic tasks and influence design decisions in aviation safety.
Being and Doing: Activating Neural Networks of Mindful Presence - Rick Hanson...Rick Hanson
In our turbocharged culture, "doing" routinely overpowers "being," so this talk and discussion covers effective ways to stimulate and strengthen "being networks: the neural substate of spacious contented awareness."
More resources, freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net
This document discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the electrochemical messages transmitted from sense organs to the brain in response to stimulation from the environment. Perception is defined as the brain's processing and interpretation of sensory information. The document outlines several key concepts in sensation and perception, including transduction, feature detectors, and the perceptual process of sensation, selection, organization, and translation. It also discusses factors that can influence perception such as those in the perceiver, target, or situation. Gestalt laws of grouping like proximity, similarity, closure, and symmetry are presented as influencing perceptual organization.
Mental imagery in cognitive psychology- maryam amir MaryamAmir5
The document provides a brief review of recent debates around mental imagery, including what mental imagery is, when it is used, prominent historical figures who studied it, and debates around whether imagery is depictive or descriptive; it also summarizes recent research on measuring imagery through questionnaires, mental rotation tasks, binocular rivalry, and reaction times.
1. The document discusses using principles from biological vision to improve computer vision systems.
2. It describes how computer vision has incorporated ideas from visual neuroscience, such as using oriented filters inspired by V1 simple cells and implementing normalization models.
3. The document argues that biology uses cascades of canonical operations like linear filtering, nonlinearities, and pooling in an optimized way for general-purpose vision, and following these principles can improve computer vision tasks like object recognition.
Consciousness & neuroscience francis crick & christof kochnjqtpie86
Francis Crick and Christof Koch are neuroscientists who argue that consciousness is a scientifically tractable problem that can be studied using modern neurobiology tools. They focus on visual consciousness, proposing that it consists of a series of static snapshots with motion painted on them. Studying neurons involved in bistable percepts, where perception alternates between two possibilities while visual input remains constant, may help identify the neuronal correlates of consciousness and understand how neural activity gives rise to subjective experience. While issues like qualia and the generation of meaning are complex, visual systems provide an initial approach to linking brain activity and consciousness.
Optical illusions are visual perceptions that differ from objective reality due to processing in the brain. There are three main types - literal illusions create different images than objects, physiological illusions result from excessive stimulation overwhelming neural pathways, and cognitive illusions arise from unconscious inferences about the world. Factors causing illusions include color, eye structure, depth/distance, past experience, and lines/curves. Examples of natural illusions are rainbows, auroras, and mirages. Studying these failures of perception provides insight into the brain's visual processing.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sensation and perception. It begins by defining sensation as the process by which sensory receptors receive stimulation from the environment and transmit that information to the brain. Perception is defined as the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information to recognize meaningful objects and events. The document then discusses several principles of perception, including that perception is an active constructive process, not a passive recording of external stimuli. It presents examples of perceptual illusions and organization to illustrate this. Subsequent sections discuss theories of perception, the distinction between active and passive touch, and Gibson's theory of affordances. The document emphasizes that perception involves an engagement with the world through action and exploration, not just internal representations in the
Here are the key functions of the structures in abnormal psychology based on the information provided:
Amygdala: Responsible for how one perceives emotions like anger, fear, and sadness. Also controls emotions like aggression. Helps store memories of events and emotions.
Hypothalamus: Regulates basic bodily functions like hunger, thirst, sleep, temperature, and heart rate. Releases hormones that control these functions.
Thalamus: Sorts and distributes sensory data to different areas of the cortex. Sorts information as visual, tactile, auditory, or gustatory and sends it to the appropriate cortical region for processing. Sends visual information to the occipital lobe.
1) Neuroscience and cinema have a bidirectional relationship where cinema influences and is influenced by the brain. Films trigger complex cognitive and emotional responses in different brain areas.
2) Neuroscience research methods like fMRI and EEG have been used to study how the brain responds to movies. Studies show increased activity in visual, auditory, and emotional processing areas while viewing films.
3) Important concepts linking neuroscience and cinema include mirror neurons that fire both when viewing and performing actions, and embodied simulation where the viewer's motor system is activated while watching actions on screen.
Neuroscience and Cinema: Locating New Sense of Understanding CinemaNehru arts and college
1) Neuroscience and cinema have a bidirectional relationship where cinema influences and is influenced by the brain. Films trigger complex cognitive and emotional responses in different brain areas.
2) Neuroscience research methods like fMRI and EEG have been used to study how the brain responds to movies. Studies find increased activity in visual, auditory, and emotional processing areas while viewing films.
3) Important concepts linking neuroscience and cinema include mirror neurons that fire both when viewing and performing actions, and embodied simulation where the viewer's motor system is activated while watching actions on screen.
駒場学部講義2015 総合情報学特論III 「意識の神経科学:「気づき」と「サリエンシー」を手がかりに」Masatoshi Yoshida
1. The document summarizes a lecture about the neural basis of consciousness, focusing on awareness, attention, and the study of blindsight.
2. It discusses evidence that the dorsal visual pathway is involved in vision for action while the ventral pathway is involved in vision for perception.
3. In blindsight, there is a "feeling of something happening" in the blind field that can be explained by saliency computation and sensorimotor contingencies rather than conscious visual experience.
1) Sensation is the process by which sensory stimuli are received and transmitted to the brain, while perception is the interpretation of sensory information by the brain.
2) There are debates around whether our perceptions directly represent an external reality or are internal representations constructed by the brain.
3) Factors both internal and external to our psychological states can influence our knowledge and perceptions.
The document examines mirror neuron activity in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) compared to typically developing children. Ten high-functioning children with ASD and ten controls underwent fMRI scans imitating and observing emotional facial expressions. While both groups performed equally well, the children with ASD showed no mirror neuron activity in the inferior frontal gyrus, an area associated with the mirror neuron system. Activity in this area was inversely related to social symptom severity in ASD, suggesting dysfunctional mirror neurons may underlie social deficits in autism.
Consciousness & Neuroscience Francis Crick & Christof Kochnjqtpie86
The document discusses the work of Francis Crick and Christof Koch on understanding consciousness through neuroscience. They argue that consciousness can be studied scientifically by identifying the neuronal correlates of consciousness (NCC) - the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for specific conscious experiences. They focus on visual consciousness, exploring visual representation and perception of bistable images. The document also briefly outlines the problems of qualia and meaning that were omitted from the paper's scope.
The document provides an overview of consciousness and related concepts through definitions, examples, and theories. It discusses consciousness as:
1) A mystery that modern science still aims to explain, such as how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective experience.
2) A state of awareness that can be altered through different states of brain activity, perception, experiences like dreams, meditation, and altered states induced by drugs or sensory tricks.
3) A topic explored through different philosophical perspectives, such as dualism, functionalism, and theories that consciousness is an illusion or epiphenomenon of physical processes.
Matter, mind and higher dimensions – Bernard CarrLex Pit
Prof Bernard Carr
Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy
School of Physics and Astronomy
Queen Mary, University of London
Astronomer and mathematician Bernard Carr theorizes that many of the phenomena we experience but cannot explain within the physical laws of this dimension actually occur in other dimensions.
Albert Einstein stated that there are at least four dimensions. The fourth dimension is time, or spacetime, since Einstein said space and time cannot be separated. In modern physics, theories about the existence of up to 11 dimensions and the possibility of more have gained traction.
Carr, a professor of mathematics and astronomy at Queen Mary University of London, says our consciousness interacts with another dimension. Furthermore, the multi-dimensional universe he envisions has a hierarchical structure. We are at the lowest-level dimension.
“The model resolves well-known philosophical problems concerning the relationship between matter and mind, elucidates the nature of time, and provides an ontological framework for the interpretation of phenomena such as apparitions, OBEs [out-of-body experiences], NDEs [near-death-experiences], and dreams,” he wrote in a conference abstract.
Carr reasons that our physical sensors only show us a 3-dimensional universe, though there are actually at least four dimensions. What exists in the higher dimensions are entities we cannot touch with our physical sensors. He said that such entities must still have a type of space to exist in.
“The only non-physical entities in the universe of which we have any experience are mental ones, and … the existence of paranormal phenomena suggests that mental entities have to exist in some sort of space,” Carr wrote.
The other-dimensional space we enter in dreams overlaps with the space where memory exists. Carr says telepathy signals a communal mental space and clairvoyance also contains a physical space. “Non-physical percepts have attributes of externality,” he wrote in his book “Matter, Mind, and Higher Dimensions.”
He builds on previous theories, including the Kaluza–Klein theory, which unifies the fundamental forces of gravitation and electromagnetism. The Kaluza–Klein theory also envisions a 5-dimensional space.
In “M-theory,” there are 11 dimensions. In superstring theory, there are 10. Carr understands this as a 4-dimensional “external” space—meaning these are the four dimensions in Einstein’s relativity theory—and a 6- or 7-dimensional “internal” space—meaning these dimensions relate to psychic and other “intangible” phenomena.
This document discusses theories of consciousness without cerebral cortex involvement. It proposes that an upper brainstem system is key to conscious function and has retained this role throughout brain evolution. This system integrates information from the cerebral cortex in a limited capacity way for coherent behavior. It remains functional without cortical input, helping explain goal-directed behavior after decortication and consciousness in anencephalic children born without a cortex. The brainstem, not just the thalamocortex, is integral to the conscious state.
Week 2 neural basis of consciousness: introduction to the research methods ts...Nao (Naotsugu) Tsuchiya
12-week lecture series on "the neural basis of consciousness" by Prof Nao Tsuchiya.
Given to 3rd year undergraduate level. No prerequisites.
Contents:
1) How can we characterize our phenomenology
- Introduction to psychophysical methods
2) How can we measure neural activity in the brain?
- What is the source of the neural activity?
Magic is an ancient performance art that has been used by magicians to experimentally determine how to best manipulate human attention and perception. Through informal experimentation, magicians have developed techniques to divert attention or exploit weaknesses in human vision and awareness. Their intuitive understanding of behavior and perception in some cases exceeds that of neuroscientists. The document argues that studying magic techniques could provide insights for neuroscientists into the neural bases of attention, awareness, and perception. It presents several examples of visual illusions commonly used in magic tricks and their underlying neural mechanisms, such as the spoon bending illusion and the persistence of vision illusion, arguing they could be applied to study consciousness.
BoxedEgo is a double trap for the Self. A peep-show box waiting in a corner of the exhibition space first captures the curiosity of the observer - and then the observer himself.
http://www.k2.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/members/alvaro/boxedEgo/
This document is a draft article that has been accepted for publication in Behavioral and Brain Sciences. It reviews evidence from comparative neurology, experimental psychology, neurophysiology, and clinical data regarding the functional organization of the vertebrate brain and its implications for the neural basis of consciousness. The author introduces a principle relating target selection, action selection, and motivation to integrate information for real-time action. Based on this, the vertebrate brain can be seen as having an evolutionarily conserved upper brainstem system that plays a key role in constituting conscious function, while the forebrain elaborates conscious contents. This perspective sheds light on cortical functions and evidence that decorticate mammals and children born without a cortex can still be
Lies Our Brains Tell Us: Neuroscience and Sensory Perception!ShivekNarang
We will cover the basic human senses, and describe the basic neuroanatomy of how we process distinct signals in each modality. We also discuss vision and perception in depth. We look at many illusions!! Make sure to view the slides and see if these illusions are able to trick your mind :O. Your brain may end up playing tricks on itself by the end of the hour!
1. Computational Vision
Vision Fin De Siècle
A Reductionistic Explanation of Perception
for the 21st Century?
Ken Nakayama
Cristina Zaga - Graphic Editing - Content Curation - 1°
Presentation
Minh Lê Ngọc - 2° part Presentation
1
2. Computational Vision
Ken Nakayama
Professor of Psychology - Harvard
University
How do we see?
What is it about our
brain and its neural
activity allows us to
see so much and so
effortlessly?
2
3. Computational Vision
This paper (1998) is a
historical survey of vision
over the past hundred
years, till the
contemporary
Diachronic approach on
20th Century Vision
Proceedings till how
researcher find
themselves at the
century end
3
4. Computational Vision
VISIONtimeline
Antecedents
1912 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1982 1990 till end of century
GESTALT BEHAVIORISM NEUROPHYSIOL MARR NEUROIMAGING
HUBEL WIESEL
OGIST NEUROPHYCOLOGY
GESTALT REBIRTH
REVOLUTION END OF CENTURY
19TH expanded domain of vision The future of vision?
4
5. Computational Vision
VISIONtimeline - Antecedents 19th century
Empirist Nativist
Sensation and vision as In born characteristics of the
VISION
a consequence of organism developing more or
PERCEPTION
learned associations of less independent of experience
elementary sensation
Structuralist
Conscious experience can be
broken down into basic conscious
elements witch can be cataloged
with introspection
5
6. Computational Vision
VISIONtimeline Gestalt 1912
Autonomous law of
perception not determined by
association acquired through
experience
Revolution: Wertherimer’s phi Handle the organizational
“Perception of motion” aspects of vision: explanation
of relation between individual
“One simply could not analyze
Ignored the possible stimuli can play a role
percetion into its elementary
role of neuronal
sensation”
connection
6
7. Computational Vision
VISIONtimeline Behaviourism 1919-1940
It was concerned exclusively with measurable and
observable data and excluded ideas, emotions, and
the consideration of inner mental experience and
activity in general. the organism is seen as
responding to stimuli set by the outer environment
and by inner biological processes.
Hulls(1943) Hebb(1949)
Postulate afferent neural The organization of Behavior
interaction to account Articulate the complementary strengh
tendency to respond to of the earlier Gestal theory and the
Gestalt relations behavioral methods
7
8. Computational Vision
VISIONtimeline Neurophysiologist 1950’s
Microelectrode
Kuffler&Barlow (1953) Lettvin,Maturama,McCulloch
It recorded neuronal
Show on&off response , Pits (1959)
impulses
caused by light falling on Outline properties of cells in
It allows to eavedrop
the different area of the the frogs retina
neurons during visual
retina
stimulation
8
9. Computational Vision
VISIONtimeline Neurophysiologist 1959 - 62
Hubel and Wiesel
Single unit recording- TAXONOMY
Information Processing in the
Visual Sistem They classify cells into
In primary visual cortex they discrete category of
found that cells required light ascending complexity
or dark region to be oriented
Hyper
Complex
Complex
Simple
9
10. Computational Vision
VISIONtimeline Neurophysiologist 1959 - 62
Orientation selective and responded but only if the line did not spill
1
Hyper over more distant retinal region.
Complex
Respond primarily to oriented edges and gratings, however it has a
Complex 2 degree of spatial invariance. This means that its receptive field cannot
be mapped into fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones
Summed the excitatory and inhibitory effect of light from differen
Simple 3
portion of receptive fields
Sensitive to
relations. Each
cells is triggered
by its own
preferred local
Gestalt.
10
11. Computational Vision
VISIONtimeline Barlows 1972
Sensitivity of perception
results from the
5 DOGMAS NEURODOCTRINE
mechanisms determining
when a single cell becomes
active, rather than from To understand nervous function one needs to look at interactions
complex
at a cellular level
combinatorial rules of
usage of nerve cells.
The sensory system is organized to achieve
as complete a representation of the sensory
stimulus
as possible with the minimum number of
active neurons
Trigger features of sensory neurons are matched to
redundant patterns of stimulation by
experience as well as by developmental processes
Perception corresponds to the activity of a small selection from the very numerous
high-level
neurons
High impulse frequency in such neurons corresponds to high certainty that the
trigger feature is
present
11
12. Computational Vision
VISIONtimeline Blackmore and Campbell 1969
Neurons Discovery Prove the existence of Provide: common metric
neurons in the visual method of stimuli description
systems selectively sensitive and an alternative to Hubel
to orientation and size of and Wiesel Conception of
Appropriation of linear retinal images receptive fields
system
12
13. Computational Vision
VISIONtimeline 70’S Revolution
NEED A WIDER
The anatomical domain of neurophysiologist identified DEFINITION OF WHAT
vision expanded 20 areas of vision CONSTITUTED VISION
13
14. Computational Vision
VISIONtimeline Marr 1982
Integration between: Artificial vision / neurophysiology / psychology
Need: Thinking more broadly
Inspiration: Gibson
Separate level
Help researchers
A new way to to
New Models of understand Vision
Visual Processing coexist peaceably!
Maybe not appropriate
for higher levels of
visions
14
18. Computational Vision
VISIONtimeline Attention
Perception of
Without attention
motion can be
conscious
understood as the
perception simply
active tracking of
does not occur
objects by attention
Attention is critical
in visual perception,
and provide the
beginnings of an
alternative view of
vision against
picture
18
20. Computational Vision
VISIONtimeline Neuropsychology
Cognitive Psychology and Visual
psychophysics applied for
disordered function
Visual System a
Discovery of specialized deficits Each as locus in very separate set of
es.inability to recognize motion brain function
20
21. Computational Vision
VISIONtimeline THE REBIRTH OF GESTALT
Kanizsa phenomenological approach crafting Acceptance of visual phenomology in
set of demonstration to make important studies for early and
theoretical point about perception. Not just
laws. midlevel vision but also for object
ex. perceptual completion exclusive recognition. Phenomenology as the
visual processes, distinct from higher-order starting point to understand vision
thinking
21
22. Computational Vision
VISIONtimeline Behavior
Cases of dissociation of conscious both observed
in patient and healthy subject
The issue of dissociation suggest that
Repetition blindness: observers cannot report methods of visual perception and
the presence of a repeated stimuli in an psychophysics are too restrictive
overlapping succession of letters, words, or
pictures
Different concept of
vision and motor
behavior may require
metapsychological and
philosophical reworking
22
23. Computational Vision
CONCLUSION
In 100 years a huge
progress and the growth
of visual system.
The future of vision in
order to be bright as the
past should embrace a
more holistic approach
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