Ranking presidents is often a popularity or name recognition contest. Let us instead rank presidents by how many lived or died because of them. This makes the worst presidents Nixon, Reagan, and Jackson, and the best presidents Lincoln, Van Buren, Carter, and Grant. Some both saved many lives and caused many deaths, like Franklin Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, and Obama.
Rape Victims Are A Class Of Persons Often Defined By Gender Medical ...MedicalWhistleblower
Every two minutes, somewhere in America, someone is sexually assaulted. One out of every six American women has been the victim of an attempted or completed rape in her lifetime. Only one in 50 women who have been raped reports the crime to the police.
Although both women and men may be victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking, women are the victims of the vast majority of these crimes. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, more than 85% of violent victimizations by intimate partners between 1993 and 1998 were perpetrated against women. Women are between 13 and 14 times more likely than men to be raped or sexually assaulted; for instance, in 1994, 93% of sexual assaults were perpetrated against women. Four of five stalking victims are women. Data on male victimization do not show that males experience comparable victimizations and injury levels, do not account for women who act in self defense, and do not measure financial control, intimidation, and isolation used by perpetrators of domestic violence against women.
The gender issue is foremost in sexual assault issues, and is usually background in general victimization. The unique cultural bias and shaming that accompanies rape cases needs its own focused opposition. The history of rape law is a history of the law used as a tool to protect rapists, rather than the raped. The anti-rape movement confronts, as it must, the cultural myths that uniquely exist in the context of rape. Manipulation of these myths, along with humiliation and victim blaming, are typical informal defenses to rape charges. Blaming victims in rape cases may be an effective means to secure acquittal. In contrast, blaming a robbery victim is typically ineffective because robbery is unaccompanied by the same pernicious cultural myths. The nature of stigma and abuse in rape cases is profound and unique, a criminal process that mistreats and excludes other types of victims also inflicts secondary victimization.
In 2002, there were 247,730 victims of rape, attempted rape or sexual assault. One out of every six American women have been the victims of an attempted or completed rape in their lifetime (14.8% completed rape; 2.8% attempted rape). A total of 17.7 million women have been victims of these crimes. In 2002, one in every eight rape victims were male. 93% of juvenile sexual assault victims knew their attacker; 34.2% were family members and 58.7% acquaintances. Only seven percent of the perpetrators were strangers to the victim.
One of the most startling aspects of sex crimes is how many go unreported. The most common reasons given by victims for not reporting these crimes are the belief that it is a private or personal matter and that they fear reprisal from the assailant.
• In 2001, only 39% of rapes and sexual assaults were reported to law enforcement officials — about one in every three. [1999 NCVS]
• Approximately 66% of rape victims know their assailant.
• Approximately 48% of victims are raped by a friend or acquaintance; 30% by a stranger; 16% by an intimate; 2% by another relative; and in 4% of cases the relationship is unknown.
• About four out of ten sexual assaults take place at the victim’s own home. More than half of all rape/sexual assault incidents were reported by victims to have occurred within one mile of their home or at their home.
• In one study, 98% of males who raped boys reported that they were heterosexual.
• Rapists are more likely to be serial criminals than serial rapists. In one study, 46% of rapists who were released from prison were rearrested within 3 years of their release for another crime -- 18.6% for a violent offense, 14.8% for a property offense, 11.2% for a drug offense and 20.5% for a public-order offense.
• 61% of rapes/sexual assaults are not reported to the police. Those rapists, of course, never serve a day in prison.
So, even in the 39% of attacks that are reported to police, there is onl
During a UN-sponsored seminar on sexual violence against men and boys in conflict Prof. Lara Stemple of UCLA discussed some of the research gaps that exist in the are of male-directed sexual violence.
Ranking presidents is often a popularity or name recognition contest. Let us instead rank presidents by how many lived or died because of them. This makes the worst presidents Nixon, Reagan, and Jackson, and the best presidents Lincoln, Van Buren, Carter, and Grant. Some both saved many lives and caused many deaths, like Franklin Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, and Obama.
Rape Victims Are A Class Of Persons Often Defined By Gender Medical ...MedicalWhistleblower
Every two minutes, somewhere in America, someone is sexually assaulted. One out of every six American women has been the victim of an attempted or completed rape in her lifetime. Only one in 50 women who have been raped reports the crime to the police.
Although both women and men may be victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking, women are the victims of the vast majority of these crimes. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, more than 85% of violent victimizations by intimate partners between 1993 and 1998 were perpetrated against women. Women are between 13 and 14 times more likely than men to be raped or sexually assaulted; for instance, in 1994, 93% of sexual assaults were perpetrated against women. Four of five stalking victims are women. Data on male victimization do not show that males experience comparable victimizations and injury levels, do not account for women who act in self defense, and do not measure financial control, intimidation, and isolation used by perpetrators of domestic violence against women.
The gender issue is foremost in sexual assault issues, and is usually background in general victimization. The unique cultural bias and shaming that accompanies rape cases needs its own focused opposition. The history of rape law is a history of the law used as a tool to protect rapists, rather than the raped. The anti-rape movement confronts, as it must, the cultural myths that uniquely exist in the context of rape. Manipulation of these myths, along with humiliation and victim blaming, are typical informal defenses to rape charges. Blaming victims in rape cases may be an effective means to secure acquittal. In contrast, blaming a robbery victim is typically ineffective because robbery is unaccompanied by the same pernicious cultural myths. The nature of stigma and abuse in rape cases is profound and unique, a criminal process that mistreats and excludes other types of victims also inflicts secondary victimization.
In 2002, there were 247,730 victims of rape, attempted rape or sexual assault. One out of every six American women have been the victims of an attempted or completed rape in their lifetime (14.8% completed rape; 2.8% attempted rape). A total of 17.7 million women have been victims of these crimes. In 2002, one in every eight rape victims were male. 93% of juvenile sexual assault victims knew their attacker; 34.2% were family members and 58.7% acquaintances. Only seven percent of the perpetrators were strangers to the victim.
One of the most startling aspects of sex crimes is how many go unreported. The most common reasons given by victims for not reporting these crimes are the belief that it is a private or personal matter and that they fear reprisal from the assailant.
• In 2001, only 39% of rapes and sexual assaults were reported to law enforcement officials — about one in every three. [1999 NCVS]
• Approximately 66% of rape victims know their assailant.
• Approximately 48% of victims are raped by a friend or acquaintance; 30% by a stranger; 16% by an intimate; 2% by another relative; and in 4% of cases the relationship is unknown.
• About four out of ten sexual assaults take place at the victim’s own home. More than half of all rape/sexual assault incidents were reported by victims to have occurred within one mile of their home or at their home.
• In one study, 98% of males who raped boys reported that they were heterosexual.
• Rapists are more likely to be serial criminals than serial rapists. In one study, 46% of rapists who were released from prison were rearrested within 3 years of their release for another crime -- 18.6% for a violent offense, 14.8% for a property offense, 11.2% for a drug offense and 20.5% for a public-order offense.
• 61% of rapes/sexual assaults are not reported to the police. Those rapists, of course, never serve a day in prison.
So, even in the 39% of attacks that are reported to police, there is onl
During a UN-sponsored seminar on sexual violence against men and boys in conflict Prof. Lara Stemple of UCLA discussed some of the research gaps that exist in the are of male-directed sexual violence.
Running head Overpopulation and violence 1Overpopulation and v.docxjeanettehully
Running head: Overpopulation and violence 1
Overpopulation and violence 9Overpopulation and Violence: The poison of America
Roger F. Lewis
St. Thomas University
Table of Contents
Abstract 3
Overpopulation and Violence: The poison of America 4
Literature Review 6
Data 8
Data Analysis/Findings 8
References 10
Tables 12
Figures 13
Abstract
America has seen a lot of violence in the past two decades. We have experienced violence in many forms form terrorists’ attacks on September 11, 2001, mass shootings such as Las Vegas and Pulse Orlando shootings, mass school shootings, FedEx bombings, Walmart shootings, racial violence, and even bullying. Majority of our violence are by our own citizens and in order to determine why America is so violent, a research study will be conducted on what makes people commit violent acts? Why America is so intrigue with violence? Does it have to do with how America was founded?
The research is conducted in review of previous events in order to determine if the United States can be considered a violent community. When you look back at the previous events, most of the violence is linked with guns. The paper is also set up to investigate the impact of such violence on society, and the younger generation. The measure of violence is comprehensive with terrorist activities, mass shootings, cyber-bullying/bullying and poverty.
The study was conducted through questionnaires that were shared amongst a group of 30 random individuals who form the sample population. The individuals are composed of American citizens, visitor in the state and other persons who have taken up residence in the U.S. for a period of time. The study is also conducted using SPSS for the interpretation and gathering of the analysis. The questionnaire contains 20 identified possible causes of violence for the participants to pick out from.
Overpopulation and Violence: The poison of America
The United States is a ranked as the most violent country globally. The rates of murder in the country are extremely high compared to other nations such as Japan and Canada. There more cases of assault, rape and robbery in USA compared to most nations. Crime rates in the country have always been greater than in other rich nations. Violence entailing relationships accounts for 32% of the violent deaths. Knives and guns are the main weapons utilized in murders involving relationships. It is estimated that more than 70% of the privately-owned guns in the world are found in United States and majorly owned by men. Over the years, deaths that have been performed using guns have reached the 30,000 mark. Approximately more than 300 million guns are privately owned in United States (Stark, 2017).
I believe that overpopulation is the reason why America is a violent society. Basically, overpopulation leads to the depletion of resources and individuals begin fighting to acquire the scarce resources. Individuals are willing to use violence to acquire the scarce resources theref ...
Minority Youth and Crime Minority Youth in CourtYouth in genera.docxannandleola
Minority Youth and Crime: Minority Youth in Court
Youth in general, and young minority males in particular, often are demonized by legislators, the media, scholars, and the public at large. These attacks reinforce stereotypes and place a particularly heavy burden on young Black and Latino males.
LINDA S. BERES AND THOMAS D. GRIFFITH, “DEMONIZING YOUTH”1
In June 2001 Lionel Tate, an African American boy who was 12 years old when he killed a 6-year-old family friend while demonstrating a wrestling move he had seen on television, was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Tate, who claimed that the death was an accident, was tried as an adult in Broward County, Florida; he was convicted of first degree murder. One month later, Nathaniel Brazill, a 14-year-old African American, was sentenced by a Florida judge to 28 years in prison without the possibility of parole. Brazill was 13 years old when he shot and killed Barry Grunow, a popular 30-year-old seventh grade teacher at a middle school in Lake Worth, Florida. Although Brazill did not deny that he fired the shot that killed his teacher, he claimed that he had only meant to scare Grunow and that the shooting was an accident. Like Tate, Brazill was tried as an adult; he was convicted of second degree murder.
These two cases raised a storm of controversy regarding the prosecution of children as adults. Those on one side argue that children who commit adult crimes, such as murder, should be treated as adults; they should be prosecuted as adults and sentenced to adult correctional institutions. As Marc Shiner, the prosecutor in Brazill’s case, put it, “This was a heinous crime committed by a young man with a difficult personality who should be behind bars. Let us not forget a man’s life has been taken away.”2 Those on the other side contend that prosecuting children as adults is “unwarranted and misguided.” They assert that children who commit crimes of violence usually suffer from severe mental and emotional problems and that locking kids up in adult jails does not deter crime or rehabilitate juvenile offenders. Although they acknowledge that juvenile offenders should be punished for their actions, they claim that incarcerating them in adult prisons for the rest of their lives “is an outrage.”3 According to Vincent Schiraldi, president of the Justice Policy Institute, “In adult prisons, Brazill will never receive the treatment he needs to reform himself. Instead, he will spend his time trying to avoid being beaten, assaulted, or raped in a world where adults prey on, rather than protect, the young.”4
Nathaniel Brazill is still incarcerated in the Brevard Correctional Institution. Assuming that none of his pending appeals are successful, he will not be released until 2028, when he will be 41 years old.5 Lionel Tate’s conviction, on the other hand, was overturned by a Florida appellate court in 2003. The court ruled that Tate should be retried because his competency to stan ...
Jones 1Jones 7Kyle JonesMatthew ZimmermanEnglish 10222 N.docxpriestmanmable
Jones 1
Jones 7
Kyle Jones
Matthew Zimmerman
English 102
22 November 2014[Title]: [Subtitle]
In 2014, we live in a world with a media saturated culture. This is the era of digital news services, of 24-hour news channels, free newspapers, and even media based applications. For the majority of us, the way in which we learn about the world outside our personal perception is through the consumption of news, mainly still through broadcast or print (OFCOM 2007). Various forms of media has fed the public statistics that created a sense of stereotyping for each particular race. For example, the media and those on film, such as politics and leaders of the government, link together race and crime, which conveys a criminal image of the public’s consumption (St. John & Heald-Moore, 1995). Since race and crime are tied together, when one thinks of a crime, hears about a crime, or when crime is being reported, race is usually associated with it. In the American society, a frequent representation of crime is that it is majorly committed by African- Americans. The view of African Americans has been distorted and twisted by the media. Without question, almost everything that is being covered by the media is believed by most of society and it becomes their actual perceptual reality. Broadcast media and other various forms of media has a history for portraying African Americans in a biased manner, as if they were mostly reported involved in crime, drugs, or acts of violence. This has led to many cases of stereotyping, racial profiling, police brutality, prejudice, inhumane acts and has brain washed most of our society into believing that almost every African American is mischievous or a threat to their well-being. African Americans are unjustly, as well as unrealistically depicted on broadcast news and various other types of mass media. These negative connotations affects more than just African- Americans but also every other culture that exists in America.
African Americans have been associated with crime for quite some time. It was not until some in the 1970’s and early 1980s that the popular stereotype of the young black man evolved in the eyes of many from a petty thief or rapist into the notorious , malicious criminal predators, or what Kathery Russel ( 2002) has argued, is the world recognized “ criminalblackman”. Within the last few decades there have been controversial law enforcement practices of racial profiling. Law enforcement officials pursue minorities in an attempt to increase the likely hood of catching illegal activity or the predetermined act of illegal activity, which is part of a consequence from the racial profiling that the media has inflicted upon society. The questionable practices has led to negative effects on blacks. To the African American culture law officials are deemed more criminal or more of a threat than what the media and statistics has condemned blacks to be. The after math, after the many years of harassment, African ...
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Learning Objectives
• Understand the concepts of “race” and “ethnicity” as social constructs.
• Analyze evidence about racial inequality and social class in relation to crime.
• Analyze evidence about racial differences in rates of victimization.
• Analyze evidence regarding racial inequality and incarceration rates.
• Explore how the War on Drugs contributes to racial discrimination in the criminal justice system.
• Examine crack cocaine and marijuana law enforcement in context of racial discrimination.
• Critically analyze the connections between race and the death penalty.
• Examine empirical evidence on the issue of racial profiling.
• Examine empirical evidence on the issue of immigration and crime rates.
Crime, Race, and Ethnicity
4
coL82305_04_c04_091-122.indd 91 7/5/13 4:18 PM
Section 4.1 Race and the Criminal Justice System CHAPTER 4
In April of 2012, law enforcement in Oklahoma arrested one of the region’s foremost drug kingpins. In the home of the alleged drug kingpin, police seized four pounds of marijuana, $276,000 in cash, and two firearms: a revolver and a semiautomatic pistol.
Police believe that the defendant is the “mastermind” (Perez, 2012, p. 1) of a drug-dealing
organization that supplies approximately 40% of the marijuana markets in Oklahoma and
three nearby states: Missouri, Kansas, and Arkansas. The suspect, drug kingpin Darlene
Mayes, is a White grandmother with thinning silver hair who appears to be in her 60s or
70s. Thus she has been dubbed the “Granny Drug Kingpin” (Perez, 2012).
Studies suggest that when asked to picture a drug dealer, overwhelmingly the American
public visualizes a young man of color (Burston, Jones, & Roberson-Sanders, 1995). How-
ever, evidence from this chapter will demonstrate that drug use and drug crime spans
racial and ethnic groups and that all racial groups seem to commit drug crime in similar
rates. Whether broaching issues of drug crime, or any other type of crime, issues of per-
ception, race, and criminality are central in the study of criminology.
4.1 Race and the Criminal Justice System
The American criminal justice system disproportionately impacts people of color, and this disproportionate impact by race is often dramatic and consistent at nearly every level of the system. Research demonstrates that members of poor, disenfranchised
groups receive harsher treatment in all phases of the criminal justice system: They are
more likely to be stopped, investigated, arrested, charged, put on trial, found guilty, and
sent to prison (Tonry, 2011). The disproportionate involvement in the system is cumula-
tive. Police are more likely to arrest someone who has a prior record, prosecutors are more
likely to charge someone who has previously been arrested or spent time in jail. A judge
is more likely to convict and incarcerate a defendant rather than offer probation to some-
one who has .
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. Violence against other people happen in our societies in every day some
of it is lead to death other lead to just physical injuries (Cooper,
Alexia, and Erica, 1). The most extreme kind of violence is called
homicide and according to the US department of defence, they have defined
domestic violence as “a pattern of abusive behaviour in any
relationship that is used by one partner to maintain or gain control over
another intimate partner.― There are different kinds of homicides that
include domestic, gangs, and school shootings (Howell, 209). Suicide
terrorism can also be described as a homicide since the perpetrator
targets other people. All this kind of behaviour is perpetrated by
different people with different motive. That why we have to discuss the
racial and gender disparities in homicide and suicide terrorism. This
paper is also going to look at the effort put by authorities to deal with
suicide and homicides as well contemporary and social meaning of suicide.
Homicides rates in general
Homicides happen everywhere in the world, but some countries races
and even people of different genders experience homicides at different
rates. According to (Cooper, Alexia, and Erica, 2) homicides rate can be
understood by examining particular age, sex, and racial groups. Studies
have found out that there was a steady increase in homicides rates, and
it involved primarily black males living in the city. The main reason
for this high rate of homicides among these young black men was due to
the occurrence of crack cocaine in the streets in the year 1985.
According to statistics, the rates of homicides in the USA have been
fairly low at the rate of 4-11 of every 100,000 people between the years
1950-2010 (Cooper, Alexia, and Erica, 2). By the year 2010, the homicide
rates decline to below 4.8 homicides per 100,000.
Figure 1 Homicide victimization rate
According to race, Blacks were highly victimized for homicides at the
rate of 27.7 per 100,000, and this was six times higher than the rate for
whites that stood at over 4.4% per 100,000 (Cooper, Alexia, and Erica,
3). According to the statistics, the offending rates for blacks was over
34.3 per 100,000 that was considered to be seven times higher than the
whites who stood at over 4.4 per 100,000. According to gender male
represented over 76% of homicide victims and nearly over 89% of the
offenders. Males were victimized at the rate of 11.5 per 100,000 3 times
higher than females who were at the rate of 3.3 per 100,000. Worldwide by
the by the year 2011 the persons suspected and the individuals convicted
per 100 homicides were as follows. In Europe with 30 countries there
were 100 suspects, but only 80 were convicted (Cooper, Alexia, and Erica,
3) In Asia, 13 countries over 150 were suspected, but only 45 were
convicted. In the Americas 14 countries, there were over 50 suspects, but
only 25 were convicted. It showed the disparity between race and gender.
Figure 2 represents Victims and offenders by race and gender
Gang homicides
In the major cities in the USA, there are gangs either controlling
the streets, or they are in control of drug trafficking (Howell, 209). A
city may have two or more gangs operating in its vicinity. The battle for
this lucrative business areas and the control of drugs areas is always
violent with rival gang members killing each other to either eliminate
competition or to make a statement. Most of these violent gangs are
controlled by men little by women, and they are divided by race, for
2. example, the Hispanics create their gangs, and the blacks also create
their gangs. Like any other businesses these businesses this gangs are
always divided into branches where there are officers, treasurer, and
foot soldiers while the gang members are also paid money for protection
(Howell, 209). This drug gang gets their finances from drug sales,
extortion, and then later uses them for weapons, cost of drugs and so
forth.
Since homicide is the interaction between to people who know each
other or resemble each other socially or demographically, therefore, high
likely homicides occur between two rival gang members in the fight for
turf or street ‘cred.’ (Howell, 211). Homicides are also perpetrated
by fellow gang members to either punish a member for gross misconduct or
violent takeover. In the USA gang homicides have a rate of 35% for all
the homicides happening in the US. In the year 19994 alone there were
over 283 gang homicides with all 48 gangs in the US. Over 97% of this
was interracial, over 87% was inter-gang. There was a high rate of
homicide between the Black gangs and the Hispanic gangs (Howell, 211).
Another study carried out in the cities of Chicago, and Los Angeles in
1989 found out that in the youth gangs of those cities most of the
victims and suspects were all male. It was also found out that most of
this victims and suspect were Hispanic.
School shootings
The case of the school shootings has been happening a lot of late,
and it is tied to the US laws of firearm possession (Hemenway, 182). Most
of the perpetrators in this kind of homicides are disturbed young
children who take their parents guns and decide to shoot at fellow
students in school. At other times, this shooting occurs, but no one gets
injured the perpetrators usually ended up committing suicide by using the
firearm. In the year 2015 alone in the USA, there were 372 mass shootings
and over 475 people were killed while 1870 were wounded (Hemenway, 182).
According to the department of justice, a mass shooting is defined as a
single shooting incident that kills or injures four or more people,
including the assailant. In all these shootings 64 were schools
shootings.
According to statistics between 1982 and 2015 by shooters, race is
that 44 out of 72 mass shootings were initiated by white shooters, 11 by
blacks, six by Asians, four by Latino, three by Native American, and
others (Neiman, Samantha, and Monica, 12). In all the 142 mass school
shootings that happened between 2013 and 2014. In fact over the last
three decades, 90% of high school or elementary schools shooting were by
white upper-middle-class perpetrators. The main reasons for this were as
a result of white male privilege. It has also been explained that this
incident is done exclusively by a white male and they always attack young
men of colour believing they are the one who have wronged him (Neiman,
Samantha, and Monica, 12). Most of the times it is known that these white
males feel like they are the alphas in the society and that everything
must be given to them. So in the face of any rejection from a woman or
the society they retaliate by shooting their fellow students.
Domestic homicide
In day to day life people that are close to each other do have their
differences, and sometimes this leads to violence (Hanlon, Robert, s163).
Sometimes this violence lead to the extreme one that is murder. People
who involve themselves in this kind of extreme violence are always close
or were once close to each other. It may be spouses, siblings, relatives,
3. ex-lovers, ex-spouses, and even neighbours. According to the US
department of defence, they have defined domestic violence as “a
pattern of abusive behaviour in any relationship that is used by one
partner to maintain or gain control over another intimate partner.―
(Hanlon, Robert, s163). Domestic homicides happen to people of different
genders at different rates, and there are also different rates in which
domestic homicides occur to various races.
According to the FBI uniform crime report by the year 2012
approximately 14,830 people got murdered in the US at the rate of 4.8
murders per 100,000 people (Hanlon, Robert, s164) According to this
report, nearly 90% of the homicide offenders were male. 30.3% were
murdered by someone they knew, and family members murdered 12%. Another
Global research carried out by the United Nations found out that family
members killed half of all female victims. Their husbands or boyfriends
killed 36% of women murder victims. In a statistic carried by the
national domestic violence fatality review, it found out that while the
perpetrators of domestic violence are 80% men over 37% of the victims
were men. In the USA, the most violent form of domestic violence known as
familicide was perpetrated by men under anger, resentment, and revenge
(Hanlon, Robert, s164). About race although domestic violence happens in
almost every race experts in the field of crime state that black women
are at a far greater risk to experience domestic homicide that ranges
from the age of 15-35.
Figure 3 Domestic homicide by race and Gender s165
Suicide terrorism
It is a very extreme use of violence to force governments to
negotiate something or a pass certain information to the victims attacked
(Horowitz, 71). It is defined as an attack where the death of the bomber
is the means by which the attack gets accomplished. For it to be
classified as suicide terrorism, the perpetrator has to die. The first
suicide terrorism happened in 1980 in Lebanon while the first modern
attack took place in 1981 where US Marine Corps were attacked by
Hezbollah suicide bombers. The other Suicide terrorism was carried out by
the Hamas and the Islamic Jihad, and it always targeted the civilians.
The Tamil Tigers of Sri-Lanka also perfected this suicide terrorism where
they carried out over 69 attacks in the struggle for their independence
(Horowitz, 72). Studies have also found out that different groups carry
out their suicide terrorism differently like while other target civilians
like the Hamas the Tamil tiger attacked military personnel.
Suicide terrorism has always been associated with Islam in that it is
not a race it is just a religion so we cannot place it into a race
because many people carry it out (Horowitz, 73). An example of groups or
races that carry them out includes the Somali Al-Shabaab that has mostly
been targeting their government leaders. The 9/11 suicide terrorist
attack on the world trade centre carried out by Arabs from the Al Qaeda
terror group. Pakistan also experiences a lot of suicide terrorist attack
with over 87% of all suicide cases happening in the countries of Iraq,
Afghanistan, and Pakistan (Horowitz, 72). Suicide terrorist perpetrators
4. are mostly men while other few terror groups also use children and women
to make them less conspicuous.
Part two
A homicide occurs when one human being takes the life of another
human being. There are many types of homicides including euthanasia,
execution, murder, justifiable homicide, and manslaughter all depending
on the circumstances of death (Cooper, Alexia, and Erica, 2). These
different types of deaths are viewed very differently in different
societies some are permitted or even ordered by the legal system while
some are considered crimes. As we have seen criminal homicides takes many
forms including purposeful and accidental murder. After one commits this
crime, its weight is usually determined by their mental state. Murder is
a very intentional crime and most of the time the perpetrators are
usually slapped with life incarceration or capital punishment. In some
cases if the defendant in the capital case successfully proves they were
insane the state cannot prosecute them. In other states in the US, there
are other rules that have been created to cover a person murdered during
a crime, and the perpetrator is charged under the felony murder rule.
This rule states that one committing o crime may be guilty of murder if
someone dies as a result of his acts (Cooper, Alexia, and Erica, 2). Even
though most of the homicides committed by civilians are prosecutable,
their right of self-defence is also recognized. Suicide and homicide
authorities have put the said laws to deter this violent acts, but they
have also created loopholes for state sanctioned suicide and homicides.
The other in which the authorities have tried to reduce and deal with
violent death is mass incarceration (Roeder, 3). The USA is the world
leading country in the mass incarceration of its population. In all the
prisons in the prison population in the world Americas, prison population
represents 25% of that population. The reason for this mass incarceration
is to put violent criminals behind bars and also try to deter other from
committing crimes in the society (Roeder, 3). The authorities also
created loopholes in the justice system to create state-sanctioned
suicide and homicides. A capital sentence or the death penalty is one of
the best examples. It is usually offered to a criminal who was
responsible for homicides. Examples of capital punishments include death
by lethal injection, hanging by the neck till death, electrocution, gas
chamber and facing a firing squad. In the US, the death penalty was
highly used during slavery times when slaves could be killed for even
minor offenses in the south (Roeder, 3). The main rationale for the death
sentence in 1970 was that it would serve as a deterrence factor and were
usually done in public for everyone to see and meditate.
In the modern world, the death penalty has been outlawed in most
countries, and this is because of new development where people now know
that one does not voluntarily become a criminal. Aside from that the
surrounding environment also plays a huge role in making of a criminal
(Blumstein, Alfred, Frederick, and Richard, 505). The death penalty was
always perfectly logical in those days when no one doubted the
criminality was voluntary. Euthanasia and assisted suicide is also
another state sanctioned loophole. It is legal in several European
countries and also in some states in the USA. The countries where this is
legal include Luxemburg, Belgium, Switzerland, Netherlands, and States of
USA (Oregon, Montana, and Washington) (Blumstein, Alfred, Frederick, and
Richard, 505). People in the western world are known to have long life
5. expectancies but unlike their counterparts who die due to communicable
diseases like malaria, their leading cause of death is non-communicable
diseases like cancer and cardiovascular diseases. It always led to slow
and painful death the result is the patient wish for a quick death. Thus,
asking for the doctor to prescribe drugs to end their life is referred to
assisted suicides (Blumstein, Alfred, Frederick, and Richard, 504). On
the other hand in active voluntary euthanasia, a physician usually
administers life-ending drugs at the patient’s explicit request.
Usually, a physician will not be liable of any homicide if he meets
all requirements required by law to facilitate assisted suicide. In the
US Euthanasia is not permitted only assisted suicide. In Oregon under the
Dignity Act enacted in October 1997 legalizes physician-assisted suicide.
The best example of a person who wanted to be assisted to die was
Elizabeth Bouvia, who was born with cerebral palsy and later arthritis.
She was a California resident she was not terminally ill but requested to
die because she could not move. But the courts and the doctors refused to
give her what she wanted but later she decided to live.
People always cited different reasons to justify the death penalty in
the early 20th century the USA. Some quoted the bible for the laws it had
on capital punishment other cited eugenics and the need to eliminate bad
genes of criminals from spreading (Banner and Stuart, 208). The
opposition of this capital punishment started in the 1780s to 1790s when
juries refused to convict criminal into the gallows. There was also a
massive change in the morality of retribution, and there was also the
issues of states had no right to take the life of a person. Some juries
also cited that people do change when they are imprisoned thus they must
be given a chance (Banner and Stuart, 211). There was also the option of
life incarceration in fact 1820-1850 some states in the north abolished
the death penalty. As the American society continued to change and
religion was no longer the basis of everything public executions were
taken to jail yards. M the trials were also seen as a way for retribution
where the public can also be involved (Banner and Stuart, 214). The death
sentence was always seen as a tool to bring people together but in the
south, it was mostly blacks who were being sentenced it started to divide
the community. This n was also another opposition for the death penalty.
Due to all these issues 15 states dropped the death penalty but out of
this 8 brought it back.
According to recent statistics, the US states says that there has
been a lot of reduced rates of crime in the population (Roeder, 3). But
crime does not fall just like that there have to be policies that had to
be put in place to tackle this matter. The most to effective criminal
justice policies that have worked to this advantage is the incarceration
and the policing approach. The stakeholders for these policies are the
department of justice and the police department. Increased incarceration
did not prove to deter crime, but it effectively reduced the rate of
crime in the streets (Roeder, 4). The policy for the police to gather
data that will be used to identify crime pattern also played a huge role
in bringing down the rate of crime in the cities. Other factors also
played a significant role in violent crime reduction like social,
economic factors. These factors included a change in income, decreased
alcohol consumption (Roeder, 5). Violent crime lead to homicides and the
perpetrators are always given a death sentence so if the authorities
reduce violent crime they manage to reduce the numbers of people given
6. the capital offense thus making sure sanctioned violent deaths do not
spread.
Emile Durkheim is best known for his study and meanings of suicide
and homicide he suggested that there are always other causes that he
named priori. The two factors were the individual psychological
constitution in different countries. , the second was the nature of the
external environment. He further divided suicide into categories that are
Egoistical, altruistic, and anomic. In Durkheim meaning of homicide, he
based his theory primarily on that account of the change in the content
of the ‘common consciousness’ that accompanies social development. On
the other hand in modern days, the sociological meaning of suicide and
homicides has not changed much, but the reason has. For example in
suicide terrorism was not covered by contemporary sociologist but can be
referred to altruistic but modern day people will say it’s selfish and
evil (Horowitz, 70). In the school shootings where the perpetrators end
up shooting themselves has been related to mental incapacity of the white
perpetrators and their supposed position in the society. Homicides also
have their meanings today, most of them happen between spouses, and
people who are close or share the same economic factors like business
turf (Banner and Stuart, 211). Other examples like divorce, middle life
crisis, and the right to die movement give it an entirely different
meaning. That sometimes it is not due to alienation or social factors but
medical and economic factors too.
Conclusion
According to this paper, it has been discovered that homicides and
suicides have racial and gender disparities. In the general homicides
rates, black seems to be the most perpetrators, followed by whites and
Hispanics in that order. Males also seem to be the highest perpetrators
of homicides compared to females. Since gangs are mostly a male thing
perpetrators are predominantly male, but the highest rate seems to be
between Hispanics. White males are the main perpetrators of school
shootings while Muslims of Arab origin seem to be the most perpetrators
of suicide terrorism. The use of mass incarceration and increased
policing policies has reduced crimes that in turn have reduced the spread
of state-sanctioned suicide and homicide. Finally, according to
sociologists, the main factors that always lead to homicides and suicides
is the social environment and the economy, and if the government manages
to reduce the inequality levels in the country the crime rates will also
be reduced.