The document discusses several topics related to history including the Little Ice Age, human origins based on DNA analysis, the introduction of Islam to parts of Europe and Africa, the beginning of the Crusades in 1095, and a catastrophic climatic event in Europe in 536 CE that may have altered world history. It also discusses the formation of civilization through agriculture, Guns Germs and Steel theories about technological differences between societies, Columbus' voyages beginning in 1492, and details about his ships.

1. Tommy Beasley History 4 Mr. Arguello Video Summaries

2. Little Ice Age The Little Ice age began in the 14th century The 5 massive volcanic eruptions happened during the Little Ice Age. The negative effects hit the crops and livestock The harsh temperatures caused global cooling.

3. Little Ice Age The harsh rains killed the crops. Famine was brought onto France eventually bringing the French Revolution. Over 25 million people perished between a five-year period from the year 1347 to 1352. The weather during the Little Ice Age strongly affected the outcome of wars.

7. Islam was introduced to the population of Northern Africa, Spain, and Portugal

8. In 1095 the Pope said to free the holy lands and the Christians set fire to the wheat and cut the trees the crusades began.When the Moors Ruled Europe

9. When the Moors Ruled Europe Christopher Columbus accepted a mission to depart from SE Spain funded by Queen Isabella I of Castile to initiate Spanish colonization in the “New World” (North and South America) The Muslims valued education and thus established countless libraries such as the Great Mezquita of Córdoba, the famed university opened its door to teach grammar & literacy.

10. For five years David Keys has investigated, consulting with more than forty scientists and scholars-astronomers, physicists, climatologists and historians-experts on cosmic collisions, volcanoes, epidemics and ancient wars. The result is a book that tells the story of a catastrophic climatic event, buried in the heart of the Dark Ages. Catastrophe

11. An event Keys believes, totally altered the course of world history. Ancient chroniclers recorded a disaster in that year that blotted out the Sun for months (possibly years) causing famine, droughts, floods, storms and an epidemic of bubonic plague. Catastrophe

12. Through plant and animal domestication, societies afforded a sedentary existence and thus civilization was formed Those small societies confined to relatively small tracts of land due to geographical agriculture isolated them from advancing technologically since they were not exposed to other humans and; consequently, became their demise Guns, Germs, and Steel

13. Guns, Germs, and Steel Diamond’s argument that the technological advancements between human societies were due to environmental differences based on the geography of that particular culture and not so much inherent by the European genomes

14. Columbus was born in Italy in 1451 He made money as a merchant. Columbus sailed on August 3, 1492. Columbus’ World

15. Christopher Columbus ship was called the Santa Maria. The other ships were called the Pintaand Nina On October 12, 1492 Columbus stepped on land after 36 daysat sea. Columbus’ World