This document discusses materials for vessels and pipelines used to transport hydrogen gas. It focuses on the effects of hydrogen gas on steel, the most common material. Hydrogen can cause embrittlement in steel by absorbing and diffusing into it. The document outlines factors that affect susceptibility, including the steel composition and microstructure, as well as environmental conditions like gas pressure and impurities. It recommends steel grades and processing to limit embrittlement for both vessels and pipelines. Coatings that form protective oxide layers on the steel surface can also act as barriers to prevent hydrogen permeation.
Effect of welding heat input on the microstructure of dissimilar metals: Inco...Mohamad Masaeli
Abstract
In dissimilar joining, the correct selection of filler metal and appropriate joining heat input is critical. In the current
study, two dissimilar alloys (Inconel 625, 316L stainless steel) and a super alloy of Inconel 625 were welded using
the tungsten arc method under inert gas protection. Welding was performed using three filler metals (Inconel 625, 82
and 309 L stainless steel) and three different heat inputs (1.5, 1.9, 2.3 kJ/mm) under the protection of argon gas.
Microstructures of different areas of welding joints were investigated under all welding conditions using optical
microscopy and a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results
showed that all joining have a good continuity with no splits or discontinuity at the joint point. All filler metals
microstructures were observed in austenitic form with frozen dendrite structure. This investigation showed the
presence of an unadulterated region in some joining, and it became clear that this area increased with increased heat
input.
Effect of welding heat input on the microstructure of dissimilar metals: Inco...Mohamad Masaeli
Abstract
In dissimilar joining, the correct selection of filler metal and appropriate joining heat input is critical. In the current
study, two dissimilar alloys (Inconel 625, 316L stainless steel) and a super alloy of Inconel 625 were welded using
the tungsten arc method under inert gas protection. Welding was performed using three filler metals (Inconel 625, 82
and 309 L stainless steel) and three different heat inputs (1.5, 1.9, 2.3 kJ/mm) under the protection of argon gas.
Microstructures of different areas of welding joints were investigated under all welding conditions using optical
microscopy and a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results
showed that all joining have a good continuity with no splits or discontinuity at the joint point. All filler metals
microstructures were observed in austenitic form with frozen dendrite structure. This investigation showed the
presence of an unadulterated region in some joining, and it became clear that this area increased with increased heat
input.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This is a presentation on hydrogen induced cracking ,sulfide stress cracking and test procedure for HIC resistant steel
DENZIL D’SOUZA
denzil22@gmail.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This is a presentation on hydrogen induced cracking ,sulfide stress cracking and test procedure for HIC resistant steel
DENZIL D’SOUZA
denzil22@gmail.com
IT CONTAINS ALL INFORMATION REGARDING TO HYDROGEN
THE PROJECT IS MADE FOR SEMINAR OF CHEMISTRY OF MOLEDINA JUNIOR COLLEGE , PUNE. FROM THE STUDENT OF 11TH SCIENCE, SPECIALLY EFFORTS OF SHAHRUKH ISAQUE PATHAN.
Pre-reforming
Flow-schemes
Feed-stocks
Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
Case studies
Effects upon primary reformer
Data analysis
Reactor temperature profiles
Catalyst management
Summary
metalsReviewEffects of Different Parameters on InitiatAbramMartino96
metals
Review
Effects of Different Parameters on Initiation and
Propagation of Stress Corrosion Cracks in Pipeline
Steels: A Review
M.A. Mohtadi-Bonab
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bonab, Velayat Highway, Bonab 5551761167, Iran;
[email protected]; Tel.: +98-9144203460
Received: 27 March 2019; Accepted: 20 May 2019; Published: 22 May 2019
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Abstract: The demand for pipeline steels has increased in the last several decades since they were
able to provide an immune and economical way to carry oil and natural gas over long distances.
There are two important damage modes in pipeline steels including stress corrosion cracking (SCC)
and hydrogen induced cracking (HIC). The SCC cracks are those cracks which are induced due to
the combined effects of a corrosive environment and sustained tensile stress. The present review
article is an attempt to highlight important factors affecting the SCC in pipeline steels. Based on a
literature survey, it is concluded that many factors, such as microstructure of steel, residual stresses,
chemical composition of steel, applied load, alternating current (AC) current and texture, and grain
boundary character affect the SCC crack initiation and propagation in pipeline steels. It is also found
that crystallographic texture plays a key role in crack propagation. Grain boundaries associated
with {111}‖rolling plane, {110}‖rolling plane, coincidence site lattice boundaries and low angle grain
boundaries are recognized as crack resistant paths while grains with high angle grain boundaries
provide easy path for the SCC intergranular crack propagation. Finally, the SCC resistance in pipeline
steels is improved by modifying the microstructure of steel or controlling the texture and grain
boundary character.
Keywords: stress corrosion cracking; residual stress; AC current density; crystallographic texture;
intergranular and transgranular cracks
1. Introduction
The demand for energy has increased in recent decades which forced the industry to develop
high resistance pipeline steels [1–3]. Such steels show better mechanical properties and a higher
corrosion resistance compared with normal carbon steels. However, these steels still suffer from two
important failure modes including hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) and stress corrosion cracking
(SCC) [4–6]. There are numerous studies in the literature focused on these failure modes. The SCC has
been recognized as one of the main important failure modes in humid environments and causes a huge
amount of economical loss and environmental disasters all around the world. The SCC susceptibility in
pipeline steels depends on various factors such as the microstructure of steel, distribution of inclusions
and precipitates inside the steel, texture and micro-texture of steel, chemical composition of steel, pH of
the oil and gas which is transported, the pH of soil and environment where the pipeline steel is buried,
and many other factors. Impor ...
Experimental study on corrosion of steel in soil mediumeSAT Journals
Abstract
There are many practical situation were steel is exposed to soil. Deterioration of steel in such case it depends upon the nature of soil, more especially the types and the concentration of ions present in the moisture within the soil, since soil vary in nature it is necessary to understand the nature of corrosion of steel in each of soil samples. This aspect was taken for the investigation and present in this paper. The weight and electrochemical methods of evaluating the corrosion rate were used in which four types of soil available around SRM university campus were utilized during the experimental work. Steel coupon of 12mm diameter and 100mm length was used, for each soil three artificial environments were created and electrochemical potential measuring was made for five weeks. The test shows that presence of chlorides ions in the soil create very severe environment and the drying of soil reduce the rate of corrosion.
Keywords, Corrosion of steel, Soil, Weight method, Electrochemical potential method
Finite Element Modeling for Effect of Fire on Steel FrameIJERA Editor
This research is intended to be preliminary study lending to the detailed behavior of steel member i.e. Plane Frame.
This paper shows the behavior of steel structures in fire the use of steel in building construction and its behavior
when exposed to fire is presented. Fire performance of structural steel at elevated temperature includes the study of
steel frame subjected to fire. Also the effect of stress strain temperature on the fire performance of structural steel
should be observed. The behavior of a steel frame in a fire depends on many factors including the properties of the
steel and the coating material on it. Computer application based on ANSYS software used to study the various
parameters affecting the overall behavior of steel structures in fire is presented. The present paper shows the effects
of stress–strain relationships on the fire performance of steel frame exposed to uniformly increasing temperature
when steel is unprotected and protected with concrete using FEM.
It includes mechanism of corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete. It includes concepts like passivation, chloride ingress and chloride binding. It deals with the durablity aspects of a concrete structure.
Accelerted testing of deteriorated concrete structures due to carbonationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
It is known that one of the major negative impacts of the corrosion of steel
structures is the reduction in geometry. The calculations of the load-bearing capacity
of the steel elements depend on the geometric characteristics. The theory confirms that
if the geometric characteristics decrease, the load-bearing capacity of the steel
elements will also decrease. We conducted an experiment using the S355JR
construction steel to determine how the geometry changes. We used electro-chemical
accelerated corrosion on which our steel test samples were subjected. We interrupted
the electrochemical corrosion process at some point in order to make the necessary
measurements regarding the change in geometric characteristics of the test samples.
Once we received the experimental data, we processed them using the stochastic
method. We also performed theoretical calculations using classical theory and
determined the theoretical load-ability (force, bending moment) of our test samples.
We have come to the conclusion that the change in geometric characteristics is nonlinear
and results in a slight decrease in the corrosion of the steel elements, but
significantly reduces the theoretical ultimate load-capacity due to corrosion and the
corresponding decrease in geometric characteristics
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Vessels and pipelines of hydrogen gas
1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University
1
Chapter 5
Vessels and Pipelines of
Hydrogen Gas
2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University
2
Effects of Hydrogen Gas on Steel
Vessels and Pipelines
Carbon and low-alloy steels are common structural materials for high-pressure
hydrogen gas vessels and pipelines. These steels are low cost, and a wide
range of properties can be achieved through alloying, processing, and heat
treatment.
Fabricating complex structures such as gas containment vessels and pipelines
is readily accomplished with steels since these materials can be formed,
welded, and heat treated in large section.
The containment and transport of high-pressure hydrogen gas in steel
structures present a particular challenge. Hydrogen gas can absorb and
dissociate on the steel surface to produce atomic hydrogen. The subsequent
dissolution and diffusion of atomic hydrogen into steels can degrade mechanical
properties, a phenomenon generally referred to as hydrogen embrittlement. The
manifestation of hydrogen embrittlement is enhanced susceptibility to fracture.
3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University
3
Hydrogen Gas Vessels
Material Conditions Affecting Vnessel Steel in Hydrogen
Experience indicates that failure of hydrogen gas vessels has been
governed primarily by properties of the steel, particularly strength
and microstructure. These variables affect the susceptibility of the
steel to hydrogen embrittlement.
The published experience for reliable hydrogen gas vessels pertains
to a narrow range of steel condition. Hydrogen gas vessels in
Europe are fabricated from steel designated 34CrMo4. The steel
composition (Table 7.1) is distinguished by the alloying elements
chromium and molybdenum and the concentration of carbon.
4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University
4
The 34CrMo4 steels are processed to produce “quenched and
tempered” microstructure. The heat treatment sequence to produce
this microstructure consists of heating in the austenite phase field,
rapidly cooling (quenching) to form martensite, then tempering at an
intermediate temperature.
For hydrogen gas vessels, the heat treatment parameters are
selected to produce a uniform tempered martensite microstructure
and to limit tensile strength (σuts) below 950 MPa.
Vessels used for hydrogen gas distribution are seamless, meaning
the vessel body is fabricated without welds.
Hydrogen gas vessels are ideally seamless since welding alters the
desirable steel microstructure produced by quenching and tempering
and introduces residual stress.
Weld in high-pressure hydrogen gas vessels fabricated from low-alloy
steels have contributed to hydrogen-assisted cracking.
5. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University
5
Environmental Conditions Affecting Vessel Steel in
Hydrogen
The severity of hydrogen embrittlement in steel is affected by
pressure, since this variable dictates the amount of atomic
hydrogen that dissolves in steel.
Working pressures for steel vessels in hydrogen distribution
applications are typically in the range of 20 to 30 MPa.
The inner surface of hydrogen gas vessels is susceptible to
localized corrosion due to impurities that can exist in the steel and
hydrogen gas.
Interactions between impurities in the gas and steel are known to
affect hydrogen embrittlement.
6. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University
6
Mechanical Conditions Affecting Vessel Steel in
Hydrogen
Hydrostatic tensile stress increases the hydrogen concentration in metals.
One of the detrimental mechanical loading conditions for steel hydrogen gas
vessels is cyclic stress, which drives fatigue crack propagation.
Pressure cycling results from filling and emptying vessels during service.
The presence of surface defects influences the mechanical conditions in
the steel vessel wall. Surface defects intensify local stresses, which
provide the mechanical driving force for fatigue crack propagation and
concentrate atomic hydrogen in the steel.
Cracks propagate by hydrogen embrittlement acting in concert with
cyclic stress.
After a certain number of vessel filling-emptying cycles, fatigue cracks
reach a critical length. Then the cracks can extend by hydrogen
embrittlement mechanisms that operate in a filled hydrogen vessel under
static pressure.
7. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University
7
Material Conditions Affecting Pipeline Steel in
Hydrogen
Although steel pipelines have been operated with hydrogen gas,
specific limits have been placed on properties of the steel. In
particular, relatively low-strength carbon steels are specified for
hydrogen gas pipelines. Examples of steels that have been proven
for hydrogen gas service are ASTM A106 Grade B, API 5L Grade
X42, and API 5L Grade X52.
Hydrogen Gas Pipelines
8. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University
8
Material strength is an important variable affecting hydrogen embrittlement of
pipeline steels.
One of the principles guiding selection of steel grades and processing procedures
is to limit strength.
The maximum tensile strength, σuts , recommended for hydrogen gas pipeline steel
is 800 MPa.
The properties of welds are carefully controlled to preclude hydrogen
embrittlement .
One of the important material characteristics governing weld properties is the
carbon equivalent (CE).
The CE is a weighted average of elements, where concentrations of carbon
and manganese are significant factors.
Higher values of CE increase the propensity for martensite formation during
welding.
Nontempered martensite is the phase most vulnerable to hydrogen
embrittlement in steels.
Although low values of CE are specified to prevent martensite formation in
welds, these regions are often harder than the surrounding pipeline base
metal.
The higher hardness strength for welds is also recommended as 800 MPa.
9. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University
9
Environmental Conditions Affecting Pipeline Steel in
Hydrogen
Similar to hydrogen gas vessels, the hydrogen embrittlement
susceptibility of pipeline steels depends on gas pressure.
Industrial gas companies have operated steel hydrogen
pipelines at gas up to 13 MPa.
Hydrogen gas pipelines are subject to corrosion on the external
surface.
While corrosion damage has created leaks in hydrogen gas
pipelines, interactions between corrosion and hydrogen gas
embrittlement have not been cited as concerns for pipelines.
10. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University
10
Mechanical Conditions Affecting Pipeline Steel in Hydrogen
Hydrogen gas transmission pipelines are operated at near constant
pressure, therefore, cracking due to hydrogen embrittlement must be
driven by static mechanical forces.
Cyclic loading, which can drive fatigue crack propagation aided by
hydrogen embrittlement, has not been a concern for hydrogen gas
transmission pipelines.
Experience from the petroleum industry, however, has demonstrated that
hydrogen assisted fatigue is possible with hydrogen gas distribution piping.
Defects can form on the inner and outer surfaces of steel pipelines from
several sources, including welds, corrosion, and third-party damage.
Welds are of particular concern since steel pipelines can require two
different welds: longitudinal (seam) welds to manufacture sections of
pipeline and girth welds to assemble the pipeline system. These welds are
inspected to detect the presence of defects.
11. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University
11
Importance of Fracture Mechanics
Experience has revealed that defects can form on the surface of both
hydrogen gas vessels and pipelines.
The average wall stress and the local stress near defects are related
through the linear elastic stress intensity factor (K). The magnitude of
the local stress is proportional to the stress intensity factor, K,
according to the following relationship:
Where σy is the local tensile stress normal to the crack plane and x is
the distance in the crack plane ahead of the crack tip. The stress
intensity factor, K, is proportional to the wall stress and structural
dimensions, viz.:
Where σw is the wall stress, the parameter β is a function of both defect
geometry and structure geometry, and a is the defect depth.
x
K
y
π
σ
2
=
aK w πσβ=
13. Assuming Kc is known for the structural material and service environment,
equation 7.4 can be used in the following manner:
1.If the structure dimensions and defect depth are known, the maximum wall
stress can be calculated.
2.If the structure dimensions and wall stress are known, the maximum defect
depth can be calculated.
3.If the wall stress and defect depth are known, the structural dimensions
can be calculated.
The failure criterion in equation 7.4 pertains to structures subjected to static
or monotonically increasing loads. Extension of a defect under these loading
conditions is sustained as long as equation 7.4 is satisfied.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University
13
20. • Most hydrogen barriers have been conceived as external coatings on
existing metallic alloys in order to prevent hydrogen uptake into the
metal.
• In some case, exposure treatment can be designed to produce an external
scale on the metal or alloy that also serves this purpose.
• In general, the most effective approach seems to be the application of
suitable external coating having low hydrogen solubility and slow
hydrogen transport.
• Some materials possess intrinsically low hydrogen permeation, such as
gold or tungsten as pure metal examples, while many oxides, carbides,
and nitrides possess low hydrogen permeation and have other desirable
properties, such as high-temperature utility and corrosion protection.
• Typical coating-related issues, such as thermal expansion mismatch,
coating defects, and inferior mechanical properties, must be dealt with for
ceramic-based barrier coatings.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University
20
21. External Coatings
The most widely used permeation barrier coating is aluminum oxide,
or alumina, since it possesses one of the lowest hydrogen permeation
rates of many material and one that is many orders of magnitude
lower than most metals.
Another class of external coatings that has been investigated is TiC
and TiN, alone and in combination as a composite film.
Although TiC and TiN have low intrinsic permeabilities relative to steels, vapor-
deposited films on steels do not reach this potential and often exhibit activation
energies for permeation equal to that of the steel, which indicates permeation is
controlled by defects in the coating rather than through the coating material.
The choice of permeation barrier materials selected here for coatings
is reasonable based on permeation resistance, but external coatings
of ceramics on metals are difficult to perfect since many metals have
high thermal expansion coefficients and most ceramics have low ones.
This causes large thermal stresses in the coatings to develop, which
leads to defect formation in the coatings and lower permeation
resistance.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University
21
22. Crown-On Oxides Films
Direct oxidation relies on the intrinsic oxide layers that can be grown
on alloys to provide hydrogen barrier capabilities.
Such films typically consist of Fe-Cr-Al mixed oxides, depending on the
steel.
In general, some concerns with oxidized steels are that spallation of
the typical Fe- and Cr-containing oxides prevents excellent hydrogen
barrier formation.
Fecralloy, however, forms an alumina film that is more adherent and a
barrier hydrogen barrier.
A permeation reduction of 1000 has been determined in Fecralloy
steels.
Grown-on coatings perform better than plasma sprayed Fe-Cr-Al
coatings.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University
22
23. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University
23
References
• Materials for the Hydrogen Economy,
Jones, R. H. and Thomas, G. J., ed., CRC
Press, Boca Raton, 2008.