Velocity Of Sound

Velocity of Sound
Experiment 7: Velocity of Sound
Jaybee J. Balilea, Sharmaine O. Baysic, Maria Anjelette Patricia C. Belen, Dianne Grace D. Bolloso
Department of Biological Sciences
College of Science, University of Santo Tomas
Espana, Manila
Abstract
Sound is a mechanical wave that is an oscillation of pressure transmitted through a solid, liquid, or
gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing and of a level sufficiently strong to be
heard. It is produced when something vibrates causing its the medium (water, air, etc.) around it to
vibrate as well. In common everyday speech, speed of sound refers to the speed of sound waves in
air. Sound travels faster in liquids and non–porous solids than it does in air. In this experiment, ...
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The wavelength of the sound produced was computed. 2 more trials were made and the average
wavelength was computed. By using the average wavelength and the frequency engraved in the
tuning fork, the velocity of sound in air inside the glass tube was compted. The temperature was
then determined and the speed of sound was then computed.
Activity 2:
The vernier microphone was connected to channel 1 of the interface. The microphone was
positioned near the open end of the close tube. The file "24 speed of sound" in physics with
computer file was opened. The data collection begins after the snapping the fingers or clap your
hands near the tube. The time interval between the start of the first vibration and the start of the echo
vibration was determined using the graph. The speed of sound was then computed by dividing the
length of the tube by ½ of the time interval obtains in step 5. The % error was then computed.
Activity 3:
A thin layer of cork dust as uniformly as possible inside the kundt's tube was placed. The rod was
then clamped at its center. The rod was rubbed with a piece of cloth with coarse poweder. This will
set the rod into vibration producing a sound of high frequency. A standing wave pattern will be
formed in the cork dust inside the glass tube. The distances between two consecutive displacement
nodes were measured. The average distance was computed. The frequency of sound produced was
determined. Using the computed frequency,

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Chapter 15: Interference, Diffraction, And Lasers
Chapter 15: Interference and Diffraction Chapter 15 is broken into three different sections;
Interference, Diffraction, and Lasers. Throughout the chapter there are various real world examples.
This chapter introduces the vocabulary words: coherence, path difference, order number, diffraction,
resolving power, and laser. There are inphase and outphase. The first section is titled, Interference.
Interference takes place between waves that have the same wavelengths. A resultant wave is formed
when two waves with the same wavelength interact. The resultant wave is the consequence of the
interference between two waves. With constructive interference, component waves combine and
form a resultant wave with equal wavelengths, but there is

The Features Of Distant Planets : How Do We Know?
ESS AS 3.6: The features of distant planets – how do we know?
1 INTRODUCTION
Exoplanets, also referred to as extra solar planets, are planets which orbit around stars in planetary
systems other than our own Solar System. The first exoplanet that was ever discovered was of PSR
B1257+12 A in 1992, since then we have discovered approximately 1932 extra solar planets, 1222
planetary systems and 484 multiple planet systems. A wide range of techniques are used by
astronomers to find exoplanets, most of which uses observation from Earth to deduce exoplanet
locations and properties, features and conditions. There are also many reasons why the astronomers
research into exoplanets, with one of the main reasons being the desire for humanity to leave Earth,
as we would not be able to live in this world forever, whether it is due to induced causes like global
warming or natural causes like the sun aging and eventually exploding as a supernova. Humanity's
time on Earth is finite, which is the main drive for scientists and astronomers alike to discover life as
we know it on extra solar planets in other planetary systems. (Gammon 2013, Exoplanet.eu 2015,
Phoenixpics 2009)
2 SPECTROSCOPY
A fundamental technique that is used for the exploration of exoplanets and their features, properties
and components, is through spectroscopy. Through this technique, astronomers are able to discover
new exoplanets, while also determining its composition, temperature, density, luminosity and
rotation.

The Effect Of Beer Lambert 's Law And Spectrophotometry
Abstract
This paper examines material based on Beer Lambert's law and spectrophotometry. It shows what
happens between the concentration and absorbance of CoCl2 x 6H20 (Cobalt (II) Chloride
Hexahdrate). To detect the wavelength and unidentified solution , the spectrophotometry was
employed. After everything, in a proper graph we gathered the the data to demonsrate what
relationship absorption and concentration have. Moreover, Spectrophotometer, electromagnetic,
lambda max were considered to make the experiment a success. A spectrophotometer measures the
intensity of light through a unknown solution. The methodology will give you a brief discription of
the way the experiment was perfomed. The main ambition of this lab will be demonstrated with the
experimental result. All labs were were put into a grap and table. Therefore errors that occurred
throughout the lab were explained and what should be done in the future to make a acknowleged
lab.
Introduction
To detect the density of a chemical element or compound there are specific analytical techniques.
Specifically, are tree primary approaches used in analytical chemistry for this purpose. First, one is
spectrophotometry. It is a method which provides an opportunity to measure the quanity of light of
concrete wave dispason which passes through an environment. It's main function is to see how
various compounds of light through a certain amount of wave length. Next is titration in which you
use titration to determine the molar

Electromagnetic Radiation and Electron
Nietkalieva Dinara IS113k
Lab 1: Radio and Light Waves Virtual Lab
1) How is the radiating electric field (or electromagnetic signal) produced when radio stations
broadcast? Include a description of what is producing the signal as well as the reasoning behind how
this could produce a signal. We know that electromagnetic radiation is produced by accelerating
charges. In the radio transmitter, electrons oscillate up and down and are thus accelerating. An
electron will exert a force on another electron when they are some distance away, like charges repel.
When the electron in the transmitter oscillates up and down, the direction of the force it exerts
changes since the source of the force is moving. It takes some time for the change ... Show more
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The wavelength of the wave the distance between the peak of one wave and the peak of the next,
between the minimum of one and the minimum or the next, or between any two points the
encompass one complete wave cycle. Equivalently, this is the distance the wave travels from when
say the electron is at the peak of its motion and the next time it gets to the peak of its motion. Either
way this is about 10 or so grid points.
5) If the amplitude is increased, what happens to the wavelength? The wavelength stays the same
The amplitude affects the strength of the force, that is the length of the force vectors in the
electromagnetic wave. The wavelength of the wave depends only on the frequency with which the
electron in the transmitting antenna is oscillating up and down; and the speed of light.
Wavelength x Frequency = Speed of Light
6) If the oscillation frequency of the transmitting electron decreases, the oscillation frequency of the
electron in the receiver is instantaneously affected.
It is False:
The electron in the receiving antenna feels only the force resulting from the electromagnetic wave at
its current location. It only receives the transmitting electron because of the effects that the
transmitting electron has on the electromagnetic waves. So the receiving

Pvc Pipe On The Sound That Is Heard Research
Research Plan
I. Title: The Affect of Different Length Pipes on the Sound That is Heard
II. Background and Significance:
a. Sound is greatly used in this world, especially to musicians because their goal is to create songs
and tunes by using sound/vibrations. There are limited experiments on how sound is affected when
the sound travels through different length pipes. Sounds often produce wavelengths, or the distance
between one point to another at the crest of the wave, which carries energy. When that energy is
altered or physically changed, the sound will either have a higher or lower frequency. Frequency is
the number of cycles per unit of time. Like in a graph of wavelengths, higher frequencies have more
wavelengths in a certain amount of time whereas lower frequencies have fewer. Frequency is
usually measured in hertz (Hz). This experiment can also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Procedures: Methods for data collection in this experiment include using five PVC pipes of different
lengths (increasing by 10 cm. each time) and using only one frequency (1000 Hz) sound to find the
result of the data. The PVC pipe will lie on a flat surface where it is stable enough to support the
pipe. Then, using the computer generated frequency; it will be placed on one side of the pipe. Next,
the app will be placed on the other end of the pipe and will record the frequency in hertz. Now this
will be tested again for a total of 5 trials for each pipe length.
Risk and Safety: A potentially dangerous risk is when using the tools like saws or a cutting
mechanism to cut the length of the pipes. If possible, let a parent or an adult who knows how to use
tools, do this job to prevent any injury. Another risk is headaches that may occur if the person is
sensitive to sound. Since the computer generated sound will be played multiple times, it can irritate
the ears or could possibly cause headaches or migraines. Safety precautions include wearing
headphones or something to block the sound out to prevent these

The Analysis of Spinach Pigmentation During Photosynthesis...
The Analysis of Spinach Pigmentation
During Photosynthesis 
University of Alabama
I. Introduction: "Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy to chemical energy that
is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; it occurs in plants, algae, and certain
prokaryotes" (Campbell, G–16). The formula below is photosynthesis and "the
ingredients necessary to make a plant grow" (KoK, 30).
6CO_2 + 6H_2_0,,³ C_6_H_12_O_6_ + 6CO_2
Photosynthesis occurs within chloroplasts which are in leaf cells. It takes carbon dioxide and water
"within the chloroplast, sunlight powers the conversion of these ingredients to a sugar called
glucose and oxygen" (Campbell, 37). Pigments are substance ... Show more content on
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Materials and Methods To perform the first part of the lab it required: spinach leaves, a crucible,
pipette, acetone, a beaker and chromatography paper. The chromatography paper was rolled up into
a cylinder and stapled to hold it in place. Then a pencil was used to draw a line about 1 cm from the
bottom of the paper. Meanwhile, the spinach leaves were being crushed in the crucible into a
more liquefied state. Once the spinach leaves were done, a pipette was used to place the spinach
extract along the ling drawn around the cylinder. This step was repeated six time, because the darker
the line the better the results of the chromatographic separation. After each application of the
spinach extract, it was allowed to dry for at least one minute.
Once the application of the spinach extract was finished, acetone, the solvent, was poured into the
beaker. Then the cylinder was placed into the beaker to absorb the solvent with a jar top placed on
top of it to hold it in place. The chromatography cylinder stayed in the beaker until the pigments in
the spinach extract had been separated into different colors and was about 4–5 cm from the top of
the paper. After this, the chromatography cylinder was removed to dry for the different pigments
could be observed. To perform the second half of the lab it required: a spectrophotometer,

Sound Waves Lab
To fully understand how to determine the velocity of sound in air, many concepts have to be
understood prior to the experiment. Sound waves transmitted through a fluid are a type of
longitudinal wave. These mechanical waves are formed when energy passes through a medium and
moves particles in the same direction or parallel to the energy. The particles move in a series of high
pressure and low pressure regions. The energy will compress some areas of the medium, creating a
high pressure region. In between these high pressure regions will be a rarefaction, these are the low
pressure regions (Figure 1). As the energy moves through the medium the sections of high and low
pressure will move. Through a complete process the particles move slightly as they will oscillate
around their original position.
Figure 1: Compression and rarefaction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is 21m/s below the accepted value of speed in air at 0 ℃. At 24.4 ℃ the accepted value is
345m/s, 35m/s faster than the experimental value. Assuming that the speed of sound at any
temperature can be measured from a simple calculation, this experiment can be used to measure the
frequency of an unmarked tuning fork. By completing the experiment in the exact same process one
can determine the wavelength. Once the wavelength was determined using the temperature the
speed could be calculated. Both wavelength and speed are variables in the velocity of sound formula
(v = ƛf ). Using algebra, frequency could be determined by substituting wavelength and speed. The
percent error for this lab could have been affected by not accurately determining the point of which
the sound reached its loudest point. If the peak of sound was not measured accurately, the
experimental value would be off the actual measurement. This would effect the wavelength which
would in turn directly affect the speed value because the frequency was a given, constant

Cuvette Synthesis
Determining the concentration of an unknown dye and preparing an absorption spectrum for a
known substance.
Introduction
During this experiment the main equipment used was a spectrophotometer and a micropipette to
achieve relevant results. Selecting a specific wavelength of visible light (390–770nm) on the
spectrophotometer, the photons pass through the cuvette and are picked up by a photodetector which
calculates the absorbance of the substance which was transferred from the source to the cuvettes
using a micropipette. This is done using Beer–Lambert law A=lc (A=absorbance absorption
coefficient l=path length c=concentration), from this I was able to draw a calibration curve and an
absorption spectrum which allowed me to achieve my aim ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The micropipettes possibly did not release the exact volume of solution into the cuvette that was
required this can influence the final results greatly as a higher/lower volume would mean a
higher/lower level of absorption. This limitation can be removed next time by using more
sophisticated pipettes. Moreover, another limitation was that the cuvettes were not cleaned properly
and possibly had finger prints on the surface. When inserting such a cuvette into the
spectrophotometer the light photons would get absorbed by the finger prints and not the solution
giving a lower final absorption for that specific concentration. In the future to remove this limitation
the surface of the cuvettes should be cleaned properly and to make sure to not hold the cuvette by
the cleaned surface when transferring it to the spectrophotometer.
In conclusion this investigation highly increased my knowledge on the use of spectrophotometer and
other lab techniques and as a first timer the final result of 39% which was 6% off the expected value
was not bad. I believe that for next time if all the limitations I stated are taken care off, then the
value of 45% is easily

Introduction to Optical Coherence Tomography
Introduction to Optical Coherence Tomography
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a method of imaging which uses near–infrared or optical
light scattering to produce three dimensional images of a medium. Medical applications are of
particular interest, since OCT allows retinal and other tissues to be imaged with high resolution.
I. Introduction
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a method of imaging which uses near–infrared or optical
light scattering to produce three–dimensional images of a medium. In particular, this paper will
focus on the application of OCT to medical imaging. Like most radar imaging, an OCT device emits
EM radiation and constructs an image based on the light reflected back from an object. However,
OCT differs from traditional radar in several important ways. First, because OCT uses a much
shorter wavelength of light than radio–frequency radar, OCT emissions only propagate about 1 mm
into biological tissues. This limits the possible images from OCT as compared to MRI or CT scans,
so OCT is only appropriate for some specific types of medical imaging, such as retinal scans. The
benefit of using a shorter wavelength is an increase in imaging resolution. A typical OCT image has
a resolution of 10–20 µm. At this resolution very small biological structures are easily resolved and
can be analyzed.
Second, OCT requires that returning radiation be collected from many different angles. Traditional
radar imaging is collected from one, or at most

Wavelength Of Tube Lab Report
Objective: The objective of the lab was to find the natural frequency of the tubes.
Procedure:
We got these materials, 2 Tubes of different sizes, meter stick, tuning fork, a bucket of water, and a
notebook.
We then practiced finding the first harmonic using the smaller tube. We did this by banging the
tuning fork over the tube as we moved the tube up and down in the water.
When we heard the tube start to resonace.
After we heard it resonace we measured the amount of tube that was above the water.
Lastly we did that 5 more times for each tube and recorded the first and third harmonics.
Data Collection:
Data
First Harmonic = L1
Third Harmonic = L2
Trial
Tube Height
Trial
Tube Height
1
0.146m
0.494m
2
0.148m
0.479m
3
0.139m ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Use the following equation. λ = 2 (L2 – L1)
The tubes have a wavelength of 0.658m.
2. Using your calculated wavelength, and the speed of sound = 345 m/s, calculate the frequency of

your tuning fork. 345=f*.658
The calculated frequency of the tuning fork is 524 Hz.
3. The accepted frequency of the tuning fork is was printed on your fork. Using the accepted
frequency, calculate the %error for both measurements. The percent of error of the frequency of the
tuning fork is 2.34%, and the percent error for the wavelength is 1.79%.
Discussion
Were you satisfied with your results? Why or why not?
I am satisfied with the results because using the percent of error we were very close to what the
wavelength and the frequency really is. This shows we did the lab very well, commiting little
mistakes.
What could have been done differently to improve the lab outcome?
We could have improved the outcome by eliminating human error. We could use a stand to hold the
tube so when we get to the exact area we will not have to hold it, eliminating me having to hold the
tube. This would make the lab more

Zacharias Jansen and The First Compound Microscope Essay
Compound Microscopes have assisted scientists in the research of objects invisible to the naked eye
for more than four hundred years and have greatly influenced our understanding of the world around
us. As technology has progressed, Light Microscopy has significantly improved. These
improvements include illumination methods, the Resolution lens quality and the use of oil
immersion.
The first compound microscope was invented by Zacharias Jansen and his father Hans in 1595.
Whilst experimenting with lenses in a tube Zacharias and his father made an important discovery,
where the image of and object at the end of the tube seemed greatly enlarged (history–of–the–
microscope.org). This microscope was made of two lenses positioned at each end of ... Show more
Chromatic aberration is cause by the dispersion of a lens and the different colours of light travelling
at different speeds. This causes the image of an object to appear with coloured edges or to be blurred
(photographylife.com). Resolution is the most important variable in producing a quality, detailed
image. The formula for resolution in a microscope is: R=λ/2NA where λ is the wavelength of light
and NA is the numerical aperture of the objective lens. A higher value equated for R will give a poor
resolution, whereas a lower value will form a more detailed resolution. A higher NA will produce a
superior resolution because R will be reduced. Also, the smaller the wavelength, the lesser R will be,
generating more detailed resolution. Because of this, the wavelength of blue/violet light is
significantly smaller and will produce a very highly detailed resolution. From this, it can be
understood that methods of illumination have significantly developed since the first compound
microscope and shorter wavelengths of light produce much more superior quality images and are
ideal for use in microscopes. (vetmed.vt.edu).
Lenses
The first microscope used glass lenses. In comparison, compound microscopes of today use special
lenses of optical glass. These lenses are made of silicone dioxide, a quartz crystal and the most
common mineral found. Quartz is used for its various

: The Causes And Effects Of Global Warming
Global warming is caused by an effect called the greenhouse effect. Gases like Nitrous Oxide, Water
Vapour, Carbon Dioxide, and Methane are released into the atmosphere by human industries and are
forming a blanket around the earth. When sunlight enters the atmosphere it passes through the
atmosphere as ultraviolet and visible light. (Ultraviolet meaning of electromagnetic radiation,
having a wavelength shorter than that of the violet end of the visible spectrum but longer than that of
X–rays – a type of electromagnetic rays which are used for medical purposes). It emits shorter
wavelengths because the sun has a lot of energy and heat to give off and hotter energy has shorter
wavelengths. Some of this energy is then reflected back towards space as infrared energy. (Infrared
energy meaning of electromagnetic radiation, having a wavelength just greater than that of the red
end of the visible light spectrum but less than that of microwaves. Infrared radiation has a
wavelength from about 800 nm to 1 mm, and is emitted particularly by heated objects.) The earth is
cooler and has less energy to give off so the suns energy is cooled down and the wavelength
increases because cooler energy has longer wavelengths. Now gases such as nitrogen and oxygen
that make up our atmosphere are only two particles, and therefor are tightly bound and don't absorb
much heat. But, greenhouse gases, having three or more particles result in being loosely bound
structures that are efficient absorbers of

Pulse Oximetry Advantages And Disadvantages
a)
Pulse oximetry is based around the principle that oxygenated Haemoglobin will absorb more light of
certain specific wavelengths of light than deoxygenated haemoglobin and vice versa. Two
wavelengths of light are used in pulse oximetry, red light of approximately 600nm, and infrared
light with wavelengths of approximately 900nm. These two wavelengths of light are used to
differentiate between two different substances, each with their own absorbance characteristics.
b)
When performing pulse oximetry there are various substance that will absorb both wavelengths of
light, including the venous blood. To counter this, the readings are taken with respect to the subject's
heart beat and the resulting influx of arterial blood. The blood flow ... Show more content on
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With positive temperature coefficient thermistors, resistance increases as the temperature increases.
Thermistors measure the temperature of the sensors not the patients themselves. Thermistors require
an adhesive cover to attach to skin, and can range from relatively cheap and disposable models, to
reusable but more expensive models.
Infrared radiation temperature measurement systems detect the radiation emitted from the tympanic
membrane and the surrounding ear canal. The detected energy is proportional to actual temperature
of the subject. These sensors are non–contact and relatively sterile. These sensors are also relatively
fast, with a response time of approximately 0.1 second.
3
a)
The light source provides the polychromatic light, producing a variety of wavelengths of light.
When a wavelength of light between 360 – 950 nm is required a Tungsten–filament lamp is used.
When ultraviolet light is needed, a Deuterium lamp is used.
The filter is used to isolate the required portion of the source spectrum, and reduce and remove some
unwanted frequencies.
The Diffraction Grating works separates the wavelengths of the incident light into separate
monochromatic beams. On the diffraction grating there are thousands of grooves, that act to reflect
polychromatic light at each of the grooves, resulting in interference and the reflected light
transmitted in discrete directions.

The diverging wavelengths of light are then reflected by a mirror towards

Fequency And Velocity Lab Report
In this experiment, a function generator and mechanical driver are to be used to create a standing
wave. With this system, the experimenter can test several hypothesis regarding a changing
frequency and mass. With careful calculations and observations, the experimenter can calculate the
experimental values of frequency and velocity using several different equations. Our main purpose
is to compare these experimental values to the calculated or measured theoretical values and
conclude why there were, if any, variations in data.
Procedures
The experiment begins the positioning of the mechanical driver. Apply some tension to the string by
adding weight to the end of the pulley system. Place the driver at 1 meter away from the non–fixed
end of the standing wave. In this case, the pulley is the non–fixed end. Be sure to measure from
where the string makes contact with the pulley, not where the ... Show more content on
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For part one, use the force equation of:
F = m*a where m equals the mass in kilograms and a equals the acceleration due to gravity, 9.81
m/s2. Record your calculations in your data table. Next, use the equation: v = (F*d)1/2 where F
equals the force you just calculated and d equals the linear mass density of the string to calculate the
experimental value of the wave speed. Th linera mass density value will be given to you by your
instructor. Record your calculations in your data table. Next, using excel, construct a graph of wave
speed as a function of wavelength. Use your values of the full wavelength as the values for x and the
values of the calculated velocity for the y values in your graph. After plotting, set a trend line and
display the equation of the graph. The slope of the line will be the calculated experimental value of
the frequency. Compare the experimental and theoretical value by calculating the percent error using
the

Hair Investigation
Discussion:
The purpose for this investigation was to measure the diameter of the human hair using the
knowledge of physics of diffraction and interference and the way light waves travel through a
medium. The measurements made in this experiment were done using a ruler, a measuring tape and
the wavelength of the laser beam used. The measuring tape was used to measure the distance from
the hair to the wall. The ruler was used to measure the distance from the centre of the bright band to
the center of the first dark spot which is called the order of minimas. The increasing number of
minima corresponds to the centre of the second dark spot which are arranged numerically in order,
such as, minima 1, minima 2 and so on.
The graphs showed that there was a little scatter but mostly the points fall on or fall near the line of
best fit. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diameter of 0.12mm wire = (6.5*10–7* 1.46)0.8164*10–2= 1.162*10–4m
∴ 1.162*10–4m converted to micrometres is 116.2 micrometres. For comparing it with the
manufacturer's value (0.12mm), this value can be also be converted to millimetres which is 0.1162
and if rounded up, this value becomes 0.12mm.
These answers can portray the high measure of precision in these results. The calculations above
show that the diameter of the human hair is 93.4 micrometers which is accurate according to Glenn
Elert, it is between the range of 17 to 181 micrometers (The Physics Factbook, 2011). There are
varying factors for the strand of hair such as different people have different hair structures and
different genes which causes the diameter of the hair to differ from that of other people. Another
factor is the age of the person as children are more likely to have sensitive and finer hair, whereas,
adults have more thicker and stronger hair as well as the closer to the root of the hair, the thicker the
hair will

Light Bend Lab
Christian
How does light bend? In science, we have created a lab with the purpose, to see how light behaves
when it passes through various mediums. Our problem at hand is to sneak past the laser security in
the White House to kidnap Donald Trump. What we will be doing in this lab is shining a ray of light
from air to water at 30 degrees, then measure the intensity. Next we will switch the mediums from
air to glass, and repeat the same process. Last, switch the mediums from water to air (and repeat).
Our hypothesis is, if we can find a object to bend the light around us then we will be able to sneak
past security. Using a computer simulator, we proceeded with our experiment and took a look at the
angles, the speed, the wavelength and the intensity of light. Here's what we found. ... Show more
For example, when shined light from air (low density) to glass (high density) the angle of incident
was at 30 degrees ( the angle of reflection was also at 30 degrees) but the angle of refraction was at
20 degrees. Shining light from air to water was similar, same as before (angle of incident and the
angle of reflection at 30 degrees) the angle of refraction went up to 22 degrees. This happens
because water is not as dense as glass is, therefore light doesn't bend as much. If we changed it up
and have light shine from a high density medium to a low density medium, the angle of refraction
increases. For example, our third experiment is that we shined light from water to air, having the
angle of intensity at 30 degrees (reflection at 30) and the angle of refraction at 42 degrees. This is
how light behaves when it refracts to high and low density

How Color Affects Heating By Absorption Of Light
Purpose
The purpose of this lab is to demonstrate how color affects heating by absorption of light.
Background Information
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of wavelengths over which electromagnetic radiation
extends (Merriam–Webster Dictionary). The visible part of the spectrum is light and we can see
colors from blue to red. On the left side of the spectrum is blue where the wavelength is shorter. On
the right side of the spectrum is red where the wavelength is much longer than the blue end. These
wavelengths are called the visible spectrum and an example of this is a rainbow. For a light wave to
be absorbed by an object, the single frequency light wave must come in contact with the object.
Although light colors reflect part of the visible light, black absorbs all energy and wavelengths.
Hypothesis
If different colored pieces of construction paper are used, then the darkest piece will absorb the most
light through the heat lamp after one hour.
Materials
6 identical glass jars, 1 quart size, with lids
6 sheets of different colored construction paper (1 piece of red, orange, yellow, green, purple, and
black)
Scissors
Tape
21 cups of water
Mercury thermometer
White modeling clay
Heat lamp
Timer
Drill and 1/4 of an inch bit
Procedure
Gather all of the necessary materials.
Drill a hole relatively larger than the thermometer in the lid of one of the jars. Only one lid needs to
have a hole because the jars will be tested separately.
Take a piece of construction

Chemiluminescence Lab
Effect of Concentration on the Intensity of Fluorescence in Turmeric Powder
Research Question: What is the effect of concentration on the intensity of fluorescence in turmeric
powder?
Hypothesis: As the concentration of the turmeric solution increases, the intensity of the fluorescence
increases as well.
Background Information
Luminescence1 can be referred to as a term that encompasses the idea that temperatures involving
high levels of heat do not always directly result in light emission. Likewise, luminescence can be
referred to as "cold body radiation ," a type of emission that is not affected by heat. Luminescence is
characterized by the processes that occur in order for it to be generated. For instance,
chemiluminescence, electroluminescence, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My original topic involving the Biological Oxygen Demand of water appeared too basic for me and
it did not provoke a positive response in terms of my engagement to the topic. It did not peak my
interest and thus, I ended up changing my topic to something that appeared more unique, and
thought provoking. Turmeric powder is a substance that is an integral component of my heritage that
also plays a huge role in my culture. The South Asian community uses turmeric powder in just about
everything including foods, dyes, skin care products, hair removal treatments. From previous
experiences, I knew about the properties of turmeric that allowed it dye clothes and stain glass while
emitting a bright fluorescent light. Turmeric powder is also not a compound that is commonly used
in Chemistry experiments and I felt that I were to use it, I would receive unique results during my
investigation.
Turmeric Powder–– Chemical Composition
Molar Mass of Turmeric Powder : 368.39 grams per mol
Melting Point6: 183 °C
Designs
Purpose: Using a spectrophotometer to measure and evaluate the effect that changing the
concentration has on the intensity of fluorescence in turmeric powder.

Independent Variable: Concentration of turmeric solution
Dependant Variable: Intensity of fluorescence of turmeric powder
Controlled

Radio Waves and Electromagnetic Fields Essay examples
PHY112 – Lab 9 – Worksheet
Directions
When you go to the simulation you will have a choice to either run the simulation or download the
simulation. Run may not work on all computers. If it does not run, download the simulation and
work from there.
When the simulation opens, play with the controls and buttons to become familiar with how the
simulation works.
Note: A formal lab report is not required for this activity. You may cut and paste this worksheet to a
new Word document and adjust the spacing to fit your needs.
Procedures
Open the simulation.
Explain how the radiating electric field (or electromagnetic signal) is produced when radio stations
broadcast.
A radio wave (radiating electric field) propagates out from the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
True or False: The electron in the receiving antenna oscillates at a lower frequency than the electron
in the transmitting antenna because of the distance between the two antennas.
False: when the transmitting antenna's electron oscillates, it sets up on an electromagnetic wave that
oscillates at the same frequency. This wave causes the electron in the receiver to oscillate at the
same frequency. Electrons, therefore, in both the transmitter and receiver (antennas) oscillate at
identical frequencies.
True or False: If the frequency of oscillation increases but the amplitude of the electron oscillation
remains the same, then the electron in the transmitting antenna is experiencing larger accelerations
(recall what you know about acceleration and motion).
True: electrons must move faster as they oscillate back and forth in order for the frequency to
increase while the amplitude remains the same. Delta velocity / time is a measure of the average
acceleration. A larger change in velocity than at the old frequency if the electron is ovine faster
towards its peak height than away from its peak height at the new frequency. Moreover, the time for
this change is velocity to be seen is less than for the old frequency. These changes indicate
acceleration is larger.
True or False: If the amplitude increases but frequency remains the same, the electron at the
receiving antenna experiences larger peak forces but oscillates at the same frequency as before.
True: the

Albedo Research Paper
Ice, like other reflective surfaces, absorbs and reflects light. Different colors of light emits different
wavelengths. Lighter colors of light such as red, yellow, and orange have longer wavelengths
ranging from 500 nanometers to 700 nanometers. Darker colors such as blue, green, and purple have
a shorter wavelength, ranging from 380 nanometers to 500 nanometers. Anything above 700
nanometers are considered infrared and anything below 380 is considered ultraviolet. Ultraviolet
lights are so powerful to the point that extensive exposure would knock off electrons from the atom
causing alters the DNA. Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation and is produced in
wavelengths. Photons excites atoms causing them to vibrate, the vibration that the photon causes in
the atom is what we consider heat. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Albedo always has a reflection coefficient ( the amount of electromagnetic wave reflected) of less
than 1, that goes from 0 (no reflection) to 1 (perfect reflection) (Coakley, 2003). Factors that go into
the amount of albedo is the angle the light and the wavelength of the light shone on the ice. The
absorption of solar energy causes surface temperatures to increase, evaporating water and melting
ice and snow (Coakley, 2003). Hence making albedo one of the leading causes of climate change.
Sea ice is classified in many ways. There are many variations of sea ice that differ from ice
thickness to growth rate and to age of the ice (Light et al., 2003). Sea ice that has no more than one
year of growth from fall to winter are considered first–year sea ice (FYI), also known as young ice.
Multi–year sea ice (MYI), also known as old ice, is ice that has survived more than one summer
melt. It is also much thicker than first year ice, but throughout the years there has been an increase
in first–year sea ice and a decrease in multi–year sea

Guide Wavelength Measurements
| Assignment 2 | Guide wavelength measurements | |
|
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate:
a) The techniques for measuring guide wavelength.
b) The relationship between the wavelength in free space and the guide wavelength.
Furthermore, this experiment will be a way in which to gain experience in using different types of
laboratory communications equipment.
Introduction
What is wavelength?
Wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the distance between identical points in the adjacent cycles of a
waveform signal. Wavelength is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda (λ)Wavelength is
inversely correlated to frequency (figure 1.1), therefore the higher the frequency of the signal, the
shorter the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is an item of radio equipment used to check the quality of the match between the antenna and
the transmission line.
Procedure 1. Set up the microwave bench, as indicated. 2. Read the basic instructions for the
microwave bench and then obtain oscillations at 8.5 GHz from the microwave signal source. 3. If it
is possible, maximize the deflection on the SWR–meter by using the method outlined in the basic
instructions. 4. Measure the frequency, f, using the wave meter. Calculate the free space wavelength,
λo , by using λo = c/f where c = 2.997×1010 cm s–1. 5. Move the standing wave detector (SWD)
probe along the slotted line and watch the SWR–meter. It will be seen that the deflection varies
periodically from the noise level (ideally zero) at a minimum to a maximum and then back to a
minimum etc. The distance between adjacent minima is equal to λg /2 . The position of the
minimum is most accurately obtained by using the "method of bracketing" and it may be necessary
to increase the gain of the SWR–meter when close to a minimum. 6. Determine the positions of all
minima in the slotted section and obtain an average value for λg . 7. Repeat steps 3 to 6 at least 5
different frequencies so that the frequency range of the microwave oscillator is

Fundamentals for Chemistry-Quantitative Measurements
1 Lab Assignment #5 Write–Up
2
General Info:
Name:
Date:
Purpose: Of Exp #5: In this experiment we will learn about the spectroscope and how it works. To
learn the concept of quantitative measurements, to construct a spectroscope and, to use it for taking
quantitative measurements.
Experimental Questions:
Please complete this section of your write–up as you work on the experimental portion of this lab.
1. Hold the grating several inches from your face, at an angle. Look at the grating that you will be
using. Describe what you see at the grating surface. I see different color of the rainbow and when I
change the angle that am holding the diffraction grating
Hold the grating up to your eye and look through it. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How many spaces from the center of violet line to center of green line? 2 spaces. How many spaces
from the center of violet line to center of yellow line? 3 spaces.
4. Finding the nm/space for your spectroscope:
= difference in wavelength /# of spaces between two lines
Using the violet and green lines: =(538nm–436nm)/( 2 ) = 50 nm/space (value#1)
Using the violet and yellow lines: =(580nm–436nm)/( 3 ) = 48 nm/space (value#2)
Average nm/space: = (Value #1 +Value #2)/2 = (50+48)/2 = 49 nm/space
Agreement of the two values: % difference = 100 x |value 1 – value 2|/(average value) = 100 x | 50 –
48 |/( 49 ) =4.1%

is this value < 10%__Yes_.( go through calibration process until you can say "yes.")
Your spectroscope is now calibrated. Do not move the light rod – tape in place with clear tape if you
have not yet done so. In event that light rod moves, place reference mark in center of violet line, and
re–secure light rod.
Questions and Conclusions:
Now that you better understand the functioning of a spectroscope, answer the following questions.
1. What is white light? White light is mixture of all color in spectra.
What experimental evidence do you personally have to support this idea? ( By looking to the white
light (light source) of my

Nonvisual Sensory System
Our visual and nonvisual sensory system is used on a daily basis as a reflex to intake information
from our surrounding environment. Although it seems simple when operating your eyes to see, your
ears to hear, or your hands to touch there are detailed mechanisms that occur when in use. Our
sensory organs are composed of specialized cells called receptors that allow signals to the nervous
system, which are converted from environmental energies. We detect frequencies of radiated
energies known as the electromagnetic spectrum, which we familiarly call light. The visibilities of
certain frequencies vary depending on the span of their wavelength. For instance, we are able to see
light because our receptors respond to wavelengths from 400 to 700 nanometers, however x–rays,
gamma rays, ultraviolet waves, radio waves, etc are invisible to humans due to their very low or
high wavelength. To understand our visual abilities lets go through the structure of the ... Show more
A summary of its pathway begins with sound waves entering the ear and vibrating the eardrum.
Three tiny bones known as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, are connected to the eardrum and convert
the vibrations into a fluid filled organ that holds receptors for hearing called the cochlea. The
vibrations are then transferred to hair cells, which are attached to neurons whose axons are arranged
to form the auditory nerve. This pathway allows us to perceive sound waves to identify pitch
through different types of frequencies. For instance, at low and high frequencies the hair cells in our
ear vibrate causing a specific pitch. We distinguish pitch through intermediate frequencies by the
result of cascaded responses from multiple neurons. To localize the source of sound, we distinguish
differences in loudness using both ears, and we locate its distance based on the amount of
reoccurring vibration after the main

Chlorophyll And The Concentration Of Chlorophyll
Plankton are aquatic organisms that drift throughout their environment as they posses no true motor
capabilities. Within their respective aquatic habitats plankton form the productive basis of their
ecosystem and are divided into two subcategories: zooplankton and phytoplankton, the later will be
the primary focus of this paper. Phytoplankton, as well as other photosynthetic organisms poses
pigments called chlorophyll. These pigments allow phytoplankton to convert carbon dioxide and
water to oxygen and sugar, which provides the phytoplankton with energy. Due to the fact that all
phytoplankton posses chlorophyll scientists have developed methods that use chlorophyll testing in
order to understand more about phytoplankton as a whole. Phytoplankton posses different types of
chlorophyll but scientists usually sample chlorophyll–a as it is the most abundant form (YSI
Environmental, Cullen 1982, Santos 2003). Several different methods have been developed to
analyze the concentration of chlorophyll–a.
One method of analyzing chlorophyll–a that has been developed is through chlorophyll extraction.
In order to perform this method one must first collect a fairly large water sample (see Plankton Web
citation for surface water sampling techniques). This sample must then be filtrated in order to
concentrate the chlorophyll–containing organisms (see Plankton Web for filtration methods). Finally
mechanical rupturing of the collected cells, and extraction of the chlorophyll from the

Maximum Absorbance Of Fast Green And Chlorophyls
The overall purpose of this experiment is to find the maximum absorbance of Fast Green and
chlorophylls a and b. The concentration curve of Fast Green was used to determine the unknown
concentration of unknown #17. Different techniques, graphical or experimental, were used in this
experiment such as absorbance spectrum graphs and the use of blanks to recalibrate the
spectrophotometer. Light is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that varies in wave from radio
waves to gamma rays. The human eye can only detect the visible light portion of the spectrum; a
range of wavelengths (nm) from 400 nm to 700 nm. Electromagnetic radiation can be described as a
stream of massless particles called photons that move in a wavelike motion at the speed of light. A
spectrophotometer is an instrument used to measure the amount of amount of photons (absorbance
of light) that passes through a sample solution over a given wavelength. It does this by using a white
light source that travels through a prism, the prism separates the white light into narrow portions of
the radiant energy. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fast Green is used for specific staining procedures, for example protein, where is it used to better
illustrate the presence of histones through a marker dye. For this part the experiment, the objective is
to achieve the concentration curve of five known concentrations to find the unknown concentration
through Beer–Lamberts Law. The concentration curve is also known as the calibration curve, both
involve a graph with the concentration variables on the abscissae and the absorbance numbers on the
ordinate. The absorbance spectrum of the Fast Green solution must be determined before obtaining
the concentration curve. The maximum absorbance of the solution must be determined through the
absorbance spectrum. The wavelength at the maximum absorbance was used to determine the
absorbance for the diluted Fast Green

Error Analysis Lab
Error Analysis
One scientific error was that the classroom lights were turned on while observing the spectral tubes
with the spectroscope. The interference of observing the spectral tube with the classroom lights on
in the opposite room may have disrupted the observed line spectra. For instance, some of the colored
lines observed through the spectroscope, while directed towards the spectral tubes, could have taken
into account of the classroom lights. As a result, the sequence of the colored lines observed from the
spectral tubes could have included the colors emitted from the classroom lights. Therefore, the
colored lines of the unknown element observed with the spectroscope may have not been cadmium
due to the effect of the classroom lights ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, the purpose is to understand how to determine an unknown element based on spectral
patterns and to observe emission from spectral tube. In this experiment, several chemical concepts
are observed, such as the Bohr Theory of the atom that when atom has enough energy, electrons can
jump to a higher energy level. Eventually the electron in the higher energy level would fall back is a
lower energy level is available since it's more stable. As a result, a photon of electromagnetic
radiation is emitted when the electrons go from various energy levels. In order to determine the
energy of each photon the equation E=hv is used. When the photon's wavelength is between 400 nm
and 700 nm, the electromagnetic radiation is visible light. Since each element has its own unique
electron configuration when an excited atom experiences changes in its electrons between energy
levels, each element has its own distinct line spectrum. The colors of the lines indicate the color of
the visible light when the energy difference between two levels is emitted as a photon of
electromagnetic radiation. When an atom is excited, it produces the specific colored lines in its
spectrum due to the electron jumping or falling between different energy levels. Therefore, our eyes
see

3.03 The Dimensions Of Waves
The sensory energies of light and vision and sound vibrate as waves passing through space. These
waves result from reflected light or from changes in air pressure caused when vocal cords and other
stuffs move. Generally eye and the ear identified the waves as light and sound. The waves of light
and sound can describe in term of wavelength, frequency and amplitude. Wavelength is the distance
from one peak of the wave to the next. Frequency is the number of complete waves or cycles that
pass a given point amount of time. Amplitude is height of the wave from baseline to peak. These are
shown in the Figure 3. The different wavelength, amplitude and frequency makes various sound and
vision experience. Figure 03: The Dimension of Waves

Nt1310 Unit 7 Exercise 1
20.1
"The particles in the pulse travel from one place to another." This sentence is wrong about the
propagation of a pulse because particles do not travel in a pulse. They just stay in one place moving
up and down and interact with each other. Because the particles are moving, energy are transferred
through the medium from one place to another.
20.3
–"The wavelength is 0.20 s." This is wrong because wavelength's unit is meter and it measures the
distance between two adjacent locations in the disturbance, not the time one particle takes to finish
one vibration.
–"The wave continues to travel for 0.20 s before stopping." This sentence is wrong because period
does not measure the time the medium takes to stop moving. Period is the measure of the time one
particle takes to complete one vibration and start to repeat it again. We do not know if one particle
will stop after one vibration.
20.4 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It does not indicate the longitudinal speed of the wave or the speed of one particle (vibrational
speed). We cannot have the transverse speed of the particles since they do not move transversally.
–"The wave disturbance travels 300 m for each wavelength." The speed of the wave does not
determine how long the wave disturbance travels for each wavelength. We do not have enough
information to determine that.
20.5
–"The wave continues to travel for 4.0 m before stopping." This sentence is wrong because we do
not know if the wave will stop after it travelled for 4.0 m. The wave can continues moving after 4.0
m and the wavelength measures the distance between two adjacent locations in the disturbance.
–"The period of the wave is 4.0 m." This sentence is wrong because period's unit is second(s) or
minute(s), etc. Period does not measure distance, it measures the time one particle takes to complete
one vibration so it cannot be in meter.

A Study On The Field Of Neuroscience Essay
INTRODUCTION: Let There Be Light In the field of neuroscience, the endeavor to develop
technologies that allow minimally invasive, temporally and spatially precise, and genetically
specific neural activation has occupied the minds of neuroscientists for decades. To this end,
photostimulation techniques have been of particular interest. In the early 2000s, a set of light–gated
proteins called channelrhodopsins (ChRs) from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were
characterized1,2 and noted for their potential ability to depolarize cells in other biological systems.
In particular, channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2), a light–gated nonselective–cation channel, has proven to
be immensely useful. The genes expressing these photoreceptors have been used to introduce light–
activated channels into selective cell populations of vertebrates to optically induce neural activity3.
THE DARKER SIDE OF CHANNELRHODOPSINS ChRs in the context of optogenetics have
proven to be a valuable research tool, though their weaknesses must also be considered. While ChR
variants have been developed to improve channel function compared to ChR1 or ChR2, concessions
are often made in another area of their function4. For example, enhancing ChR channel kinetics
results in decreased photosensitivity. Correspondingly, modifications that enhance their sensitivity to
light result in slower kinetics, limiting the ability to reliably induce temporally precise action
potentials. ChR channel conductances are also

Standing Waves Lab
Introduction:
In this lab the speed of sound was found by using standing waves. A tube with a speaker at the top of
it was playing at a constant frequency. As the speaker played, the tube filled with water. The
reflections in this lab caused destructive interference. When waves reflect and they are on two sides
of the medium the sound cancels out and there is no noise. Where this occurs it is called a node and
with the nodes the wavelength could be measured because the distance between two nodes is a half
a wavelength. The lab was conducted with standing waves because it ensures the nodes and
antinodes are stationary and easy to measure. This lab would not have been possible with other types
of waves that did not have stationary nodes. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, if a node was in between two points on the ruler the exact measurement would have been
slightly off. This could have either increased or decreased the wavelength, but would have a
minimal effect on the final velocity. Another source of error is that the frequency was not exact
because people had to decide when the sound was lowest by using their ears. Without any
instruments to calculate this, it is very difficult for someone to precisely find where a sound is the
lowest. Again, this error would have a small impact on the results of the lab, but it could have
accounted for some of the 5% change in velocity. Another possible way to measure the speed of
sound would be going into a large area and having one person yell while other people stand a certain
distance away. Everyone would time how long it takes for them to hear the person yelling. Then, to
find the speed of the sound the distance would be put over the time it took to hear the noise.
Although this lab would have possible sources of error including human reaction time and other
factors, a constant velocity should be

Lab Questions On Environmental Solutions
Jonathan Haas
J3309092
CHM2046L – W730
Week 10: Post lab Questions – Environmental Solutions I (25 points)
Scientists use an instrument called a spectrometer to quantitatively determine the amount of light
absorbed by a solution. The primary inner parts of a typical spectrometer are described below. The
spectrometer has a light source that emits white light containing a vast mixture of different
wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. The wavelength of interest is then selected using a
monochromator ("mono" meaning one and "chromate" meaning color) and an additional exit slit.
The separation of white light into different colors (wavelengths) is known as diffraction. The
selected light then reaches the sample and depending on how the light interacts with the chemical
compound of interest, some of the light is absorbed and some passes straight through. By comparing
the amount of light entering the sample (P0) with the amount of light reaching the detector (P), the
spectrometer is able to tell how much light is absorbed by the sample.
Define all of the bold words in the previous paragraph. (4 points) Spectrometer – A spectrometer is a
device which takes in light and then breaks down light into the various components of the
electromagnetic spectrum. Quantitatively – Relating to a measurement or amount of something.
Electromagnetic Radiation – A form of energy composed of waves of electric and magnetic changes
(from electrically charged particles). It deals with

Clare Obradovich: Chapter 20 Conceptual Questions
Clare Obradovich
Chapter 20 Conceptual Questions
20.01
Which statements are correct?
Wrong answer: the particles in the pulse travel from one place to another.
This answer is wrong because the wave propagates, not the medium. If the particles in the pulse
travelled from one place to another then this would not be a wave. It would be translational or
circular motion, but not oscillatory motion.
20.03
What does it mean if the period of a wave is .20s?
It is not correct to say that this means that the wavelength is .20s. The wavelength is the distance
between the crests or troughs. It is a distance not a time. It is also not correct to say that the wave
continues to travel for .20s before stopping. The wave may actually continue

Principles Of Photonics And Optical Engineering
University of Texas at Arlington
EE5380: Principles of Photonics & Optical Engineering
EXTRA CREDIT
Supriya Kavilkar
100 109 5019
15 August 2015 Absorption coefficient
The absorption coefficient decides how far into a material, the light of a particular wavelength can
penetrate before it is absorbed.
The photons that have an energy above the band gap, depends on the wavelength and its absorption
coefficient is not constant. The likelihood of retaining a photon relies on upon the probability of
having a photon and an electron connect so as to move starting with one energy band then onto the
next. The absorption is relatively low for photons with energy very close to that of the band gap, as
only those electrons directly at the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because dn/dω and dε'/dω have the same sign, the index of refraction decreases with frequency in a
spectral region of anomalous dispersion. Anomalous dispersion can be observed experimentally if
the substance is not too opaque at the resonance frequency. E.g. certain dyes have absorption bands
in the visible region of the spectrum and exhibit anomalous dispersion in the region of these bands.
Prisms doped with these dyes produce a spectrum that is reversed, i.e. the longer wavelengths are
refracted more than the shorter wavelengths. Aperture
A device that controls the amount of light admitted through an opening. In photography and digital
photography, aperture is the unit of measurement that defines the size of the opening in the lens that
can be adjusted to control the amount of light reaching the film or digital sensor. The size of the
aperture is measured in F–stop. Aspherical
Aspherical lenses are lenses with complex curved surfaces, such as where the radius of curvature
changes according to distance from the optical axis. It offers excellent aberration correction
performance, which provides superior resolution, even with compact optics composed of a small
number of elements.
Astigmatism
In a system with astigmatism, the power of the optical system

Ankistodemus: Fresh Water Pollution
The introducing to any type of pollution, man–made or artificial, can have an outstanding effect to a
natural environment. When the word of pollution is thought of, it's never a positive thought and can
do harm to where humans and many different organism lives. There are many different freshwater
pollution and each one of having it one effect. One of the organism that live is fresh water is
Ankistodemus, a green alga that grows in fresh water pond and lakes. When Sodium chloride (salt)
is added to the alga environment what type of effect will it have on its growth? The importance of
this experiment to make aware of how pollution have a stern effect on the living things around the
Earth. Being alert of this will expression how putting more care on the environment will extend the
life span of the Earth. The goal of adding Sodium chloride, the pollutant, to water, that
Ankistodemus live in, is for illustration how Sodium chloride will inhibit the growth of
Ankistrodesmus algae.
One of the pollution type is Salinization. The effect the "salt build–up in soils which kills crops or
reduces yields". GreenFacts: Facts on Health and the Environment reported that the primary source
is alkaline soils because of over irrigation. As the Salt expanse ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The machine must be set in the correct wavelength of light to read, the spectrophotometer measured
the wavelength in nanometers (nm). The spectrophotometer will always be able to measure the
amount of light the algae absorb, but what is needed is what wavelength that the pure
Ankistrodesmus absorb light the most strongly. Before starting to testing to see the wavelength that's
best suited for the pure Ankistrodesmus use a blank with the blank provided after each wavelength
measured. Once the perfect wavelength is found started the Day 0 measurements, then Day 14, and
Day 21. After each measure store tubes in rack under a heat source with tops on the tube

Lab Report On Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a vital process that autotrophs use to transfer light energy into chemical energy.
Photosynthesis ultimately produces O2 and glucose. It, like many other biological processes, can be
affected by environmental variables. The variable that we altered in the following experiment are
intensity, light wavelengths, and pigment types. In order to do this, we conducted three experiments.
In the first experiment, we examined the effect of light intensity by placing vials with chloroplasts
with DPIP at different light distances in which the results varied. Initially, 30cm away was the most
effective for photosynthesis. Then 24cm appeared to be the most effective. Followed by 49cm at
minutes 25 and 30. In the second experiment, we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the photosynthetic process can be affected by different environmental factors. In the
following experiment, we tested the effects that the light intensity, light wavelength and pigment had
on photosynthesis. The action spectrum of photosynthesis shows which wavelength of light is the
most effective using only one line. The absorption spectrum plots how much light is absorbed at
different wavelengths by one or more different pigment types. Organisms have different optimal
functional ranges, so it is for our benefit to discover the conditions that this process works best. If
the environmental conditions of light intensity, light wavelength and pigment type are changed, then
the rate of photosynthesis will increase with average light intensity and under the wavelengths of
white light which will correspond to the absorption spectrum of the pigments. The null hypothesis to
this would be; if the environmental conditions light intensity, light wavelength and pigment type are
changed, then the rate of photosynthesis will decrease with average light intensity and under the
white light which will correspond to the absorption spectrum of the pigments.
Methods First, we collected spinach leaves and cut out 60 disks using cork borer and then placed
them in a syringe. Then, we added sodium bicarbonate into the syringe leaving about a third of the
syringe empty and replace the plunger to the syringe. We aspirated the leaves by pulling the plunger
down

Physics Of Light And Light
Through the fields incorporating the science of light, astronomers use factors such as wavelengths to
interpret stars' temperature, heat, distance, size, mass, density, etc. To obtain all of this information
certain light gathering instruments must be used. These instruments include telescopes. To record
this information spectrographs are also mainly used to record the spectrum and dispersion of light.
In light there are different waves and particles. Light is made up of electric and magnetic fields. Due
to this fact, light is an example of electromagnetic radiation, it is the changing of these fields to
travel through space shifting energy maneuvering from one area to another. Since light is an
electromagnetic wave, each one has a certain wavelength. Telescopes help us to view the visible
light of the electromagnetic spectrum. Most of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as infrared, x–
rays, ultraviolet, and gamma rays, don't reach earth's surface to be examined. A telescope in space,
above the atmosphere, however, is said to be diffraction limited. Since the speed of light is constant
a wavelength of radiation of a star can be seen as its frequency. Frequency is recorded based on a
certain number of waves emitted within a brief second.
Optical Telescopes have two types: reflecting and refracting. In 1609, Galileo had developed the
first telescope. From here on out, ideas back then of the geocentric solar system were finally put to
rest through the use of the first

The Physics Of A Wave
Introduction
As seen in the previous laboratory experiment, standing waves are produced when a wave and its
reflection are superposed. When a wave travels on a string we notice places of maximum amplitude
called antinodes, and regions of no amplitude at all, that we call nodes. When the medium in which
the wave travels is air instead of a string, similar observations are made. In this case, the antinodes
are regions of maximum compression in the air column, while the nodes are those regions which
have the lowest compression or pressure. These regions are sometimes called regions of rarefaction.
In this experiment, we used a Vernier microphone, a labquest, and PVC tubes to study waves in a
column of air.
Description of Set Up
The setup of this experiment was fairly easy. Firstly, the temperature probe and the microphone were
fixed to a ring stand and connected to the labquest; the labquest was itself connected to the CPU.
Photo 1. From here, the logger Pro was launched. The temperature reading was recorded (20.7 o C
in our case) and the microphone background reading was noted. As this point, the use of the
temperature probe was over, and so it was disconnected from the labquest.
Photo 1.
Outline of Technique
The length and diameter of a PVC pipe were measured. These measurement are recorded in table 1.
The system was programmed to start data collection the moment the noise level is 0.2 above the
background noise. Then, the PVC pipe was held perpendicular to the microphone

Ap Physics Unit 8 Lab
Lab Report 8
Physical Optics
Physics 262–003
Author: A. Coughran
Lab Partners: E. Ortiz, H. Barham
Date: 5/10/17
Lab Report 8 A. Coughran 5/10/17
Objective:
The objective in Lab 8 is to measure wavelength of five emission lines of light and a laser beam
through the principle of light interference.
Theory:
Light passed through a transmission grating is often sent in all directions due to interference. The
grating acts as a new wave source and causes the light to travel in different paths. Equation 1 below
shows the relationship between path difference and light direction due to constructive interference.
D represents the line spacing and sinƟ=a/c according to the drawing below. mλ=dsinƟ Equation 1
Equation 2 below can be used when small angle values are present (such as when m=1) and is a ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The base of the light triangle, b, was measured first. Then, the light positions, a, were measured f=or
the first order (m=1) and second order (m=2) light beams to determine the angle Ɵ for each. This
data was organized in an Excel table and used to find the wavelength, λ, of the laser through
Equation 1. This value was then compared to the theoretical value for wavelength of the laser, which
was 6.328x〖10〗^(–7)m, and the percent error was calculated between the two.
Procedure B – Wavelength Measurement of Light Color
The diffraction grating was used to measure the angle values of different light colors using a
collimator. The wavelength of each light beam according to the corresponding color was then
calculated using the specific angle value. In this procedure, a telescope was used to form an image
from the diffracted light from the transmission grating. A mercury light source was also used as a
light ray source of

Velocity Of Sound

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