1. The document discusses computational and experimental analysis on robust design of micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) for better endurance. It summarizes various MAV designs including fixed-wing, flapping-wing, and mini-copter models and discusses their advantages and limitations.
2. Computational analysis is used to optimize MAV designs while considering factors like wing design. Experimental analysis evaluates scaling challenges and practical implementations of models. The most successful design discussed is the mini-helicopter "Black Hornet Nano" which weighs 16 grams and has practical applications.
3. Overall, the document analyzes MAV design approaches and the potential for future advancement to improve usability though challenges remain in developing truly micro-scale aircraft.
Analysis of applying TRIZ in and on a Large Scale System - SemiconductorsRichard Platt
An analysis of applying TRIZ towards a engineering system (semiconductor technology) and the necessary process factors and issues that were found and resolved as a part of the implementation of the TRIZ methodology at Intel, including a methodology for designing innovation methods into the design for manufacturability process
A presentation from Mr. Naoto Kashihara of Leading Tire Technology Development department of TOYO TIRES, applying TRIZ on "surprise" tire product development activity, to illustrate technical development capacity using the methodology.
Requirement:HW6 Problem 2 Design a mobile robot capa.docxaudeleypearl
Requirement:
HW6 Problem 2
Design a mobile robot capable of moving indoors, climbing stairs, and performing useful tasks like cleaning. Proceed as follows: First, using a structured process, develop 4-6 alternative design concepts. Then, using an appropriate utility function, assess and compare these designs to select the “best” alternative for further development
Question Definition:
Trying to come up with various options towards the design of mobile robots, which will be capable of moving indoors, climbing stairs, and functioning important tasks e.g., cleaning.
Plan:
1. Designing a mobile robot
2. Development of various alternatives through the following processes
a. A FAST diagram
b. A Functional Structure
c. Getting necessary consumer requirements
d. Identification of multiple designs and comparing them
Execution:
1. Design: A mobile robot capable of moving indoors, climbing stairs and performing useful tasks like cleaning.
2. Development
a. FAST diagram of a mobile robot
b. A Functional Structure
c. Customer Requirements
i. Has the movement of the robot from one location to another – mobility (actuators)
ii. Effective in performing the cleaning duties – efficient in cleaning (end effectors)
iii. Easy to move the robot from one location to another – portability
iv. Ability to climb up or down a staircase – efficient in climbing (end effectors)
d. Basic design concepts of the mobile robot
Element
Concept 1
2
3
4
Sensors
Temperature
Distance
Proximity
Tilt
Movement/ locomotion
Ball
Omni
Legs
Standard wheels
Ability to clean (End Effector)
Brush
Broom
Vacuum Cleaner
Steam mop
Ability to avoid obstacles
Ultrasonic sensors
Proximity sensors
IR sensors
Head Detectors
Actuators
Electrical
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Pressurized
e. Alternative designs(Note: the bolded features applying to every concept are in bold)
i. Alternative 1
Element
1
2
3
4
Sensors
Temperature
Distance
Proximity
Tilt
Movement/ locomotion
Ball
Omni
Legs
Standard wheels
Ability to clean (End Effector)
Brush
Broom
Vacuum Cleaner
Steam mop
Ability to avoid obstacles
Ultrasonic sensors
Proximity sensors
IR sensors
Head Detectors
Actuators
Electrical
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Pressurized
ii. Alternative 2
Element
1
2
3
4
Sensors
Temperature
Distance
Proximity
Tilt
Movement/ locomotion
Ball
Omni
Legs
Standard wheels
Ability to clean (End Effector)
Brush
Broom
Vacuum Cleaner
Steam mop
Ability to avoid obstacles
Ultrasonic sensors
Proximity sensors
IR sensors
Head Detectors
Actuators
Electrical
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Pressurized
iii. Alternative 3
Element
1
2
3
4
Sensors
Temperature
Distance
Proximity
Tilt
Movement/ locomotion
Ball
Omni
Legs
Standard wheels
Ability to clean (End Effector)
Brush
Broom
Vacuum Cleaner
Steam mop
Ability to avoid obstacles
Ultrasonic sensors
Proximity sensors
IR sensors
Head Detectors
Actuators
Electrical
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Pressurized
iv. Alternative 4
Element
1
2
3
4
Sensors
Temperature
Distance
Proximity
Tilt
Movement/ locomotion
Ball
Omni
...
Analysis of applying TRIZ in and on a Large Scale System - SemiconductorsRichard Platt
An analysis of applying TRIZ towards a engineering system (semiconductor technology) and the necessary process factors and issues that were found and resolved as a part of the implementation of the TRIZ methodology at Intel, including a methodology for designing innovation methods into the design for manufacturability process
A presentation from Mr. Naoto Kashihara of Leading Tire Technology Development department of TOYO TIRES, applying TRIZ on "surprise" tire product development activity, to illustrate technical development capacity using the methodology.
Requirement:HW6 Problem 2 Design a mobile robot capa.docxaudeleypearl
Requirement:
HW6 Problem 2
Design a mobile robot capable of moving indoors, climbing stairs, and performing useful tasks like cleaning. Proceed as follows: First, using a structured process, develop 4-6 alternative design concepts. Then, using an appropriate utility function, assess and compare these designs to select the “best” alternative for further development
Question Definition:
Trying to come up with various options towards the design of mobile robots, which will be capable of moving indoors, climbing stairs, and functioning important tasks e.g., cleaning.
Plan:
1. Designing a mobile robot
2. Development of various alternatives through the following processes
a. A FAST diagram
b. A Functional Structure
c. Getting necessary consumer requirements
d. Identification of multiple designs and comparing them
Execution:
1. Design: A mobile robot capable of moving indoors, climbing stairs and performing useful tasks like cleaning.
2. Development
a. FAST diagram of a mobile robot
b. A Functional Structure
c. Customer Requirements
i. Has the movement of the robot from one location to another – mobility (actuators)
ii. Effective in performing the cleaning duties – efficient in cleaning (end effectors)
iii. Easy to move the robot from one location to another – portability
iv. Ability to climb up or down a staircase – efficient in climbing (end effectors)
d. Basic design concepts of the mobile robot
Element
Concept 1
2
3
4
Sensors
Temperature
Distance
Proximity
Tilt
Movement/ locomotion
Ball
Omni
Legs
Standard wheels
Ability to clean (End Effector)
Brush
Broom
Vacuum Cleaner
Steam mop
Ability to avoid obstacles
Ultrasonic sensors
Proximity sensors
IR sensors
Head Detectors
Actuators
Electrical
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Pressurized
e. Alternative designs(Note: the bolded features applying to every concept are in bold)
i. Alternative 1
Element
1
2
3
4
Sensors
Temperature
Distance
Proximity
Tilt
Movement/ locomotion
Ball
Omni
Legs
Standard wheels
Ability to clean (End Effector)
Brush
Broom
Vacuum Cleaner
Steam mop
Ability to avoid obstacles
Ultrasonic sensors
Proximity sensors
IR sensors
Head Detectors
Actuators
Electrical
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Pressurized
ii. Alternative 2
Element
1
2
3
4
Sensors
Temperature
Distance
Proximity
Tilt
Movement/ locomotion
Ball
Omni
Legs
Standard wheels
Ability to clean (End Effector)
Brush
Broom
Vacuum Cleaner
Steam mop
Ability to avoid obstacles
Ultrasonic sensors
Proximity sensors
IR sensors
Head Detectors
Actuators
Electrical
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Pressurized
iii. Alternative 3
Element
1
2
3
4
Sensors
Temperature
Distance
Proximity
Tilt
Movement/ locomotion
Ball
Omni
Legs
Standard wheels
Ability to clean (End Effector)
Brush
Broom
Vacuum Cleaner
Steam mop
Ability to avoid obstacles
Ultrasonic sensors
Proximity sensors
IR sensors
Head Detectors
Actuators
Electrical
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Pressurized
iv. Alternative 4
Element
1
2
3
4
Sensors
Temperature
Distance
Proximity
Tilt
Movement/ locomotion
Ball
Omni
...
An Empirical Study of the Improved SPLD Framework using Expert Opinion TechniqueIJEACS
Due to the growing need for high-performance and low-cost software applications and the increasing competitiveness, the industry is under pressure to deliver products with low development cost, reduced delivery time and improved quality. To address these demands, researchers have proposed several development methodologies and frameworks. One of the latest methodologies is software product line (SPL) which utilizes the concepts like reusability and variability to deliver successful products with shorter time-to-market, least development and minimum maintenance cost with a high-quality product. This research paper is a validation of our proposed framework, Improved Software Product Line (ISPL), using Expert Opinion Technique. An extensive survey based on a set of questionnaires on various aspects and sub-processes of the ISPLD Framework was carried. Analysis of the empirical data concludes that ISPL shows significant improvements on several aspects of the contemporary SPL frameworks.
A concept based model for product development in the emerging marketeSAT Journals
Abstract Emerging market like Asia and Africa are opening a big room of opportunities to do business. The companies which are already globally recognized have started acknowledging this issue and they are making their product and business strategies according to the user perceptions of these growing markets. In these markets where the bigger players are already present, how the local players and new companies can survive and harness the market profits in this competitive environment. This research work provides a conceptual model which can help the local and new companies in increasing their market share and profits within a short time period. This model listen’s the voice of customer and it also accounts the market trend, while designing or planning a product. Multi-factor evaluation process (MFEP) is used in this product development model and an exploratory example of mobile product is also given to clarify the implementation of this model. Keywords= Product technical specifications, New product development, Product design strategy, Voice of customer, Multi- Factor evaluation process (MFEP)
Smart Sim Selector: A Software for Simulation Software SelectionCSCJournals
In a period of continuous change in global business environment, organizations, large and small, are finding it increasingly difficult to deal with, and adjust to the demands for such change. Simulation is a powerful tool for allowing designers imagine new systems and enabling them to both quantify and observe behavior. Currently the market offers a variety of simulation software packages. Some are less expensive than others. Some are generic and can be used in a wide variety of application areas while others are more specific. Some have powerful features for modeling while others provide only basic features. Modeling approaches and strategies are different for different packages. Companies are seeking advice about the desirable features of software for manufacturing simulation, depending on the purpose of its use. Because of this, the importance of an adequate approach to simulation software selection is apparent. Smart Sim Selector is a software developed for the purpose of providing support for users when selecting simulation software. Smart Sim Selector consists of a database which is linked to an interface developed using Visual Basic 6.0. The system queries a database and finds a simulation package suitable to the user, based on requirements which have been specified. This paper provides an insight into the development of Smart Sim Selector, in addition to the reasoning behind the system.
Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 47 (2014) 28–45Cont.docxedgar6wallace88877
Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 47 (2014) 28–45
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / s i m p a t
Insight Maker: A general-purpose tool for web-based modeling
& simulation
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2014.03.013
1569-190X/� 2014 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
E-mail address: [email protected]
1 The exact search query used was ‘’’modeling tool’’ OR ‘‘simulation tool’’’ in the Topic field.
Scott Fortmann-Roe
University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 29 April 2013
Received in revised form 23 March 2014
Accepted 26 March 2014
Available online 14 June 2014
Keywords:
Modeling
Simulation
Web-based technologies
System Dynamics
Agent-Based Modeling
A web-based, general-purpose simulation and modeling tool is presented in this paper. The
tool, Insight Maker, has been designed to make modeling and simulation accessible to a
wider audience of users. Insight Maker integrates three general modeling approaches –
System Dynamics, Agent-Based Modeling, and imperative programming – in a unified
modeling framework. The environment provides a graphical model construction interface
that is implemented purely in client-side code that runs on users’ machines. Advanced fea-
tures, such as model scripting and an optimization tool, are also described. Insight Maker,
under development for several years, has gained significant adoption with currently more
than 20,000 registered users. In addition to detailing the tool and its guiding philosophy,
this first paper on Insight Maker describes lessons learned from the development of a com-
plex web-based simulation and modeling tool.
� 2014 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
1. Introduction
The field of modeling and simulation tools is diverse and emergent. General-purpose modeling tools (e.g. MATLAB’s
Simulink or the Modelica language [1]) sit beside highly focused and domain-specific applications (e.g. [2] for modeling
network control systems, [3] for simulating the behavior of wireless network routing protocols, or [4] for the simulation
and control of turbines). Interest in and published works on such tools has grown over time. The ISI Web of Knowledge
reports a substantial growth in papers published on modeling or simulation tools with 299 such papers published in the span
of 1985–1989, 1482 published from 1995 to 1999, and 3727 published from 2005 to 2009.1
For end-users, simulation and modeling tools are generally designed as executables to be run on a consumer operating
system such as W.
This report is a research on how to use DFM (Design For Manufacturing) engineering method to reduce the cost and time of manufacturing. Additionally it is describing (how to choose/which is the best) production(manufacturing) technology.
Despite of many advances in design of complex software development there remains the
problem of highly inadequately specifying the requirements form the stakeholders for any real time
application
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
An Empirical Study of the Improved SPLD Framework using Expert Opinion TechniqueIJEACS
Due to the growing need for high-performance and low-cost software applications and the increasing competitiveness, the industry is under pressure to deliver products with low development cost, reduced delivery time and improved quality. To address these demands, researchers have proposed several development methodologies and frameworks. One of the latest methodologies is software product line (SPL) which utilizes the concepts like reusability and variability to deliver successful products with shorter time-to-market, least development and minimum maintenance cost with a high-quality product. This research paper is a validation of our proposed framework, Improved Software Product Line (ISPL), using Expert Opinion Technique. An extensive survey based on a set of questionnaires on various aspects and sub-processes of the ISPLD Framework was carried. Analysis of the empirical data concludes that ISPL shows significant improvements on several aspects of the contemporary SPL frameworks.
A concept based model for product development in the emerging marketeSAT Journals
Abstract Emerging market like Asia and Africa are opening a big room of opportunities to do business. The companies which are already globally recognized have started acknowledging this issue and they are making their product and business strategies according to the user perceptions of these growing markets. In these markets where the bigger players are already present, how the local players and new companies can survive and harness the market profits in this competitive environment. This research work provides a conceptual model which can help the local and new companies in increasing their market share and profits within a short time period. This model listen’s the voice of customer and it also accounts the market trend, while designing or planning a product. Multi-factor evaluation process (MFEP) is used in this product development model and an exploratory example of mobile product is also given to clarify the implementation of this model. Keywords= Product technical specifications, New product development, Product design strategy, Voice of customer, Multi- Factor evaluation process (MFEP)
Smart Sim Selector: A Software for Simulation Software SelectionCSCJournals
In a period of continuous change in global business environment, organizations, large and small, are finding it increasingly difficult to deal with, and adjust to the demands for such change. Simulation is a powerful tool for allowing designers imagine new systems and enabling them to both quantify and observe behavior. Currently the market offers a variety of simulation software packages. Some are less expensive than others. Some are generic and can be used in a wide variety of application areas while others are more specific. Some have powerful features for modeling while others provide only basic features. Modeling approaches and strategies are different for different packages. Companies are seeking advice about the desirable features of software for manufacturing simulation, depending on the purpose of its use. Because of this, the importance of an adequate approach to simulation software selection is apparent. Smart Sim Selector is a software developed for the purpose of providing support for users when selecting simulation software. Smart Sim Selector consists of a database which is linked to an interface developed using Visual Basic 6.0. The system queries a database and finds a simulation package suitable to the user, based on requirements which have been specified. This paper provides an insight into the development of Smart Sim Selector, in addition to the reasoning behind the system.
Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 47 (2014) 28–45Cont.docxedgar6wallace88877
Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 47 (2014) 28–45
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / s i m p a t
Insight Maker: A general-purpose tool for web-based modeling
& simulation
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2014.03.013
1569-190X/� 2014 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
E-mail address: [email protected]
1 The exact search query used was ‘’’modeling tool’’ OR ‘‘simulation tool’’’ in the Topic field.
Scott Fortmann-Roe
University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 29 April 2013
Received in revised form 23 March 2014
Accepted 26 March 2014
Available online 14 June 2014
Keywords:
Modeling
Simulation
Web-based technologies
System Dynamics
Agent-Based Modeling
A web-based, general-purpose simulation and modeling tool is presented in this paper. The
tool, Insight Maker, has been designed to make modeling and simulation accessible to a
wider audience of users. Insight Maker integrates three general modeling approaches –
System Dynamics, Agent-Based Modeling, and imperative programming – in a unified
modeling framework. The environment provides a graphical model construction interface
that is implemented purely in client-side code that runs on users’ machines. Advanced fea-
tures, such as model scripting and an optimization tool, are also described. Insight Maker,
under development for several years, has gained significant adoption with currently more
than 20,000 registered users. In addition to detailing the tool and its guiding philosophy,
this first paper on Insight Maker describes lessons learned from the development of a com-
plex web-based simulation and modeling tool.
� 2014 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
1. Introduction
The field of modeling and simulation tools is diverse and emergent. General-purpose modeling tools (e.g. MATLAB’s
Simulink or the Modelica language [1]) sit beside highly focused and domain-specific applications (e.g. [2] for modeling
network control systems, [3] for simulating the behavior of wireless network routing protocols, or [4] for the simulation
and control of turbines). Interest in and published works on such tools has grown over time. The ISI Web of Knowledge
reports a substantial growth in papers published on modeling or simulation tools with 299 such papers published in the span
of 1985–1989, 1482 published from 1995 to 1999, and 3727 published from 2005 to 2009.1
For end-users, simulation and modeling tools are generally designed as executables to be run on a consumer operating
system such as W.
This report is a research on how to use DFM (Design For Manufacturing) engineering method to reduce the cost and time of manufacturing. Additionally it is describing (how to choose/which is the best) production(manufacturing) technology.
Despite of many advances in design of complex software development there remains the
problem of highly inadequately specifying the requirements form the stakeholders for any real time
application
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. DISCUSSION 2
Computational & Experimental Analysis on Robust Design of MAVs for better endurance
Robust Design Method is well known by the name of Taguchi Method which improvises
engineering productivity. It basically focuses on fundamental functions of the process or a
product and helping the concurrent engineering with facilitating the design. A Robust Design
method prescribes a systematic procedure for minimizing the design sensitivity which is also
called by the name of parameter design. Hence a powerful method to reduce the product cost;
improvises its quality and also reduces development interval. Robust Design is a way to make
the final product consistent and variant where it is subject to a variety of noises. The developer of
Robust Design Method made it efficient for all the companies that want to reduce their
development cost.
Micro Air Vehicle has always been a frontier at current research. In recent research, it
was found that LAR wing with Zimmerman planform, which is already proven to be desirable in
MAV design, comprising of four subunits with specific tasks and targets the MAV Unit specifies
the problems and resolve it by the Robust Design Cycle (Weiss et al., 2013). High fidelity
computational studies and optimization are used for analyzing and designing the cycle.
Why a Robust Design Method?
Robust Design Method plays a vital role in improving engineering productivity, this
method has been evolved over the last five decades and many of the companies are satisfied with
it. Many companies all over the world have saved millions of dollars by applying this method to
avoid wastage (Tu, Yeoh & Liu, 2008). The method is used in many diverse industries like
Software, Telecommunication, Electronics, Automobiles, etc there is a number of companies
who are currently using the method to save their money and hence a powerful method of Robust
Design is now the first preference for the companies. In companies, Robust Design Method has
used to reduce the development time and cost.
Robust Method is efficient for companies to reduce their cost and make it work
effectively in various fields, many companies including automobiles and electronics are using
such method for reducing their cost and this method is quite helpful for all of them.
3. DISCUSSION 3
Advantages of Robust Design Method
Here are some advantages of Robust Design Method that you should be aware of, the
advantages of Robust Design are as follows
• Robust Design Method has many benefits one which is really effective is the quality of
robustness is great.
• The product will have more appeal to the buyers, as it can be used in a variety of situations.
• Robust Design Method is cheaper and cost efficient.
• The Method is also Customer Friendly.
Drawbacks of Robust Method
Advantages always come up with disadvantages/drawbacks of the robust method are given
below they can be helpful in major decision making of the companies for choosing this method,
no doubt robust method is a great method but being decisive one should know about its drawback
too.
1. The major drawback of Robust Design Method is it effectively deal with the noise, the
designer must be aware of this noise (Tagliabue, Kamel, Siegwart & Nieto, 2019).
2. Another drawback is the robust design is done in a Taguchi’s way that becomes large
quickly, considering a different thing that actually affects the product such as control variable ad
noise variables, it will then be a number of trials which eventually add will add expense a lot of
trials require money.
3. The last drawback is using Orthogonal arrays. This assumes that the noise factor is
independent which is helpful in setting up the experiments, but this assumption is not at all good
in most of the cases.
4. Companies have to face large competition edge in the market, which can also be risky for
the companies goodwill.
4. DISCUSSION 4
Strategical Idea
The Robustness Strategy provides the crucial methodology for systematical arrival that will
make designs less sensitive. It can be used for both product designing and manufacturing product
designing. There are basically 5 primary tools used in Robustness Method
These are five primary tools which are used in Robust Design Method to make it efficient
and effective. Robust Design Method is mainly on the pillars of these five tools and they are
incomplete without these steps.
Steps in Robust Parameter Design
The Robust Parameter comprises of 4 steps
1. Problem Formulation
2. Data Collection/ Simulation
3. Factors Affecting Analysis
4. Prediction/Confirmation (Hong, Song, Liu & Xu, 2011).
• The effects of the controlling factors are calculated further and results are analyzed to select
the optimum setting.
• Prediction is done in the last step of the product design and then the confirmation is given
to the experiments under some conditions.
There are many advantages of Robust Design which also includes good quality, cheaper
and more efficient and customer friendly, moreover the disadvantages for companies they have to
deal with a large competitive edge. The robust design is developed by Dr Genichi Taguchi, he
developed the use of the design of experiments as an efficient way of exploring the design space.
Robust Design Method is now used by many companies and it is one of those methods which
actually want to adopt, as a result, their low cost of development but the company has to face the
large competition in the market. Dr Genichi Taguchi after a great research work bought this method
which seems to be helpful to many companies to reduce the cost of their expenses. Robust Design
5. DISCUSSION 5
Method is beneficial to all and it can be the said as the smartest method for the company. Robust
Design Method is now efficiently used in the companies.
Computational & Experimental Analysis on Robust Design of MAVs for better endurance
The word MAV stands for Micro Air Vehicle or Micro Aerial Vehicle, is a small
autonomous aircraft with size ranging from a handheld drone to tiny modern models around 5
centimeters, is around the size of an insect and is used for remote observation and other space
programs. The size may vary based on practical implementation and requirements, and the MAV’s
developed are mostly autonomous aerial vehicle used for surveillance, research, and other business
purposes (Heng et al., 2014). The MAV’s are a miniature version of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
(UAV) and are being developed as part of military research and hobby purposes. Due to the smaller
size of these crafts flying range and time of flight is less, and the developed crafts have a range of
100-200 meters and flight time of around 15-20 minutes. Hence these camera mounted tiny crafts
are used for an aerial view and human unreachable places. The small size of the craft makes it
difficult to fly long ranges over 100-200 meters as the miniature craft visibility decreases making
it hard to maneuver. There is no truly existing micro-scaled MAV’s developed yet but attempts
and research is going on to build a miniature craft sizing around 7.5-12 centimeters.
Many Universities and research scientists are working on these miniature crafts for future
development and defense research team from the USA is also working on a MAV for combat field
and security purposes. The United States army owns a mini-sized UAV called RQ-16 T-Hawk
which was developed by Honeywell an American company that produces aerospace systems and
engineering services. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), is an agency of the
United States of America which is working on the advanced versions of these miniature flying
crafts and research on the next levels of these technologies. Universities called TU Delft from the
Netherlands developed the smallest ornithopter called DelFly which measured 10 centimeters and
weighed around 3 grams and another ornithopter was developed in Harvard University which
measured 3 centimeters and USA is working on the further versions of T-Hawk MAV (Heng et
al., 2014). A flapping-wing MAV was developed in Taiwan by a university called Tamkang
University which measured 20 centimeters and weighed around 8 grams. The British Army used
a miniature copter called Black Hornet Nano which had a dimension of around 10x25 centimeters
6. DISCUSSION 6
which was developed by Prox Dynamics of Norway. DARPA is working on a next-generation
technology called Nano Air Vehicle (NAV), which is going to measure less than 7.5 centimeters.
Computational Analysis on the design of MAVs
There are many kinds of MAVs present in the development stages like the fixed wing
miniature crafts, flapping-wing miniature crafts, and mini-copters. These different kinds of
underdevelopment crafts vary mainly based on its wings and design, and these designs have their
own drawbacks and advantages when compared to one another. The robustness of these models
depends totally on the wing design on which they are built and act accordingly based on the
situation. One among those models is the Ornithopter which is a flapping-wing miniature craft, in
this craft flight is because of the flapping of wings like that to birds, here in this model the initial
ski push has to be given by the craft operator. This craft is designed based on the flight similarities
to a bird and there were many models based on this design like the DelFly series which had a
design similar to that of a dragonfly and had a tail like that of a dragonfly. It was built as light as
possible and small in size which was able to fit in a single hand. In the advance improvements of
Ornithopter, researchers have achieved takeoffs and landings without any initial thrust from the
operator. The other model is Ducted Fan craft which was developed in the USA which had Vertical
Takeoff and Landing capability. In models used cylindrical shroud or duct which had an
arrangement of a propeller mounted inside the duct and the rotation of these propellers inside the
ducts produced the thrust and further improvements were made in this model to develop miniature
versions.
One of the early models developed based on the ducted fans was T-Hawk series which was
pretty big in size for miniature craft there was no initial thrust needed because it had VTOL. And
many further advancements were made in this model which had a good flight range and time of
flight this model served the United States Army for a long time. And the next model was Nano
Copter which was a micro helicopter, this unmanned aerial vehicle worked same as a helicopter in
which the thrust was achieved by the rotation of the blades of the top of the copter (Harikumar,
Dhall & Bhat, 2019). The miniature copter developed by Prox Dynamics for the British Army the
early models developed was Black Hornet Nano which had a dimension of 10x2.5 centimeters
which had a decent flight time and a decent flight range which was used by the army for monitoring
7. DISCUSSION 7
and surveillance in the combat field. This was being used as a pocket reconnaissance and
surveillance. One more model is the Entomopter which has a flight like an insect based on
flapping-wing aerodynamics, these are a kind of Ornithopter based on a flight mechanism of an
insect. No perfect models are developed based on this but future advancements are going on in this
field by researchers.
Experimental Analysis of the design of MAVs
In the experimental analysis part, we take into consideration the practical implementation,
limitation, and advancements in the practical implementation of these miniature aircraft. Firstly,
taking into consideration the various MAVs and their practical implementations truly there is no
practically existing MAV now, only some of the scalable models are present for now and the future
advancements may change this. Let’s begin with the Ornithopter based models like the DelFly
series which had three variants DelFly I, DelFly II and the DelFly Micro which is the advanced
version, the first two versions were developed in Wageningen University and the later advanced
version was developed in the TU Delft University. The first two versions developed were scalable
models, the third variant was the most miniature one with a size of 10 centimeters and weighing
around 3 grams it was only slightly bigger than the dragonfly but had a noise because of the motor
and was not energy efficient and had a very less flight time and the battery of the aircraft added a
1 gram mass to the 3 gram aircraft which made the researchers cut down some of the essential
sensors. The other model based on the Ducted Fan design had very practical imperfections when
turning the scalable model into a miniature model and so there is no existing miniature model. The
practical scalable model of this was the T-Hawk series which later saw very practical
implementations in combat field and other rescue missions, this model was owned by the United
States Army.
The first model developed in the Ducted fan design of the T-Hawk series was the RQ-16
T-Hawk this saw a lot of practical usage in the field of Defense and other commercial usages.
DARPA took the responsibility of the further advancements of this model and brought a lot of
optimizations to the model and further research is going on these models. And the agency is
working on a Nano Air Vehicle (NAV), a more advanced one than the existing ones. The model
developed had a good flight time 40 minutes and a practical ceiling height of around 3200 meters
8. DISCUSSION 8
and range of 11 kilometers and could fly at a speed of 70 knots and weighed around 8 kilograms
only the problem was size but was very useful equipment. And a number of sensors could be
mounted on this model (Asadpour et al., 2014). The next was Nano copter which is basically a
helicopter and the first model developed on this design was the Black Hornet Nano a pocket-sized
helicopter, this was the most successful model in the practical implementation which had an
electric motor to run the blades and the whole model weighed 16 grams with the battery and had
a number of advantages than the other models.
Conclusion
The MAVs play a major role in the Defense and other commercial sectors and has a very
practical implementation in the future, as the model is still first-generation development stages
now but has a very scope for future advancement and use. The first stage development models are
serving many fields and still being used and improved and may change the UAV sector of aviation.
9. DISCUSSION 9
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