Valvular heart disease

1. Valvular
heart
disease

2. What causes
valvular heart
disease?
 Rheumatic disease
 Endocarditis
 Congenital heart valve disease
 Other types of heart disease:
o Heart failure
o Atherosclerosis
o Thoracic aortic aneurysm,
o High blood pressure
o heart attack
 other
• Autoimmune disease, such as lupus.
• Marfan syndrome,
• Exposure to high-dose radiation
• The aging process,

3.  Shortness of breath
 Chest pain
 Fatigue
 Dizziness or fainting
 Fever
 Rapid weight gain
 Irregular heartbeat
What are the
symptoms of
valvular heart
disease?

4. Heart valve
problems
 Regurgitation. The valve flaps don't close properly,
causing blood to leak backward in your heart. This
commonly occurs due to valve flaps bulging back, a
condition called prolapse.
 Stenosis. The valve flaps become thick or stiff and
possibly fuse together. This results in a narrowed valve
opening and reduced blood flow through the valve.
 Atresia. The valve isn't formed, and a solid sheet of
tissue blocks the blood flow between the heart
chambers.

5. Risk factors
 Older age
 History of certain infections that can
affect the heart
 History of certain forms of heart disease
or heart attack
 High blood pressure, high cholesterol,
diabetes and other heart disease risk
factors
 Heart conditions present at birth
(congenital heart disease)

6. Complications
 Heart failure
 Stroke
 Blood clots
 Heart rhythm abnormalities
 Death

7. Diagnosis
 Echocardiography.3d Echocardiography
 Electrocardiogram (ECG)
 Chest X-ray.
 Cardiac MRI.
 Exercise tests or stress tests.
 Cardiac catheterization.

8. Treatment
 healthy lifestyle changes: avoiding smoking and
excessive alcohol consumption,
 antibiotics,
 antithrombotic medications such as aspirin
 anticoagulants
 Diuretic
 Symptoms ttt
 Take blood thinners drug
 balloon dilation
 Surgery ------- valve repair or replacement.

9. Aortic
stenosis&
regurgitation
 Asymptomatic----------no ttt
 asymptomatic severe and symptomatic
aortic stenosis--------------- Av. Replacement
or Trans-catheter Aortic Valve Replacement
(TAVR) or
 transcatheter aortic valve implantation

10. Mitral
stenosis
 percutaneous balloon mitral
valvuloplasty (PBMV)
 replacement, repair, or
commisurotomy

11. Mitral regurgitation
 Mild to moderate -------- medically with
vasodilators, diuretics, digoxin,
antiarrhythmics, and chronic anticoagulation.
 Severe------------------Surgery ---
(Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair (TEER)
 video-assisted surgery, robotic-assisted
surgery or surgeries performed with an
endoscope.

12. Valvular heart
associated with
high maternal
and fetal risk
during
pregnancy
 Severe aortic stenosis with or without symptoms
 Aortic regurgitation with NYHA functional class III-IV symptoms
 Mitral stenosis with NYHA functional class II-IV symptoms
 Mitral regurgitation with NYHA functional class III-IV symptoms
 Aortic and/or mitral valve disease resulting in severe pulmonary
hypertension (pulmonary pressure greater than 75% of systemic
pressures)
 Aortic and/or mitral valve disease with severe LV dysfunction (EF less
than 0.40)
 Mechanical prosthetic valve requiring anticoagulation
 Marfan syndrome with or without aortic regurgitation

13. New York
Heart
Association
Functional
Classification
NYHA Class Symptoms
I
No limitation of physical activity.
Ordinary physical activity does not
cause undue
fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea
II
Slight limitation of physical activity.
Comfortable at rest. Ordinary
physical activity results in fatigue,
palpitation, dyspnea.
III
Marked limitation of physical
activity. Comfortable at rest. Less
than ordinary activity causes
fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnea.
IV
Unable to carry on any physical
activity without discomfort.
Symptoms of heart failure at rest. If
any physical activity is undertaken,
discomfort increases.