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UV for water treatment
- 1. UV for WaterTreatment Presented by PureTerra Ventures
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- 3. How UV Works 3 100 280 315 400 700 UltravioletVisibleInfrared Wavelength(nm) • UV Energy which is an invisible radiation is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum between visible light and x-rays • UV treatment is typically carried out by the use of a UV Lamp, a reactor and ballasts • Typically, UV Lamps contain a small amount of mercury which when exposed to electricity emits UV rays • UV rays kill microorganisms by penetrating their outer cell membrane thereby passing through the cell body and disrupting the DNA - preventing reproduction. These sterilized microorganisms are not removed from the water. • Degree of inactivation of microorganisms is dependent on dose of UV applied, which is measured as microwatt-seconds per square centimeter, along with raw water quality and proper maintenance of the UV equipment used • UV treatment process is an extremely quick physical process • UV does not alter water chemically and has no residual disinfection • It does not remove dissolved organics, inorganic or particles in the water Sources: Water Research, EPA, Viqua, Fluidquip, HASADF
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- 5. History of UV 5Source:Spectral Innovations Johann Wilhelm Ritter, a Polish physicist, discovers UV coining the term “Chemical Rays” for it UV is Discovered English scientists Downes and Blunt discover sunlight kills bacteria Bactericidal Action Marshall Ward demonstrates that UV portion of sunlight causes bactericidal action UV Bactericidal Action S. Kuch and T. Retschinsky make the first PETica quartz arc tube UV Lamp Development 1801 1877 1892 1906
- 6. 6Source: RES’EAU-WaterNet StrategicNetwork First full-scale application of UV in the US carried out in Henderson, Kentucky First US Application With the invention of neon tubes, low pressure Hg lamps become available for UV disinfection Low Pressure Hg Lamps Discovery of DBPs from Chemical Disinfection leads to support and promotion of UV disinfection Discovery of DBPs Low UV dose found effective for inactivation of Crypto and Giardia Further Inactivation First full scale UV disinfection system for pre-filtered water from the river Durance in Marseille, France UV Disinfection System1910 1916 1940 s 1960 s 1998
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- 8. Pretreatment of Wastewaterbefore UV Disinfection 8Sources: Texas A&M • Wastewater must pass through advanced pretreatment to remove most of the organic matter and suspended solids before it passes through the UV disinfection unit • This is critical because UV radiation needs to come in direct contact with the microorganisms in wastewater, which may be prohibited if there are constituents present that shield the pathogenic microorganisms • Advanced pretreatment components deployed will vary from plant to plant. In general, advanced pretreatment components include: • Aerobic Treatment Units (ATU) - ATUs use biological processes to transform both dissolved and solid constituents into gases, cell mass, and non-degradable material • Constructed Wetlands - The constructed wetland is a basin or cell containing microorganisms, media, and plants that provide treatment of incoming effluent • Lagoons - A lagoon is a large basin of wastewater that is undergoing a combination of chemical, physical, and biological treatment processes. It may be aerobic, facultative, partial-mixed aerated or anaerobic. • Media Filters - Trickling filter, sand/gravel filter, foam filter, peat filter, textile filter, up-flow filter
- 9. UV Disinfection ProcessOverview 9Sources: EPA Pretreated wastewater is introduced to the UV system. High turbidity or TSS may render the process ineffective STEP ONE Wastewater flows either perpendicular or parallel to the UV Lamps STEP TWO Ballast or control box provides a starting voltage for the lamps and maintains a continuous current STEP THREE UV lamps emit UV in germicidal wavelength. UV is generated by applying a voltage across a gas mixture containing Hg Vapor STEP FOUR UV radiation penetrates the cell wall of an organism, destroying the cell’s ability to reproduce STEP FIVE UV disinfected water exits the system and onward to the next step in the WWTP STEP SIX
- 10. Organisms Destructed andDosage Required for 99.9% Destruction Sources: Water Research 10
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- 12. Key Components ofa UV System 12 Simplified Illustration of a UV Disinfection System Water in Water out Reactor Chamber Quartz SleeveUV Lamp Ballast Controls Reactor Chamber UV Lamp Quartz Sleeve Ballast (Controller Unit) 1 2 3 4
- 13. The UV Lamp 13Sources:Viqua, Water Online/Aquionics, American Air and Water Types of UV Lamps Cold Cathode Germicidal UV Lamps Hot Cathode Germicidal UV Lamps Slimline Germicidal UV Lamps High Output Germicidal UV Lamps Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes • Produces UV-C, the wavelength of UV light which is considered to be germicidal • Traditionally contain mercury, to which electricity is applied for generating UV light • Filaments produce electrical current that heats up the mercury and evaporates it into the air inside the lamp which helps create electrical arcs that produce UV-C at varying intensities for disinfection • Lamp structure may be made of soft glass or quartz glass • Soft glass is cheaper but more likely to break and can also cloud with time impeding the transmission UV-C and making it less effective over time • Quartz glass is harder, less likely to cloud and thereby more effective • Both glass types are often coated to increase transmission efficiency
- 14. Other Key Componentsof UV System 14Sources: Viqua Reactor Chamber Quartz Sleeve Ballast (Controller Unit) • Part of the system that houses the UV Lamp and Quartz Sleeve, while controlling the flow of water through the system • Usually constructed out of stainless steel • Different shapes - axial or boot shaped with ports depending on flow of water • Long, cylindrical tube of quartz glass • Protects the UV Lamp which is inserted inside the quartz sleeve • Can foul with minerals and other contaminants overtime • Simple but critical component for efficient operations of the system • Brains of the UV System • Controls electrical output of the lamp and powers it to produce UV light • Basic Controller Unit can be a simple cap that fits over the end of the lamp and a plug • More sophisticated systems have lamp-change timers, low-UV alarms, etc.
- 15. Effectiveness of aUV disinfection system depends on three critical factors 15Sources: EPA Hydraulic Properties of the Reactor System should have uniform flow with enough axial motion to maximize exposure to UV Radiation. The path that an organism takes in the reactor determines the amount of UV radiation it will be exposed to Intensity of UV Radiation Age of the lamps, lamp fouling and the configuration and placement of lamps in the reactor impact the intensity of UV radiation Characteristics of Water Flow rate, suspended and colloidal solids, initial bacterial density and other physical and chemical parameters can impact the amount of UV radiation reaching the target organism
- 16. Operations & maintenanceto ensure that sufficient UV radiation is transmitted 16Sources: EPA SURFACE CLEANING All surfaces between the UV radiation and the target organisms must be clean QUARTZ SLEEVE CLEANING Mechanical wipers, ultrasonics or chemicals can be used for cleaning the quartz sleeve PILOT TESTING System should be pilot-tested before full- scale deployment to ensure discharge permits are met LAMP USE Operating procedures implemented to reduce on/off cycles since efficacy reduces with repeated cycles LAMP REPLACEMENT Average life lamp ranges from 8,760 to 14,000 working hours and usually replaced after 12,000 hours of use BALLAST Must be compatible with the lamps and should be ventilated to protect excessive heating which may shorten its life 1 2 3 4 5 6 Inadequate cleaning is one of the most common causes of a UV system’s ineffectiveness
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- 18. Types of UVLamps 18Sources: American Air and Water, MDT Mag, Atlantic Ultraviolet Corp Cold Cathode Germicidal UV Lamps UV Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Hot Cathode Germicidal UV Lamps Slimline Germicidal UV Lamps High Output Germicidal UV Lamps
- 19. Cold Cathode GermicidalUV Lamps Features 19Sources: UltraViolet.com, WQPMag, American Air and Water, Rexim Instant start Long-life and less affected by frequent starts Good UV output maintained at low temperatures Sturdy electrodes Air Disinfection Air Ozonation Water Disinfection Chlorine Removal Carbon Reduction Applications
- 20. Hot Cathode GermicidalUV Lamps Features 20Sources: American Air and Water, Texas State, UV Sterilizer Review Ballast required for pre- heating to start lamp Impacted by frequent starts; shorter life than cold cathode UV lamps May require special equipment at low temperatures Higher power density - more energy per given watt Municipal Water Treatment Swimming Pools Residential Drinking Water Systems Air Treatment Units Air Purifiers Applications
- 21. Slimline Cathode GermicidalUV Lamps Features 21Sources: American Air and Water Instant start Low maintenance and low cost of maintenance Indirect Air Irradiation Conveyor Lines Surface Sterilization Air Cooling & Heating Systems Water Sterilization Applications Suitable for high-intensity UV applications Long-life governed by the lasting of the filaments
- 22. High Output GermicidalUV Lamps Features 22Sources: American Air and Water, Light Sources Up to 66% higher output than same size standard lamps Consisted UV emission and high stability Forced Air Duct Systems Water Disinfection Odor Control Photochemical Applications Applications Increased efficiency translates to lower footprint Operates at wide temperature range
- 23. Germicidal UV LEDsFeatures 23Sources: Aquisense Instant on/off resulting in lower energy consumption Easier implementation - no need to engineer around lamp warm-up intervals Water Treatment Laboratory Research Air Treatment Surface Disinfection & Curing Odor Management Applications Low operating temperature reduces lamp fouling Lower cost due to prolonged lamp replacement in batch process applications
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- 25. User Friendly The processis considered to be user- friendly for operators, particularly due to elimination of hazardous chemicals Advantages of Using UV Systems 25Sources: EPA Effective UV Disinfection is effective at inactivating most viruses, spores and cysts Physical Process Eradicates the need to generate, handle, transport or store hazardous or corrosive chemicals No Residual Effect The process has no residual effect which can be harmful to human or aquatic life Shorter Contact Time UV has a shorter contact time of approximately 20-30 seconds with low- pressure lamps Low Footprint Equipment for UV Disinfection requires lesser space than other methods
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- 27. A preventive maintenanceprogram is required to ensure fouling of tubes is controlled Drawbacks of Using UV Systems 27Sources: EPA Correct Dosage is Critical Low dosage may not effectively inactivate some viruses, spores and cysts Reversal of Impact Organisms can sometimes reverse the destructive effects through photo-reactivation, or through “dark repair” Preventive Maintenance Turbidity & TSS can render it ineffective UV disinfection with low-pressure lamps is not as effective for secondary effluent with TSS levels above 30 mg/L Not as Cost Effective UV Disinfection is not as cost effective as chlorination, but costs are more competitive when chlorination-dechlorination is used and fire codes are met
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- 29. EPA Long Term2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) - Guidance for UV Disinfection 29Sources: EPA, WaterWorld Briefly, the long term calls for the following when it comes to UV disinfection - • Monitoring of source water for Cryptosporidium • Risk-targeted treatment of source waters with high Cryptosporidium levels • Inactivation of Cryptosporidium by all unfiltered systems • Criteria for the use of Cryptosporidium treatment and control processes • Covering or treating of uncovered finished water storage facilities Microbial and DBP Rules Giardia Virus Cryptosporidium 3-log removal and/or inactivation 4-log removal and/or inactivation 0- to 2.5-log additional treatment for filtered systems; 2- or 3-log inactivation for unfiltered systems Minimum Treatment Requirements Log means the order of magnitude reduction in concentration (eg.: 2-log means 99%, 3-log means 99.9% and 4-log means 99.99%) DBP Rules (DBPR) MCLs based on Running Annual Averages (RAA) or Locational RAAs in microgram/liter Regulation TTHM HAA5 Bromate Chlorite Stage 1 DBPR 80 as RAA 60 as RAA 10 1000 Stage 2 DBPR 80 as LRAA 60 as LRAA 10 1000 Requirements for Unfiltered PWSs Average Cryptosporidium Concentration (oocysts/L) Additional Cryptosporidium Inactivation Requirements <= 0.01 2 log > 0.01 3 log
- 30. EPA Long Term2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) - Guidance for UV Disinfection 30Sources: EPA Bin Requirements for Filtered PWSs Cryptosporidium Concentration (oocysts/L) Bin Classification Conventional Filtration Treatment Direct Filtration Slow Sand and Diatomaceous Earth Filtration Alternative Filtration Technologies < 0.075 1 No additional treatment No additional treatment No additional treatment No additional treatment >= 0.075 and < 1.0 2 1 log treatment 1.5 log treatment 1 log treatment As determined by State >= 1.0 and < 3.0 3 2 log treatment 2.5 log treatment 2 log treatment As determined by State >= 3.0 4 2.5 log treatment 3 log treatment 2.5 log treatment As determined by State And if the following filtration treatment is operating in full compliance with existing regulations, then the additional treatment requirements are… UV Dose Requirements - millijoules per centimeter squared Target Pathogens 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Cryptosporidium 1.6 2.5 3.9 5.8 6.5 12 15 22 Giardia 1.5 2.1 3.0 5.2 7.7 11 15 22 Virus 39 58 79 100 121 143 163 186 Log Inactivation
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- 32. Applications of UVDisinfection Systems 32 Wastewater WWTP are increasingly employing UV Disinfection over Chemical-based disinfection Drinking Water The cost of UV technology is typically about 1/5th that of ozone disinfection and 1/10th the cost of membrane filtration Water Reuse UV offers the benefits of not producing by-products and replaces a complicated three step chemical disinfection process with a single physical UV process. When a chemical disinfection process is used, the reuse water must be chlorinated, dechlorinated and then aerated if required Dairy In the dairy industry, water is an extremely valuable resource because of its wide range of uses throughout the production process for almost all dairy products Food & Beverage UV Disinfection does not add anything to water or food, nor does it generate harmful by-products or alter aesthetic appearance or quality
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- 34. Market Overview 34Sources: Markets& Markets, Transparency Market Research $1.72 bn $4.27 bn 0 1.25 2.5 3.75 5 2016 2023 Global UV Disinfection Market 1. The growth in the global UV disinfection market is anticipated to be driven by: Growing need for safe drinking water in developing countries Increasing favorable government initiatives Rising awareness among users Need for eco-friendly disinfection systems 2. The UV disinfection equipment market is characterized by a high level of consolidation Strong foothold of the larger players acts as a barrier to enter for smaller players who find themselves restricted to local territory Eventually, the mature, bigger players acquire the smaller, local players in order to expand geographical reach and gain intact customer bases in regional markets Dominated by private-sector players
- 35. Market Drivers 35Sources: Medium Costeffectiveness compared to other new disinfection methods New government initiatives for UV Disinfection Concern of emerging nations to provide safe drinking water Stress on environment-friendly disinfection systems Energy savings when employing UV LEDs
- 36. Market Restraints 36Sources: Medium Lowcost of conventional disinfectants such as Chlorine Lack of treating the residuals by UV disinfection equipment Decline in the share of food & beverage and surface disinfection applications
- 37. North America isthe hub for UV Disinfection Equipment Market… 37Sources: Medium …driven by the stress on hygiene and safety concerns, especially in food and healthcare industries
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- 39. Major Players 39Sources: Markets& Markets, Transparency Market Research, Medium Collectively held 55% of the Global UV Disinfection Equipment market share in 2016 Major Players in the UV Disinfection Ecosystem
- 40. Key Players Details 40Sources:Company Websites, Crunchbase Key Player Founded in HQ Parent Co. Group Companies/Subsidiaries Severn Trent 1989 UK Severn Trent Plc Severn Trent Water, HAFREN DYFRDWY, Severn Trent Services UK, Severn Trent Green Power GE Lighting 1892 USA GE Corp GE Additive, GE Aviation, GE Capital, GE Digital, GE Healthcare, GE Power, GE Renewable Energy, GE Transportation, Baker Hughes Xylem 2011 USA Xylem Pure Technologies, OI Corporation, WEDECO AG, Fluid Handling LLC, SENSUS USA INC, Tideland Signal, Sentec, ITT Water & Wastewater UK and many more… Calgon Carbon 1942 USA Kuraray Kuraray Trading Co, Kuraray Noritake Dental, Kuraray Plastics, Kuraray Engineering, Kurarayliving, Kuraray Techno, Kuraflex, Kuraray Fastening and many more… Trojan UV 1983 Canada Trojan Technologies Aquafine, Trojan Marinex, TrojanUV, Salsnes Filter, USP Technologies and VIQUA Atlantic Ultraviolet Corp. 1963 USA NA Australian Ultraviolet 1982 Australia NA UV Pure 1998 Canada NA Halma 1894 UK Halma plc Ocean Optics Inc, Avire, Volumatic, Fortress Interlocks, Palintest Inc, Keeler, Hanovia and many more… Ozonia 1990 Switzerland Suez SITA Waste Management, Suez Environment, Degremont, United Water, Grupo Agbar, Purite Ltd, GE Water and Process Technologies and more… UV Technik 1986 Germany Uv Technik International Infrarot Speziallampen Gmbh, UV-Electronic Gmbh, UV-Systec and more… Aquionics 1983 USA Halma plc Refer to Halma Above Philips Lighting/Signify 1891 Netherlands Philips Philips AVENT, Saeco, Magnavox, Signify and more XENEX 2009 USA NA LG Innotek 1970 South Korea LG Corporation LG Electronics, Zenith, LG Display, LG Uplus , LG Innotek and LG Chem American Ultraviolet 1960 USA American Ultraviolet Aetek UV Systems Inc
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- 42. Deals in theUV Industry 42 Acquiring Company Acquired Company Deal Year Acquired Company Info Kuraray Group Calgon Carbon 2018 Manufactures and markets products that remove contaminants and odors from liquids and gases, both for industrial, municipal, and consumer markets Xylem Emnet LLC 2018 Rapidly growing provider of smart solutions that enable municipalities to manage the urban water cycle and wastewater and stormwater systems Xylem Pure Technologies 2017 Leader in intelligent leak detection and condition assessment solutions for water distribution networks Skytron LLC Infection Prevention Technologies 2017 IPT manufactures and markets ultraviolet light disinfection robots that deliver higher pathogen-killing dosages in less time than any other germ-killing UV robots on the market. Their high output of germicidal UV makes them the most powerful and cost-effective ultraviolet disinfection robots in the world. Severn Trent Water Dee Valley Water 2017 Supplied drinking water services to parts of North East Wales and parts of North West England until June 2018 Hamamatsu Energetiq Technology 2017 Manufacturer of Laser Driven Light Sources (LDLS) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light sources Baldwin Air Motion Systems 2017 A provider of UV LED curing technology for the graphic arts industry Xylem Sensus 2016 Global leader in smart meters, network technologies and advanced data analytics solutions for the water industry Evoqua Water Technologies Delta UV 2016 A leading manufacturer and marketer of UV-C technology, in North America Seoul Viosys SETi 2016 Professional short-wavelength UV LED (350 nm ~ 250 nm) company in the U.S. Evoqua Water Technologies Neptune Benson 2016 A leading manufacturer of high-quality water filtration and disinfection products for the recreational, industrial, and municipal water markets Severn Trent Water De Nora 2015 De Nora, a private multinational company with headquarters in Italy, provides its customers with safe, innovative and sustainable energy saving electrochemical technologies and environmentally friendly solutions on a worldwide basis
- 43. Deals in theUV Industry 43 Acquiring Company Acquired Company Deal Year Acquired Company Info Clearford Water Systems UV Pure Technologies 2014 UV Pure is a Toronto-based manufacturer and distributer of ultraviolet systems for the purification of potable water, grey water and wastewater, based on its proprietary Crossfire™ technology, with over 14,000 systems installed. SK Capital Partners Addivant 2013 Leading global supplier of a comprehensive portfolio of additives including antioxidants, antiozonants, inhibitors, polymer modifiers and UV stabilizers used by customers to improve the production and performance properties of polymers, plastics and rubbers Astorg IGM Resins 2013 A global manufacturer and innovator of ultraviolet (“UV”) curable materials Heraeus Noblelight Fusion UV Systems 2013 Fusion provides UV lamps, cure systems, process designs and service for application of UV cured inks, coatings, or adhesives. GE Lighting Albeo Technologies 2012 Privately held LED fixture manufacturer established in 2004 UV Flu Technologies RxAir Industries 2011 RxAir Industries designs and manufactures air purification solutions. Trojan Technologies R-Can Environmental 2008 Leading manufacturer of ultraviolet equipment in residential water disinfection applications Danaher Trojan Technologies 2004 Trojan Technologies ensures greater water confidence and environmental stewardship for people, industries and municipalities
- 44. Get in Touch Meetwith us in China, the Netherlands or in your office China HQ525 Creative Garden, Office A401 ,55 Jinyu Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 201103, China The Netherlands Tappersweg 35 Haarlem 2031ET The Netherlands Our Phone (+86) 21 6402 7352 Email / Website info@pureterra.com www.pureterra.com