Interior designers are quite cognizant of the colour significance as a basic element of design, in order to achieve aesthetic and functional demands. This paper aims to present an empirical model for interpreting the relationship between the colour’ contrast and highlighting the foreground objects, by measuring the values of the deformation via using Adobe Photoshop software. The experiment contained practical steps of calculation and analysing the amount of the chromatic deformation of the foreground objects, which is represented by 6 samples model. These samples of coloured spots are tested within two phases; with coloured background based on Itten colour wheel, and with a neutral background “greyscale wheel”; and comparing the results by calculating the amount of distortion, through measuring angle's values. The findings showed that using of contrast application is useful as an empirical method for scaling the chromatic interaction between the foreground and the background. By using T-Test analysis the findings emphasized that the colour contrast had a significant impact on highlighting or distorting the foreground shapes.
Single frontal face detection by finding dark pixel group and comparing xyIAEME Publication
The document describes a method for detecting single frontal faces in color images. The method first detects skin color regions using a skin color model. It then finds connected components within the skin regions and tests each one for facial features. Facial features like eyes, nose, and mouth are extracted by analyzing the locations and shapes of dark pixel groups and comparing the relative positions of the features. Faces are identified by drawing lines between the features and comparing the shapes of the resulting triangles. The detected face region is enclosed within a rectangle defined by the feature locations. The method was tested on images containing faces with variations in lighting, features, and expressions.
This document discusses linear programming and transportation problems. It provides definitions and applications of linear programming, including choice of investments, product mix selection, and design problems. Transportation problems are defined as using linear programming to determine the minimum cost of transporting a commodity from multiple origins to various destinations, given supply and demand constraints. Several examples of transportation problems and their least cost solutions are provided.
In image processing colour segmentation is used to extract features of an object in both special and frequency domains. The objective of this paper is to use colour segmentation technique to identify the defected region of fruits and corresponding percentage of frequency components from its Spectrogram. Here we separate the defective portion of fruit using colour segmentation technique taking four images from four directions to get the appropriate result of 3D images. The percentage of the defective portion is determined using scatterplot of the colours of the image. Next, we apply the similar concept to spectrogram of an image (even applicable in speech signal) to extract the percentages of frequency components of the signal.
SIMULATION-BASED OPTIMIZATION USING SIMULATED ANNEALING FOR OPTIMAL EQUIPMENT...Sudhendu Rai
The paper describes a software toolkit that enables the data-driven simulation-based optimization of print shops It enables quick modeling of complex print production environments under the cellular production framework. The software toolkit automates several steps of the modeling process by taking declarative inputs from the end-user and then automatically generating complex simulation models that are used to determine improved design and operating points. This paper describes the addition of another layer of automation consisting of simulation-based optimization using simulated-annealing that enables automated search of a large number of design alternatives in the presence of operational constraints to determine a cost-optimal solution. The results of the application of this approach to a real-world problem are also described.
AN IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTIVE PROPAGATION-BASED COLOR SAMPLING FOR IMAGE MATT...ijiert bestjournal
Natural image matting refers to the problem of an e xtracting the region of interest such as foreground object from an image based on the user i nputs like scribbles or trimap. The proposed algorithm combines propagation and color s ampling methods. Unlike previous propagation-based approaches that used either local or non local propagation method,the proposed framework adaptively uses both local and n on local processes according to the detection result of the different region in the ima ge. The proposed color sampling strategy,which is based on the characteristic of super pixel uses a simple sample selection criterion and requires significantly less computational cost. Proposed method used another method to convert original image to trimap image,which is ba sed on selection process. That use roipoly tool to select a polygonal region of interest withi n the image,it can use as a mask for masked filtering. In which used the Chan-Vese algorithm fo r image segmentation
1) The document discusses stereo matching techniques for images, which can be used in applications like robot vision. It reviews different stereo matching approaches like feature matching, relational matching, and signal matching.
2) It describes implementing a prototype application to demonstrate stereo matching between two images. The application allows navigating images, identifies points for matching, and shows statistics on the images and matched points.
3) Test results on sample images show the interface of the application with image previews, point matching details in tables, and overlapped images after swiping between images. The empirical results found the proposed application has good utility for stereo matching.
A novel tool for stereo matching of imageseSAT Journals
Abstract Stereo matching techniques play an important role in many real world applications like robot stereo vision and image sequence analysis. From given pair of stereo pairs of images, it is possible to have matching techniques to obtain image descriptors or phenomena to compare the images. The goal of stereo matching can be achieved using either relational matching or feature or signal. However, the signal approach is most widely used. Recently Lemmens [10] provided a comprehensive review of many stereo matching techniques. In this paper we implement the techniques that can help in the real world. We build a prototype application that demonstrates the proof of concept. The empirical results revealed that the proposed application has good utility. Keywords – Stereo images, stereo matching,
An Intelligent Skin Color Detection Method based on Fuzzy C-Means with Big Da...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
An Intelligent Skin Color Detection Method based on Fuzzy C-Means with Big Data by Chih Huang Yen in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
Single frontal face detection by finding dark pixel group and comparing xyIAEME Publication
The document describes a method for detecting single frontal faces in color images. The method first detects skin color regions using a skin color model. It then finds connected components within the skin regions and tests each one for facial features. Facial features like eyes, nose, and mouth are extracted by analyzing the locations and shapes of dark pixel groups and comparing the relative positions of the features. Faces are identified by drawing lines between the features and comparing the shapes of the resulting triangles. The detected face region is enclosed within a rectangle defined by the feature locations. The method was tested on images containing faces with variations in lighting, features, and expressions.
This document discusses linear programming and transportation problems. It provides definitions and applications of linear programming, including choice of investments, product mix selection, and design problems. Transportation problems are defined as using linear programming to determine the minimum cost of transporting a commodity from multiple origins to various destinations, given supply and demand constraints. Several examples of transportation problems and their least cost solutions are provided.
In image processing colour segmentation is used to extract features of an object in both special and frequency domains. The objective of this paper is to use colour segmentation technique to identify the defected region of fruits and corresponding percentage of frequency components from its Spectrogram. Here we separate the defective portion of fruit using colour segmentation technique taking four images from four directions to get the appropriate result of 3D images. The percentage of the defective portion is determined using scatterplot of the colours of the image. Next, we apply the similar concept to spectrogram of an image (even applicable in speech signal) to extract the percentages of frequency components of the signal.
SIMULATION-BASED OPTIMIZATION USING SIMULATED ANNEALING FOR OPTIMAL EQUIPMENT...Sudhendu Rai
The paper describes a software toolkit that enables the data-driven simulation-based optimization of print shops It enables quick modeling of complex print production environments under the cellular production framework. The software toolkit automates several steps of the modeling process by taking declarative inputs from the end-user and then automatically generating complex simulation models that are used to determine improved design and operating points. This paper describes the addition of another layer of automation consisting of simulation-based optimization using simulated-annealing that enables automated search of a large number of design alternatives in the presence of operational constraints to determine a cost-optimal solution. The results of the application of this approach to a real-world problem are also described.
AN IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTIVE PROPAGATION-BASED COLOR SAMPLING FOR IMAGE MATT...ijiert bestjournal
Natural image matting refers to the problem of an e xtracting the region of interest such as foreground object from an image based on the user i nputs like scribbles or trimap. The proposed algorithm combines propagation and color s ampling methods. Unlike previous propagation-based approaches that used either local or non local propagation method,the proposed framework adaptively uses both local and n on local processes according to the detection result of the different region in the ima ge. The proposed color sampling strategy,which is based on the characteristic of super pixel uses a simple sample selection criterion and requires significantly less computational cost. Proposed method used another method to convert original image to trimap image,which is ba sed on selection process. That use roipoly tool to select a polygonal region of interest withi n the image,it can use as a mask for masked filtering. In which used the Chan-Vese algorithm fo r image segmentation
1) The document discusses stereo matching techniques for images, which can be used in applications like robot vision. It reviews different stereo matching approaches like feature matching, relational matching, and signal matching.
2) It describes implementing a prototype application to demonstrate stereo matching between two images. The application allows navigating images, identifies points for matching, and shows statistics on the images and matched points.
3) Test results on sample images show the interface of the application with image previews, point matching details in tables, and overlapped images after swiping between images. The empirical results found the proposed application has good utility for stereo matching.
A novel tool for stereo matching of imageseSAT Journals
Abstract Stereo matching techniques play an important role in many real world applications like robot stereo vision and image sequence analysis. From given pair of stereo pairs of images, it is possible to have matching techniques to obtain image descriptors or phenomena to compare the images. The goal of stereo matching can be achieved using either relational matching or feature or signal. However, the signal approach is most widely used. Recently Lemmens [10] provided a comprehensive review of many stereo matching techniques. In this paper we implement the techniques that can help in the real world. We build a prototype application that demonstrates the proof of concept. The empirical results revealed that the proposed application has good utility. Keywords – Stereo images, stereo matching,
An Intelligent Skin Color Detection Method based on Fuzzy C-Means with Big Da...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
An Intelligent Skin Color Detection Method based on Fuzzy C-Means with Big Data by Chih Huang Yen in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
This document presents a spatial model analyzing productivity convergence across regions in Portugal from 1995 to 2002. It builds a model using cross-section estimation methods to examine the influence of spatial effects and human capital on conditional productivity convergence across economic sectors in mainland Portugal's NUTS III regions. The results indicate that productivity convergence was greatest in industry and was conditioned by human capital, particularly higher education levels. Spatial spillover effects and spatial autocorrelation did not significantly impact productivity convergence across regions and sectors in the period studied.
1) This study analyzes spatial effects and conditional convergence theory at the parish level in mainland Portugal from 1991-2001.
2) Statistical analysis shows some positive spatial autocorrelation of product growth, with high-high autocorrelation in coastal parishes and low-low autocorrelation in inland parishes.
3) Estimates using OLS and maximum likelihood methods indicate that when spatial spillover effects are considered, there are indications that spatial factors condition convergence of parish productivity over this period.
Image enhancement technique plays vital role in improving the quality of the image. Enhancement
technique basically enhances the foreground information and retains the background and improve the
overall contrast of an image. In some case the background of an image hides the structural information of
an image. This paper proposes an algorithm which enhances the foreground image and the background
part separately and stretch the contrast of an image at inter-object level and intra-object level and then
combines it to an enhanced image. The results are compared with various classical methods using image
quality measures
Published in ICITA 2013, 8th International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, Sydney, Australia, 1 - 4 July, 2013
The amount of time taken to enroll or collect data from a subject in a fingerprint recognition system is of paramount importance. Time taken directly affects cost. A trade-off between number of impressions collected and number of interaction attempts allowed to submit those impressions must be realized. In this experiment, data were collected using an optical fingerprint sensor. Each subject submitted six successful impressions with a maximum of 18 interaction attempts. The resulting images were analyzed using three methods: the number of interaction attempts per finger, quality differences from the first three impressions to the last three impressions, and finally matching performance from the first three impressions to the last three impressions. The right middle finger seemed to have the most issues collecting as it required the most interaction attempts. Analysis was performed to show no significant differences in image quality or matching performance. However, after further analysis, a steady improvement was noticed from Group A to Group B in both image quality and matching performance.
This study analyzes spatial data and productivity convergence across regions in Portugal using spatial econometric techniques. Productivity is measured for different economic sectors from 1995-2005.
Key findings:
1) Productivity is positively spatially autocorrelated in services, indicating neighboring regions influence each other.
2) Agriculture and services show positive spatial autocorrelation in productivity from 1995-2002.
3) Industry shows the strongest tendencies towards absolute productivity convergence across regions.
The study uses techniques like Moran's I statistic and LISA maps to identify spatial clusters of high and low productivity values and determine if productivity is spatially dependent between neighboring regions in Portugal.
Enhanced Spectral Reflectance Reconstruction Using Pseudo-Inverse Estimation ...CSCJournals
This paper will present an enhanced approach for the reconstruction of spectral reflectance by the combination between two methods, the Pseudo-Inverse (PI) as the base formula, whilst adaptively selecting the training samples as performed in the Adaptive Wiener estimation method proposed by Shen and Xin for the estimation of the spectral reflectance. This enhancement will be referred to as Adaptive Pseudo-Inverse (API) through this research. Training and verification datasets have been prepared from GretagMacbeth ColorChecker CC chart, Kodak Color Chart and a specially designed palette of Japanese organic and inorganic mineral pigments to test and compare the estimation results, using the Pseudo-Inverse and Adaptive Pseudo-Inverse method. The performance of spectral reconstruction methods will be presented in terms of spectral and colorimetric error for the estimation accuracy. The experimental results showed that the proposed method achieved better performance and noticeable decline in spectral estimation error.
In this paper, we verify whether there is a change in the brightness value of the face when a person lies, using a distance camera capable of extracting feature points of the face. We propose a LieCount value showing characteristic luminance fluctuation. We constructed the lie detection algorithm using these values. There was a significant difference between the LieCount value when lying and more than half of examinees when LieCount value when not lying, confirming that there is a possibility of constructing the lie detection system.
A Novel Framework For Preprocessing Of Breast Ultra Sound Images By Combining...IRJET Journal
The document presents a novel framework for preprocessing breast ultrasound images that combines non-local means filtering and morphological operations. Non-local means filtering is used to reduce speckle noise, which is a significant issue for ultrasound images. Then morphological techniques are applied to enhance the noise-reduced images. The framework achieves peak signal-to-noise ratios of 60-80 decibels when tested on real breast ultrasound images. It provides an effective method for preprocessing ultrasound images to reduce noise and improve image quality.
Recently image morphing is becoming a forefront subject and is attracting the attention of researchers. The motivation underpinning in exploring mage morphing is that it is producing wonderful effects on photographs and in film industries. Various morphing algorithms are been devised to cater for the challenges posed by new image requirements. So far in literature, warping algorithm has been applied individually to produce pleasing effects. However, the amalgamation of several algorithms using appropriate proportions has been put aside. In this paper, analysis of the mixture of morphing techniques has been applied on images to produce caricatures where the contours are cautiously preserved. The aesthetic effects of this newly devised amalgam algorithm is desirable to produce outstanding effects on face images.
Final Year IEEE Project 2013-2014 - Digital Image Processing Project Title a...elysiumtechnologies
This document provides information about Elysium Technologies Private Limited, an Indian technology company with over 13 years of experience. It has branches across multiple cities in India and provides services such as automated services, 24/7 help desk support, and ticketing and appointment systems. The company has over 250 developers and 20 researchers on staff.
This document presents a spatial model analyzing the influence of spatial effects on productivity convergence across economic sectors in regions of mainland Portugal from 1995 to 2002. The author builds a model of conditional convergence with spatial lag and spatial error components. Estimation results show productivity convergence was greatest in the industry sector. While some spatial autocorrelation was found, spatial spillover effects did not significantly influence productivity convergence across sectors in the studied regions and time period.
IRJET- Identifying the Blood Group using Image ProcessingIRJET Journal
This document proposes a method for identifying blood groups using image processing techniques. It discusses limitations of existing methods that rely on human examination or require 30 minutes. The proposed method uses image processing steps like HSV color detection, morphological operations, thresholding and blob detection to quickly and accurately classify blood groups from digital images of samples. It aims to reduce errors compared to human examination alone by objectively analyzing images within a short period of time.
Efficient fingerprint image enhancement algorithm based on gabor filtereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document introduces a new skin color-based algorithm for face detection that combines three different color models: RGB, YCbCr, and HSI. Face detection is the first step in face recognition systems and is challenging due to variations in images like lighting, size, and pose. Existing face detection methods have limitations, but skin color is a useful feature since it is unique and can separate the face from the background. The proposed algorithm aims to more effectively localize faces by classifying skin color pixels in the YCbCr color space. It provides equations for detecting skin pixels in the RGB and YCbCr color spaces and discusses advantages and limitations of different color models for skin color classification and face detection.
A New Skin Color Based Face Detection Algorithm by Combining Three Color Mode...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS OF CFA 3.0 BY COMBINING INPAINTING AND PANSHARPENING TEC...sipij
Color Filter Array (CFA) has been widely used in digital cameras. There are many variants of CFAs in the
literature. Recently, a new CFA known as CFA 3.0 was proposed by us and has been shown to yield
reasonable performance as compared to some standard ones. In this paper, we investigate the use of
inpainting algorithms to further improve the demosaicing performance of CFA 3.0. Six conventional and
deep learning based inpainting algorithms were compared. Extensive experiments demonstrated that one
algorithm improved over other approaches.
Further Improvements of CFA 3.0 by Combining Inpainting and Pansharpening Tec...sipij
Color Filter Array (CFA) has been widely used in digital cameras. There are many variants of CFAs in the
literature. Recently, a new CFA known as CFA 3.0 was proposed by us and has been shown to yield
reasonable performance as compared to some standard ones. In this paper, we investigate the use of
inpainting algorithms to further improve the demosaicing performance of CFA 3.0. Six conventional and
deep learning based inpainting algorithms were compared. Extensive experiments demonstrated that one
algorithm improved over other approaches
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
COLOR AUTHENTICATION AND FAULT DETECTION USING EMBEDDED SYSTEMmlnptl
1.project is based on the embedded system.
2.In the early years the only way to communicate.
3.that is operate on simple power supply using the 12v adapter.
COLOUR IMAGE REPRESENTION OF MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE FUSION acijjournal
This document summarizes a research paper on using the Cholesky decomposition technique to fuse multispectral images and represent them as a color image. It discusses how multispectral image fusion works by combining images from different spectral bands. It then describes the VTVA (Vector valued Total Variation Algorithm) technique in detail, which uses the covariance matrix and Cholesky decomposition to control the correlation between color components in the fused image. This technique is compared to principal component analysis. The document provides background on RGB color space, color perception, and Cholesky decomposition before outlining the specific steps of the VTVA algorithm.
11(7) 2020 ITJEMAST's published research articlesdrboon
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between positivity, positive affect, negative affect, and perceived stress among cardiac patients. The study hypothesized that perceived stress would mediate the relationship between positivity and positive/negative affect. Researchers surveyed 519 cardiac patients, assessing positivity, perceived stress, and positive/negative affect. The results found that perceived stress mediated the relationship between positive affect and positivity, as well as between negative affect and positivity. Specifically, positivity was negatively correlated with negative affect and perceived stress, while perceived stress was positively correlated with negative affect. The findings suggest that reducing stress and increasing positive emotions can help reduce negative feelings in cardiac patients.
This document presents a spatial model analyzing productivity convergence across regions in Portugal from 1995 to 2002. It builds a model using cross-section estimation methods to examine the influence of spatial effects and human capital on conditional productivity convergence across economic sectors in mainland Portugal's NUTS III regions. The results indicate that productivity convergence was greatest in industry and was conditioned by human capital, particularly higher education levels. Spatial spillover effects and spatial autocorrelation did not significantly impact productivity convergence across regions and sectors in the period studied.
1) This study analyzes spatial effects and conditional convergence theory at the parish level in mainland Portugal from 1991-2001.
2) Statistical analysis shows some positive spatial autocorrelation of product growth, with high-high autocorrelation in coastal parishes and low-low autocorrelation in inland parishes.
3) Estimates using OLS and maximum likelihood methods indicate that when spatial spillover effects are considered, there are indications that spatial factors condition convergence of parish productivity over this period.
Image enhancement technique plays vital role in improving the quality of the image. Enhancement
technique basically enhances the foreground information and retains the background and improve the
overall contrast of an image. In some case the background of an image hides the structural information of
an image. This paper proposes an algorithm which enhances the foreground image and the background
part separately and stretch the contrast of an image at inter-object level and intra-object level and then
combines it to an enhanced image. The results are compared with various classical methods using image
quality measures
Published in ICITA 2013, 8th International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, Sydney, Australia, 1 - 4 July, 2013
The amount of time taken to enroll or collect data from a subject in a fingerprint recognition system is of paramount importance. Time taken directly affects cost. A trade-off between number of impressions collected and number of interaction attempts allowed to submit those impressions must be realized. In this experiment, data were collected using an optical fingerprint sensor. Each subject submitted six successful impressions with a maximum of 18 interaction attempts. The resulting images were analyzed using three methods: the number of interaction attempts per finger, quality differences from the first three impressions to the last three impressions, and finally matching performance from the first three impressions to the last three impressions. The right middle finger seemed to have the most issues collecting as it required the most interaction attempts. Analysis was performed to show no significant differences in image quality or matching performance. However, after further analysis, a steady improvement was noticed from Group A to Group B in both image quality and matching performance.
This study analyzes spatial data and productivity convergence across regions in Portugal using spatial econometric techniques. Productivity is measured for different economic sectors from 1995-2005.
Key findings:
1) Productivity is positively spatially autocorrelated in services, indicating neighboring regions influence each other.
2) Agriculture and services show positive spatial autocorrelation in productivity from 1995-2002.
3) Industry shows the strongest tendencies towards absolute productivity convergence across regions.
The study uses techniques like Moran's I statistic and LISA maps to identify spatial clusters of high and low productivity values and determine if productivity is spatially dependent between neighboring regions in Portugal.
Enhanced Spectral Reflectance Reconstruction Using Pseudo-Inverse Estimation ...CSCJournals
This paper will present an enhanced approach for the reconstruction of spectral reflectance by the combination between two methods, the Pseudo-Inverse (PI) as the base formula, whilst adaptively selecting the training samples as performed in the Adaptive Wiener estimation method proposed by Shen and Xin for the estimation of the spectral reflectance. This enhancement will be referred to as Adaptive Pseudo-Inverse (API) through this research. Training and verification datasets have been prepared from GretagMacbeth ColorChecker CC chart, Kodak Color Chart and a specially designed palette of Japanese organic and inorganic mineral pigments to test and compare the estimation results, using the Pseudo-Inverse and Adaptive Pseudo-Inverse method. The performance of spectral reconstruction methods will be presented in terms of spectral and colorimetric error for the estimation accuracy. The experimental results showed that the proposed method achieved better performance and noticeable decline in spectral estimation error.
In this paper, we verify whether there is a change in the brightness value of the face when a person lies, using a distance camera capable of extracting feature points of the face. We propose a LieCount value showing characteristic luminance fluctuation. We constructed the lie detection algorithm using these values. There was a significant difference between the LieCount value when lying and more than half of examinees when LieCount value when not lying, confirming that there is a possibility of constructing the lie detection system.
A Novel Framework For Preprocessing Of Breast Ultra Sound Images By Combining...IRJET Journal
The document presents a novel framework for preprocessing breast ultrasound images that combines non-local means filtering and morphological operations. Non-local means filtering is used to reduce speckle noise, which is a significant issue for ultrasound images. Then morphological techniques are applied to enhance the noise-reduced images. The framework achieves peak signal-to-noise ratios of 60-80 decibels when tested on real breast ultrasound images. It provides an effective method for preprocessing ultrasound images to reduce noise and improve image quality.
Recently image morphing is becoming a forefront subject and is attracting the attention of researchers. The motivation underpinning in exploring mage morphing is that it is producing wonderful effects on photographs and in film industries. Various morphing algorithms are been devised to cater for the challenges posed by new image requirements. So far in literature, warping algorithm has been applied individually to produce pleasing effects. However, the amalgamation of several algorithms using appropriate proportions has been put aside. In this paper, analysis of the mixture of morphing techniques has been applied on images to produce caricatures where the contours are cautiously preserved. The aesthetic effects of this newly devised amalgam algorithm is desirable to produce outstanding effects on face images.
Final Year IEEE Project 2013-2014 - Digital Image Processing Project Title a...elysiumtechnologies
This document provides information about Elysium Technologies Private Limited, an Indian technology company with over 13 years of experience. It has branches across multiple cities in India and provides services such as automated services, 24/7 help desk support, and ticketing and appointment systems. The company has over 250 developers and 20 researchers on staff.
This document presents a spatial model analyzing the influence of spatial effects on productivity convergence across economic sectors in regions of mainland Portugal from 1995 to 2002. The author builds a model of conditional convergence with spatial lag and spatial error components. Estimation results show productivity convergence was greatest in the industry sector. While some spatial autocorrelation was found, spatial spillover effects did not significantly influence productivity convergence across sectors in the studied regions and time period.
IRJET- Identifying the Blood Group using Image ProcessingIRJET Journal
This document proposes a method for identifying blood groups using image processing techniques. It discusses limitations of existing methods that rely on human examination or require 30 minutes. The proposed method uses image processing steps like HSV color detection, morphological operations, thresholding and blob detection to quickly and accurately classify blood groups from digital images of samples. It aims to reduce errors compared to human examination alone by objectively analyzing images within a short period of time.
Efficient fingerprint image enhancement algorithm based on gabor filtereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document introduces a new skin color-based algorithm for face detection that combines three different color models: RGB, YCbCr, and HSI. Face detection is the first step in face recognition systems and is challenging due to variations in images like lighting, size, and pose. Existing face detection methods have limitations, but skin color is a useful feature since it is unique and can separate the face from the background. The proposed algorithm aims to more effectively localize faces by classifying skin color pixels in the YCbCr color space. It provides equations for detecting skin pixels in the RGB and YCbCr color spaces and discusses advantages and limitations of different color models for skin color classification and face detection.
A New Skin Color Based Face Detection Algorithm by Combining Three Color Mode...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS OF CFA 3.0 BY COMBINING INPAINTING AND PANSHARPENING TEC...sipij
Color Filter Array (CFA) has been widely used in digital cameras. There are many variants of CFAs in the
literature. Recently, a new CFA known as CFA 3.0 was proposed by us and has been shown to yield
reasonable performance as compared to some standard ones. In this paper, we investigate the use of
inpainting algorithms to further improve the demosaicing performance of CFA 3.0. Six conventional and
deep learning based inpainting algorithms were compared. Extensive experiments demonstrated that one
algorithm improved over other approaches.
Further Improvements of CFA 3.0 by Combining Inpainting and Pansharpening Tec...sipij
Color Filter Array (CFA) has been widely used in digital cameras. There are many variants of CFAs in the
literature. Recently, a new CFA known as CFA 3.0 was proposed by us and has been shown to yield
reasonable performance as compared to some standard ones. In this paper, we investigate the use of
inpainting algorithms to further improve the demosaicing performance of CFA 3.0. Six conventional and
deep learning based inpainting algorithms were compared. Extensive experiments demonstrated that one
algorithm improved over other approaches
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
COLOR AUTHENTICATION AND FAULT DETECTION USING EMBEDDED SYSTEMmlnptl
1.project is based on the embedded system.
2.In the early years the only way to communicate.
3.that is operate on simple power supply using the 12v adapter.
COLOUR IMAGE REPRESENTION OF MULTISPECTRAL IMAGE FUSION acijjournal
This document summarizes a research paper on using the Cholesky decomposition technique to fuse multispectral images and represent them as a color image. It discusses how multispectral image fusion works by combining images from different spectral bands. It then describes the VTVA (Vector valued Total Variation Algorithm) technique in detail, which uses the covariance matrix and Cholesky decomposition to control the correlation between color components in the fused image. This technique is compared to principal component analysis. The document provides background on RGB color space, color perception, and Cholesky decomposition before outlining the specific steps of the VTVA algorithm.
Similar to Using Adobe Photoshop to Scale the Rate of the Shape’s Deformation By Colour Contrast Application (20)
11(7) 2020 ITJEMAST's published research articlesdrboon
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between positivity, positive affect, negative affect, and perceived stress among cardiac patients. The study hypothesized that perceived stress would mediate the relationship between positivity and positive/negative affect. Researchers surveyed 519 cardiac patients, assessing positivity, perceived stress, and positive/negative affect. The results found that perceived stress mediated the relationship between positive affect and positivity, as well as between negative affect and positivity. Specifically, positivity was negatively correlated with negative affect and perceived stress, while perceived stress was positively correlated with negative affect. The findings suggest that reducing stress and increasing positive emotions can help reduce negative feelings in cardiac patients.
11(4) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articlesdrboon
Research papers 2020 Behavioral finance; Personality traits; Behavioral factors; Overconfidence bias; Locus of control; Decision-making; Biased behavior Carbon (CO2) emissions; Economic Growth; Energy consumption; Trade; ARDL Approach; Granger Causality; Energy use Pedestrian start-up time; Street crosswalk, Pedestrian traffic signals; Pedestrians traffic lights; zebra crossings; Intersection crossings Service Attributes; Relationship quality; Relationship outcomes; Banking services; Electronic Customer Relationship Management; Virtual relationships; eBanking; eCRM College town landscape; College town character; Campus community; Urban identity; College town space; Sense of a place; Public Space; University gardens; Cultural identity; Campus identity; Businesses in college towns Emotional quotient; Self-emotional appraisal; Workplace Advice Network (WAN) Centrality; Service Sector Organizations; Sociometric matrix; Interconnectivity of nodes
11(3) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articles drboon
Non-destructive testing method Heat loss Thermal conductivity Specific heat Know-how Psychological contract breach Employees' Workplace behaviour Workplace spirituality Human resource management (HRM) Power sector Positive classroom Male teachers Classroom management system Public primary schools Private primary school Positive motivation students Quality primary education Grout rheology Construction workings High-precision lining Tunneling complex Cement slurry Reinforcement solutions Smart building systems Green architecture Green roof Green design Sustainable environmental architecture Smart energy management Architecture technology Neo-Functionalism Trade integration CPEC agreement Economic integration Regional cooperation Pak-China relations Pak-Iran relations Central Asia Republics Sino-Pakistan Agreement
11(2)2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Ap...drboon
Multidisciplinary Management, Journalism and Mass Communication Science (Information and Media Sciences), Political Sciences (International Affairs), Global Studies), Animal Sciences, Feeding Technology, Healthcare Management.
V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & ...drboon
Research articles published in V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies ==>
Awareness of Passive Design on Apartment Façade Designs in Putrajaya, Malaysia
127
Comparative Analysis of Low-Cost Housing Policies in Malaysia and Nigeria
139
A Study on Kevin Lynch’s Urban Design Elements: Precinct 9 East Putrajaya
153
Investigating Urban Design Elements of Bandar Baru Sentul, Kuala Lumpur
169
A Study on Sharing Home Ownership Schemes in Malaysia
183
The Impact of Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) and Glazing Type on Energy Consumption in Air-Conditioned Office Buildings
197
Competitiveness Factors of Thai Construction Industry within the AEC Context: A Qualitative Approach
209
Application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Government Construction Procurement Problems in Thailand
221
In 3 sentences:
The document discusses the key elements to consider when designing streets for livable cities, including pedestrians, vehicles, parking, and transportation options. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach that considers all users and aspects, such as transportation, safety, the environment, and the economy. The goal is to create streets that are social spaces where people can easily and safely walk, bike, access transit, and spend time, rather than only focus on traffic flow.
Impact of Building Envelope Modification on Energy Performance of High-Rise A...drboon
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the impact of building envelope modifications on the energy performance of high-rise apartments in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Three high-rise apartment buildings were modeled using EnergyPlus software to analyze the effects of thermal insulation and glazing type on potential energy savings. The study found that integrating passive envelope design measures like improved insulation and higher performing glazing could help reduce energy consumption and peak cooling loads in the apartments. Modifying elements of the building envelope, especially the walls and windows, may enable significant energy savings potential for high-rise residential buildings in hot and humid climates.
Enhancement of Space Environment Via Healing Gardendrboon
Green nature, sunlight and fresh air have been known as important component of healing in healthcare facilities. This paper presents the finding of an exploratory study on healing garden elements in healthcare facilities. The purpose of the paper is to find the elements of healing gardens and its healing factors in the existing garden design. In conducting this research study, site observation and informal interview at selected healthcare facilities have been performed. The study reveals the elements of existing garden design, the interactivity and the end users expectation on a garden. The finding shows that lacking some of the elements of garden design lead to less user friendliness and interactivity in the garden. It also shows that the visibility, accessibility, quietness and comfortable condition in the garden give impact to the utilization of the garden.
Design of Quadruped Walking Robot with Spherical Shelldrboon
We propose a new quadruped walking robot with a spherical shell, called "QRoSS." QRoSS is a transformable robot that can store its legs in the spherical shell. The shell not only absorbs external forces from all directions, but also improves mobile performance because of its round shape. In rescue operations at a disaster site, carrying robots into a site is dangerous for operators because doing so may result in a second accident. If QRoSS is used, instead of carrying robots in, they are thrown in, making the operation safe and easy. This paper reports details of the design concept and development of the prototype model. Basic experiments were conducted to verify performance, which includes landing, rising and walking through a series of movements.
Motion Analysis of Pitch Rotation Mechanism for Posture Control of Butterfly-...drboon
We developed a small flapping robot on the basis of movements made by a butterfly with a low flapping frequency of approximately 10 Hz, a few degrees of freedom of the wings, and a large flapping angle. In this study, we clarify the pitch rotation mechanism that is used to control its posture during takeoff for different initial pitch and flapping angles by the experiments of both manufactured robots and simulation models. The results indicate that the pitch angle can be controlled by altering the initial pitch angle at takeoff and the flapping angles. Furthermore, it is suggested that the initial pitch angle generates a proportional increase in the pitch angle during takeoff, and that certain flapping angles are conducive to increasing the tendency for pitch angle transition. Thus, it is shown that the direction of the flight led by periodic changing in the pitch angle can be controlled by optimizing control parameters such as initial pitch and flapping angles.
Analysis of Roll Rotation Mechanism of a Butterfly for Development of a Small...drboon
1) The document analyzes the roll rotation mechanism of a butterfly through computational fluid dynamics simulations using boundary conditions from high-speed camera footage.
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3) During roll rotation flight, differential pressure distributes across the entire wings, with the right reaction force twice as great as the left during the initial downstroke, leading to a large change in roll angle.
Effect of Oryzalin on Growth of Anthurium andraeanum In Vitrodrboon
Apical shoots and lateral buds of Anthurium andraeanum about 0.5 cm grew very well when cultured on MS medium supplemented with NAA, kinetin, sucrose and gelrite. When brought young plantlets (the same sized) of A. andraeanum soaked in various concentrations of oryzalin with different duration times. The A. andraeanum plantlets were subcultured into the same medium every 4 weeks for 3 times. It was found that 5.0 mg/l oryzalin with 24 and 72 hours gave the best average number of leaves per bunch, plant height and diameter of bunch. These parameters were reverse proportion, when increased concentration of oryzalin, the growth rate in each parameter was decreased with thick and pale green leaves.
Role of 2,4-D on Callus Induction and Shoot Formation to Increase Number of S...drboon
Stem node of Miniature Rose with axillary bud were used as explants. These explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D. It was found that MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D gave the highest number of green callus. The callus cultured on MS medium supplemented with different combinations of NAA and BA to form new shoot and root. From the result, we are able to find the highest number of young shoots that were induced from callus when cultured callus on MS medium supplemented with NAA and BA. When subcultured all new shoots with the same size to MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and BA, and 2,4- D for six weeks. The result was significant difference (P≤0.5) when compared the average height of plant and percentage of root formation, but their duration time for flowering were not significant different.
Seismic Capacity Comparisons of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Between Standar...drboon
Earthquakes are cause of serious damage through the building. Therefore, moment resistant frame buildings are widely used as lateral resisting system. Generally three types of moment resisting frames are designed namely Special ductile frames (SDF), Intermediate ductile frames (IDF) and Gravity load designed (GLD) frames, each of which has a certain level of ductility. Comparative studies on the seismic performance of three different ductility of building are performed in this study. The analytical models are considered about failure mode of column (i.e. shear failure, flexural to shear failure and flexural failure); beam-column joint connection, infill wall and flexural foundation. Concepts of incremental dynamic analysis are practiced to assess the required data for performance based evaluations. This study found that the lateral load capacity of GLD, IDF, and SDF building was 19.25, 27.87, and 25.92 %W respectively. The average response spectrum at the collapse state for GLD, IDF, and SDF are 0.75 g, 1.19 g, and 1.33 g, respectively. The results show that SDF is more ductile than IDF and the initial strength of SDF is close to IDF. The results indicate that all of frames are able to resistant a design earthquake.
ITJEMAST5(2): Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engin...drboon
An After-Stay Satisfaction Survey of Residents Living in Prefabricated Concrete Structures in Thailand
Hydrothermal Assisted Microwave Pyrolysis of Water Hyacinth for Electrochemical Capacitors Electrodes
Group Technology Paves the Road for Automation
Effect of Laser Priming on accumulation of Free Proline in Spring Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) under Salinity Stress
Livable Public Open Space for Citizen’s Quality of Life in Medan, Indonesia
ITJEMAST5(1): Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engin...drboon
Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies ITJEMAST5(1):
Effects of Calcination Treatment of Diatomite on Dimethyl Ether Synthesis from Methanol
Effect of Blend Ratio on Cure Characteristics, Mechanical Properties, and Aging Resistance of Silica-filled ENR/SBR Blends
An Efficient Formulation of Off-line Model Predictive Control for Nonlinear Systems Using Polyhedral Invariant Sets
Effect of Modeling Parameters on System Hydrodynamics of Air Reactor in Chemical Looping Combustion Using CFD Simulation
Flow Behavior of Geldart A and Geldart C Particles in a Co-current Downflow Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor
Optimization of Enzymatic Clarification from Corncob
Synthesis of Alkali Metal/CaO Sorbent for CO2 Capture at Low Temperature
Effect of Exchangeable Cations on Bentonite Swelling Characteristics of Geosy...drboon
1) The study characterized the swelling behavior of bentonite in geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
2) The X-ray diffraction results showed that bentonite swelling decreased with increasing valence of exchangeable cations and increasing concentration of permeant solutions. Bentonite swelling was highest with deionized water and lowest with calcium chloride solutions.
3) Scanning electron microscopy images showed that bentonite has a flake-like structure when air-dried but becomes more porous and fluffy after permeation. The porous structure decreased with increasing concentration of calcium chloride solutions.
ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
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The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
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MySQL InnoDB Storage Engine: Deep Dive - MydbopsMydbops
This presentation, titled "MySQL - InnoDB" and delivered by Mayank Prasad at the Mydbops Open Source Database Meetup 16 on June 8th, 2024, covers dynamic configuration of REDO logs and instant ADD/DROP columns in InnoDB.
This presentation dives deep into the world of InnoDB, exploring two ground-breaking features introduced in MySQL 8.0:
• Dynamic Configuration of REDO Logs: Enhance your database's performance and flexibility with on-the-fly adjustments to REDO log capacity. Unleash the power of the snake metaphor to visualize how InnoDB manages REDO log files.
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"What does it really mean for your system to be available, or how to define w...Fwdays
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Charlie Greenberg, host
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Using Adobe Photoshop to Scale the Rate of the Shape’s Deformation By Colour Contrast Application
1. 2013 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
http://TuEngr.com
Using Adobe Photoshop to Scale the Rate of the
Shape’s Deformation By Colour Contrast Application
Firas Al-Helly
a
a*
, Fuziah Ibrahim
a
School of Housing, Building and Planning, University Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA
ARTICLEINFO
A B S T RA C T
Article history:
Received 12 March 2013
Received in revised form 09 April
2013
Accepted 15 April 2013
Available online 18 April 2013
Interior designers are quite cognizant of the colour
significance as a basic element of design, in order to achieve
aesthetic and functional demands. This paper aims to present an
empirical model for interpreting the relationship between the
colour’ contrast and highlighting the foreground objects, by
measuring the values of the deformation via using Adobe
Photoshop software. The experiment contained practical steps of
calculation and analysing the amount of the chromatic
deformation of the foreground objects, which is represented by 6
samples model. These samples of coloured spots are tested
within two phases; with coloured background based on Itten
colour wheel, and with a neutral background “greyscale wheel”;
and comparing the results by calculating the amount of
distortion, through measuring angle's values. The findings
showed that using of contrast application is useful as an
empirical method for scaling the chromatic interaction between
the foreground and the background. By using T-Test analysis the
findings emphasized that the colour contrast had a significant
impact on highlighting or distorting the foreground shapes.
Keywords:
Highlighting;
Colour Contrast;
Adobe Photoshop;
Brightness/Contrast
application;
Contours Deformation; and
Shapes Distortion.
2013 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH
1. Introduction
Adobe Photoshop is well known leading photo-editing software. It includes a wide range
of standard filters, effects, and advanced variety of editing applications.
*Corresponding author (Firas Al-Helly). Tel/Fax: +60-16450-5930 E-mail address:
firasalhelly@yahoo.com.
2013
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
Volume 4 No.3
ISSN 2228-9860
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V04/179-190.pdf
179
2. The contrast is one of these techniques, it can be used to increase or decrease the ratio of
colour contrast (Marinia & Rizzib, 2000). The experiment is a test under controlled
conditions, that is made to prove a known fact, determine the effectiveness of something is
restricted in the past, or to test the validity of a hypothesis (Shadish, Cook et al., 2001).
This study is not attempting to reinvent the wheel, but it is presenting an empirical scale
for measuring and explains the interaction between the background and the foreground
objects, positively “highlighting”; or negatively “Chromatic Deformation”, by expanding the
contrast slider in Photoshop see Figure 1, and recording the amount of changes on the
experimental samples. There are many of visual applications of colour contrast, where were
themes of many studies deal with colour contrast from different perspectives such as the role
of colour contrast in occupational safety, warning symbols’ design, design of safety apparel,
workplaces Design and Ergonomics (Sayer & Mefford, 2000 ).
The objective of this experiment is to study the deformation amount of the foreground
shapes “coloured spots”, and how the coloured background affects the foreground shape, via
the contrast function, and compare the results in both of cases pretest and posttest. This
article contained the terminology, methodology, analysis, discussion of results, and
conclusion.
2. Terminology
2.1 Adobe Photoshop
Photoshop is one of most important professional softwares manufactured and developed
by Adobe Systems Inc. It is used for images' printing, editing, add effects and designing via
some of the innovate tools that have a deep impact to design and projects
(www.businessdictionary.com ; Adobe Systems Inc, 2005).
2.2 The Contrast
The contrast is the visual properties difference that makes the object in image
recognizable from the background (Campagna, Mergler et al., 1995). The contrast plays a
vital role in presenting the image colours and the level of brightness or darkness tones in a
scene. It had a significant effect on the clearness of colours; otherwise the image will be
180
Firas Al-Helly, and Fuziah Ibrahim
3. appearing too grey or dull (Marinia & Rizzib, 2000). According to George (1985) the contrast
had an impact on the heighten awareness, whether greyscale image by highlighting the
foreground against the background; or coloured image showing the strong effect especially
with colours like red and yellow appearance against the background. It can be summarized
that the function of contrast is widening the chromatic gap between the bright and dark hue
within the limitations of the image.
2.3 The Contrast Application by (Adobe Photoshop)
The
contrast
application
in
Adobe
Photoshop
software
comes
within
the
(Brightness/Contrast) adjustment box, as in Figure 1. This application helps the user to adjust
the tonal range of images. The contrast slider can shrink or extend the value of the image's
tonal. The normal mode of this application (Brightness/Contrast) adjusts the image layer in
proportionate (nonlinear), such as adjusting the levels and the curves (http://help.adobe.com).
Figure 1: The slider adjustment for Brightness/Contrast box (Adobe Photoshop).
2.4 Itten Colour System
Johannes Itten in his book “The Elements of Color” described his colour system, which
consists of 12-hues colour wheel as in Figure 2. He developed his wheel from the three
primary colours yellow, red, and blue. The three primary colours were formulated as an equal
triangle; at the top (yellow), at the lower right (red), and the (blue) in the lower left. The three
primary colours generate the three secondary colours as followed: yellow + red = orange,
yellow + blue = green, and red + blue = violet. The six colours forms a regular hexagon,
(primaries and secondaries) all together generates the 12-hues colour wheel by sequential
mixing such a rainbow or natural spectrum (Itten, 1970).
*Corresponding author (Firas Al-Helly). Tel/Fax: +60-16450-5930 E-mail address:
firasalhelly@yahoo.com.
2013
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
Volume 4 No.3
ISSN 2228-9860
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V04/179-190.pdf
181
4. 3. Methodology
There are many phenomena relates to the visual perception were accepted as realities,
some of which have not yet been resolved because it is not subject to empirical scale. The
rationale of this experiment is to develop a measurable model inspired from Itten colour
theory (Figure 2), to explain empirically the relationship between the colour and the
highlighting the foreground.
3.1 The Experiments Procedure
The experiment required to test the model that developed as in Figure 2:
Figure 2: The test model.
The model contained 12 colour samples inspired from Itten theory. These samples are
three primary colours (yellow, red, and blue) in addition to the secondary colours (orange,
182
Firas Al-Helly, and Fuziah Ibrahim
5. violet, and green). The six samples are tested with colourful backgrounds; and six samples
with neutral (greyscale) as in Figure 3.
Figure 3: The contrast sequence from 100% to 1000% value
By using Adobe Photoshop software, the model in Figure 2, tested with the contrast
application. The test requires repetition the contrast function for 10 times, in order to reach the
1000% and observe the change of the model under the effect of the contrast, as in Figure 3.
3.2 The result of 1000% contrast showing the difference after and before
the contrast application as in Figure 4. Initial Observations
After applying the contrast experiment as shown in Figure 3, and 4, the initial
observations are as follows:
- In Figure 3, the samples with coloured background, after applying contrast (500%) will be
never changed; unlike the neutral
- In Figure 4, the samples in column 2 (the orange spots), orange colour changed to yellow
after contrast function, so that the researchers excluded orange spots as (neglected samples).
*Corresponding author (Firas Al-Helly). Tel/Fax: +60-16450-5930 E-mail address:
firasalhelly@yahoo.com.
2013
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
Volume 4 No.3
ISSN 2228-9860
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V04/179-190.pdf
183
6. - The spot's shapes of samples with neutral backgrounds, in both of the cases (pretest and
posttest) didn’t distort the colour spots.
- The spot's shapes of samples with coloured backgrounds in pretest phase have been an equal
amount of deformation; and after applying the contrast function posttest phase there are
distorted due to the background colours deformation.
Figure 4: The difference between the model before the contrast and after 1000% contrast
3.3 Justifications
Researchers were keen to get an acceptable level of validity and reliability by provoking
the following questions:
3.3.1 Why Contrast?
As is well known, that the contrast is important for distinguishing the features and
highlighting objects (Wang, Giesen et al., 2008). The researchers assumed that there is a
significant relationship between the colour contrast and highlighting foregrounds. This
assumption is based on the logical relationships between the colour and the attracting the
attention that proved by using the “Photo Album Test” (Al-Helly & Fuziah, 2013).
3.3.2 Why not applying the (Use Legacy)?
In Figure 1, the Brightness/Contrast box, the option of “Use Legacy” is not activated, the
reason is that the use legacy option shifts all pixel values higher or lower, that function will
184
Firas Al-Helly, and Fuziah Ibrahim
7. clip or lose some details of the image, deforming the shape by highlighting or shadowing
image components According to Adobe, this option is not recommended, it is just useful for
mask editing and some scientific applications (http://help.adobe.com).
3.3.3 Why use the circular shape?
The coloured circular shape used in this experiment, it is the simplest systematic shape
that can be used for experimental models as a focus, the colours distribute more regularly (AlHelly & Fuziah, 2013), this shape is a measurable to scale the deformation angles on the other
hand.
3.3.4 Why the Contrast rate is 1000%?
The justification for the using contrast function till 1000% is to the limit the function. In other
words the contrast after 1000% value, will not give any visual changes.
3.3.5 Why Using Itten System?
Instead of using Itten system, a virtual colour wheel, of 12 colours is created for the
reliability of the experiment as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Itten and the virtual wheels
Notes: the values of the hue sequenced from (0# to 330#) instead of (0# to 360#); in-fact the
values of 0# and 360# have the same hue (Red colour), as the colour circle start and end at the
same point.
Despite the systematic procedure that adopted by researchers to obtain the reliable colour
wheel for the experiment, consist of 12 values (0# to 330#); The virtual wheel was neglected
by the researchers due to the visual quality of contrast among the 12 colours, the Hues
*Corresponding author (Firas Al-Helly). Tel/Fax: +60-16450-5930 E-mail address:
firasalhelly@yahoo.com.
2013
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
Volume 4 No.3
ISSN 2228-9860
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V04/179-190.pdf
185
8. visually seem unrecognizable due to the contrast gap among them. Within Itten wheel, the
colour hues visually seem more acceptable due to the contrast gap among the 12 colours.
4. The Analysis
Figure 6, presents a comprehensive description for applying the contrast function. It
shows the deformation amount for the samples within the experimental model in both of cases
Figure 6: The result of deformation
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9. pretest and posttest. The applying 1000% of contrast function leads to samples with
measurable angles of deformation, as follows:
4.1 The Measuring Of Deformation Angles
By using the following equation, can calculate the value of deformation angle:
°
(1)
Where, n = the summation of deformation colours of 12 from the Itten system. From the
equation, the angles the deformation angle for each of samples before the contrast function is:
°
(2)
The angle value of each sample before the function (pretest) is=30° as in Figure 7.
Figure 7: The angle’s deformation of each sample before applying the contrast function.
5. Discussion of Results
The angle’s values of the samples after applying the contrast function (posttest)
calculated as follows:
Table 1: The calculation of deformation angles for each sample.
SAMPLE COLOUR
THE VALUE OF THE DEFORMATION ANGLES
1
YELLOW
(4) 360º/12 = 120º
2
ORANGE
Neglected Sample
3
RED
(www.3dstereo.com) 360º/12 = 90º
4
VIOLET
360º/12 = 30º
5
BLUE
360º/12 = 60º
6
GREEN
360º/12 = 30º
*Corresponding author (Firas Al-Helly). Tel/Fax: +60-16450-5930 E-mail address:
firasalhelly@yahoo.com.
2013
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
Volume 4 No.3
ISSN 2228-9860
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V04/179-190.pdf
187
10. As presents in Figure 8, the deformation of samples with coloured backgrounds have
varied angle’s values depending on the amount of deformation backgrounds under the
contrast function of each sample.
Figure 8: The angle’s deformation of each sample (with coloured backgrounds) after
applying the contrast function.
Table 2: The Average and T-Test, for pretest and posttest samples.
Colour
Pretest samples Posttest samples
Yellow
30
120
Red
30
90
Violet
30
30
Blue
30
60
Green
30
30
Average
30
66
p-value
0.05435
From Table 2:
The average of pretest samples = 30
The average of posttest samples = 66
For T-Test that the value of p= 0.05435.
6. Conclusion
Table 1 showed that the amounts of angles deformation have varied depending on the
amounts of contrast affection. The experiment results emphasized that the expanding of the
contrast slider showing clearly the visual deformation of samples with coloured background;
unlike the expanding of the contrast slider never changes the shapes of the samples with
neutral (greyscale) background.
In Table 2, the T-Test results showed the difference between the averages of pretest and
posttest samples (30 and 66). The value of p = 0.05435 proves that the experiment presented
visual evidence:
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Firas Al-Helly, and Fuziah Ibrahim
11. - The colour contrast has a significant impact on highlighting the foreground
objects with neutral (greyscale) background.
- The colour contrast has an impact on deforming the shape of foreground objects
due to the chromatic interaction between the foregrounds and the backgrounds.
Figure 9 shows the variance of experimental samples. And the deformation amounts for
each sample of five colours (3 primary and 2 secondary colours). The orange colour sample
was excluded for more reliability of the test.
Figure 9: Chart presents the samples pretest and posttest.
7. Acknowledgements
We express our thanks and gratitude for all who helped us to prepare this experiment.
Institutions: USM (University Science Malaysia), University of Baghdad , VSA (Visitor
Studies Association).
Friends: Rawnaq Hazim, Prof. Rozhan Idrus, Dr. Amer Elameer, and Dr.Omer Hassan
Mahfoodh.
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*Corresponding author (Firas Al-Helly). Tel/Fax: +60-16450-5930 E-mail address:
firasalhelly@yahoo.com.
2013
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
Volume 4 No.3
ISSN 2228-9860
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V04/179-190.pdf
189
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Firas Hussein Al-Helly is MSc. Student in the school of Housing, Building and Planning, USM (Universiti
Sains Malaysia). His degree from Interior Design Department, College of Fine Arts, University of Baghdad,
and a Diploma in Statistics from Foundation of Technical Education/Baghdad (1997), Served as a Statistician
in Iraqi MOH (1997-2007), beside his private work in the interior design field. Firas is a member of the Iraqi
Union of Artists/ Baghdad, Visitor Studies Association/ Sanford.
Dr. Fuziah Ibrahim is an Associate Professor, in the Interior design Programme in USM (Universiti Sains
Malaysia). Her Ph.D. is from Manchester Metropolitan University (1995), M.A. (Industrial Design) from
Manchester Polytechnic (1991) and Hons. (HBP) from USM. She received a letter of commendation from the
Head of Department for her research achievements carried out for her M.A. dissertation. Dr. Fuziah's area of
interest is in product design development and interior design.
Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication
according to the guidelines given at the journal’s website.
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Firas Al-Helly, and Fuziah Ibrahim