Urine formation is an intricate and vital process that takes place in our kidneys. It involves the filtration of blood, reabsorption of essential substances, and the secretion of waste products. This remarkable mechanism ensures the balance of fluids and electrolytes in our bodies, aiding in the maintenance of overall health.

2. Urine formation involves three main processes
⓵ Glomerular filtration
⓶ Reabsorption
⓷ Tubular Secretion

3. ⓵ GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
➢ The first step in urine formation is the filtration of
blood, which is carried out by the glomerulus
➢ This process occurs in the Malpighian corpuscle of
the nephron
➢ The filtration membrane consist of 3 layers:
1. Endothelium of glomerular blood vessels.
2. Epithelium of Bowman’s capsule.
3. Basement membrane between these two layers.
➢ Epithelial cells (podocytes) of the Bowman’s capsule
are arranged in an intricate manner leaving some
minute spaces called filtration slits (slit pores).
➢ Almost all constituents of blood plasma except the
proteins pass onto lumen of Bowman’s capsule.
Therefore, it is considered as a process of ultra
filtration

4. ⓵ GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
➢ The plasma fluid filters out from glomerular
capillaries into bowman's capsule of nephrons is
called glomerular filtrate
➢ About 1100-1200 ml of blood is filtered by kidneys
per minute. It constitutes 1/5th of the blood pumped
out by each ventricle of the heart in a minute.
➢ The amount of glomerular filtrate formed per minute
is called Glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
➢ Normal GFR = 125 ml/minute, i.e., 180 litres/day.

5. ➢ 180 litres of glomerular filtrate is produced daily. But
99% of this is reabsorbed by renal tubules. So normal
volume of urine released is 1.5 litres.
➢ From the filtrate, glucose, amino acids, Na+, etc. are
reabsorbed actively and nitrogenous wastes are
absorbed passively.
➢ Passive reabsorption of water occurs in the initial
segments of the nephron.
➢ PCT reabsorbs most of the nutrients, and 70-80% of
electrolytes & water.
⓶ REABSORPTION

6. ➢ Simple cuboidal brush border epithelium of PCT
increases surface area for reabsorption.
➢ Loop of Henle maintains high osmolarity of medullary
interstitial fluid.
➢ Descending limb is permeable to water but almost
impermeable to electrolytes. This concentrates the
filtrate.
➢ In Ascending limb, minimum reabsorption occurs. It is
impermeable to water but allows transport of
electrolytes. So, filtrate gets diluted.
⓶ REABSORPTION

7. ➢ In DCT, conditional reabsorption of Na+ & water takes
place.
➢ Collecting duct extends from cortex to inner parts of
medulla. It reabsorbs large amount of water to
concentrate urine.
➢ It also allows passage of small amounts of urea into
medullary interstitium to keep up the osmolarity.
⓶ REABSORPTION

8. ➢ Cells of PCT & DCT maintain ionic (Na & K balance)
and acid-base balance (pH) of body fluids by selective
secretion of H+, K+ & NH3 into the filtrate and
absorption of HCO3
- from it.
➢ Collecting duct maintains pH & ionic balance of
blood by the secretion of H+ and K+ ions.
➢ Some drugs are filtered in the glomerulus and so are
actively secreted into the filtrate during the tubular
secretion
⓷ TUBULAR SECRETION

10. ➢ Mammals have the ability to produce a concentrated
urine.
➢ The Henle's loop and vasa recta play a significant role
in this.
➢ There are two counter current mechanisms inside the
kidneys.
I. The flow of filtrate in the two limbs of Henle's loop is in
opposite directions and thus forms a counter current.
II. The flow of blood through the two limbs of vasa recta is
also in a counter current pattern
➢ Due to the counter current and proximity between
Henle’s loop & vasa recta, osmolarity increases from
cortex (300 mOsmolL-1) to the inner medullary
interstitium (1200 mOsmolL-1). This gradient is
caused by NaCl & urea.

11. ➢ The descending limb of the loop of Henle is
permeable to water but not salts and ascending limb
of the loop of Henle is permeable to salts but not
water.
➢ NaCl is transported by ascending limb of Henle’s
loop that is exchanged with descending limb of vasa
recta. NaCl is returned to interstitium by ascending
limb of vasa recta.
➢ Similarly, small amount of urea enter the thin
segment of the ascending limb of Henle’s loop which
is transported back to the interstitium by the
collecting tubule.

12. ➢ Thus electrolytes and urea are retained in the
interstitium and maintain a concentration gradient
(interstitial gradient) in medullary interstitium.
➢ The loop of Henle establishes a salt gradient
(hypertonicity) in the medulla
➢ It enables easy passage of water from collecting
tubule to concentrate the filtrate (urine).
➢ Thus DCT & collecting duct produce urine four times
concentrated than the initial filtrate formed.

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