In this ppt , there's briefly explanation about the urbanization in Europe on history and present world perspective.

1. WORLD GEOGRAPHY
URBANIZATION IN EUROPE
HISTORY AND PRESENT STATUS
BY : Mohammad Naumaan

2. CONTENT
 HISTORY OF
URBANIZATION
 MAJOR URBAN
CENTERS
 PROBLEMS OF
URBANIZATION
 MEANING OF
URBANIZATION

3. MEANING OF URBANIZATION
It means an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas
compared to rural areas.
It is the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher
percentages of the population comes to live in the city.
 It refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas.
It is the quality or state of being urbanized or the process of becoming
urbanized.

4. URBANIZATION IN EUROPE (IN
CURRENT SCENARIO)
Europe's level of urbanization is expected to increase to approximately 83.7% in
2050.
 the total population of European Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) is projected to
increase on average by 4% by 2050, almost half of them will actually lose
population, with 10% of cities losing more than a quarter of their population
between 2015 and 2050.
The migration of population to cities is one of the factors driving agricultural
land abandonment, which is expected to reach 4.2 million ha net over the
period 2015-2030, bringing the total abandoned land to 5.6 million ha by 2030,
the equivalent of 3% of total agricultural land.
Built-up areas are likely to expand by more than 3% between 2015 and 2030,
reaching 7% of the EU territory by 2030.

5. History of Urbanization in Europe

6. Urbanization in Europe (historical perspective)
Europe in the nineteenth century was characterized by two important
processes that reshaped the social fabric of the continent:
 Industrialization marked the shift in production from agriculture to
industries, such as mining, transportation, commercial goods, chemicals,
and electricity;
 Urbanization describes the migration of the population from the
countryside and small villages into towns and increasingly larger cities.

7. URBAN MIGRATION
 Urbanization became self-perpetuating processes. As more economic production was
located in urban areas, more people followed in search of employment.
 As urban populations increased, economic resources flowed to the cities, where cheap
labor was available and a necessary infrastructure developing.
 In most European countries throughout the nineteenth century, the majority of the
adult population continued to work in agriculture. But the two processes of
industrialization and urbanization continued to reshape European society.
 Between 1805 and 1911, the proportion of the French population living in cities
increased from 25% to 44%; in Germany during the same period, urban population
increased from 30% to 60%.

8. POPULATION GROWTH
 Cities grew as they became sites of industrial production, centers for banking and
other financial networks, the intersections of continental trade routes, and access
points for global empires.
 The growth in the urban population was initially caused by migration from the
surrounding countryside into the cities as individuals and families came in search of
jobs.
 Further growth of the urban population was the result of natural increase, as the
birth rate in cities increased as well.
 The population of the city of London grew from less than two million in 1840 to
more than four million by 1890, and then increased again to seven million by 1914.
Other European cities experienced similar or even more rapid periods of growth.
Berlin, the capital of the new German empire, grew from less than one-half million
in 1866 to two million by 1914.

9.  In Russia, where industrialization began later than in Western Europe,
the number of cities with populations greater than 100,000 increased
from just three in 1863 to more than fifteen in 1903.
 In heavily industrialized regions, such as the coal mining districts along
the French and German borders, cities grew so quickly that they formed
a kind of extended "megalopolis" connecting multiple centers of
production.
 The number of European cities with populations above one million
doubled — from four in 1870 to nine in 1914.

10. The map illustrates the relative growth of European cities by the year 1870. The color-
coded dots show the relative size of cities.

11. The map illustrates the relative growth of European cities by the year 1914. The
color-coded dots show the relative size of cities.

12. MIGRATION AND POPULATION GROWTH BY CLASS
 Urbanization transformed living conditions for all social groups, from the wealthiest
"elite" to the poorest members of the "masses.“
 As the center of economic power shifted from agriculture to industry, the established
elites transferred their base of power from rural estates to the growing cities.
 The rising elite of factory owners, bankers, and merchants built their own powerful
networks in urban centers, even as they emulated the styles and tastes of their
aristocratic peers.
 The number of middle-class managers, professionals, and traders expanded to
administer the new industrial economy and the urban community.
 The most dramatic population increases occurred among the industrial workers,
domestic servants, and other poorer social classes and then Millions of working
people left villages to work in factories.

13. EUROPE AND THE
METROPOLITAN CENTURY.
The world has entered an age of
urbanization, a metropolitan century, that
is already one third complete. From
roughly 1980 to 2080, humankind is on a
great trek to the cities. By the time this
century is complete, the world’s
population will be 80% urbanized. Europe
will be at the vanguard of this change,
around 90% urbanized.
Europe’s cities are global leaders. Though
they lack the clout that comes with ten
million-plus populations or the
headquarters of the world’s largest firms,
on important international agendas such
as cultural production, public health,
knowledge and education, and
sustainability, the European metropolis
leads. Europe’s cities win on many
measures of livability and resilience, and
these advantages are increasingly
relevant in a world challenged by climate
change, instability, and economic
transition

14. EUROPE’S CITIES: THE PAST FIFTY YEARS.
Observing the journeys that European cities have taken from
1970 to 2020 reveals some startling facts. Today, 72% of the EU
28 population lives in cities and urban areas, but this average
conceals pronounced differences between countries.
Urbanization rates vary from about 50% (Luxembourg, Romania,
Croatia) to beyond 80% (Italy, Netherlands, UK). Closer
examination also reveals a huge diversity in the sizes and types
of European cities.
Europe’s urban system today consists of a mixture of small,
medium, and large cities, which can be seen to play distinctive
roles and be at different points in their life cycles. By most
definitions, Europe has no megacity. There is no single municipal
area with more than 10 million people. But the wider city-
regions of London, Paris, and Milan each have more than 10
million

15. Graph showing the Share of urban population in EU and constituent
countries as % of total ©Eurostat and World Urbanization Prospects.

16. In 2012, the OECD and the European Commission reported that in the EU (plus Switzerland,
Croatia, Iceland and Norway), there were 828 cities, including two global cities (London and
Paris), six large urban centres in which the main city has around 3 million inhabitants
(Athens, Berlin, Madrid, Barcelona, Milan and Naples), 18 second-tier metropolitan areas
(1–2 million people), and 38 third-tier cities (500,000 to 1 million people).
Of these third-tier cities, half are located in Germany, France and the UK. (The European
Spatial Planning Observation Network defines first-tier cities as European capitals, and
second-tier cities as “those cities outside the capital whose economic and social
performance is sufficiently important to affect the potential performance of the national
economy.”
Some studies refine this definition, by making Zürich Switzerland’s first-tier city, for
example, rather than Bern, or by recognizing a city as first-tier if it has a larger GDP than its
capital—e.g. Munich, Frankfurt, Milan and Barcelona. By all of these definitions, third-tier
cities include all those cities not classified as second-tier.

17. MAJORURBANCENTERSINEUROPE

18. GERMANY (BERLIN)
• Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and
population.
• Berlin city is counted to the major urbanization center in Germany,
Europe
• Berlin's urban area, which has a population of around 4.5 million,
is the second most populous urban area in Germany after the Ruhr.
• The official population is counted estimates is 3,669,495.
• The data collected by in the census of 31/DEC/2019.

19. SPAIN (MADRID)
 Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain.
 The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a
metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7
million.
 It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU),
surpassed only by Berlin in its administrative limits, and its
monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in
the EU, surpassed only by Paris.
 The municipality covers 604.3 km2 (233.3 sq. mi)
geographical area.
 In the city the official data showing the population that is
3,348,536 which is reveal in the census which is conducted
1 February 2020.

20. NETHERLANDS / HOLLAND (HAGUE)
It is a country located in Western Europe with overseas
territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of
four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the
Netherlands. In Europe, the Netherlands consists of twelve
provinces, bordering Germany to the east, Belgium to the
south, and the North Sea to the northwest, with maritime
borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United
Kingdom.
• With a population of over half a million, “Hague” is the
third-largest city in the Netherlands.
• It has the large population city denoted as of
approximately 2.4 million.
• Hague is one of the largest metropolitan areas in Europe
and the second-most populous in the country.

21. BELGIUM (BRUSSELS)
Belgium is a country in Western Europe. The country is bordered
by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east,
Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the southwest, and
the North Sea to the northwest. It covers an area of
30,689 km2 (11,849 sq. mi) and has a population of more than
11.5 million, making it the 22nd most densely populated country
in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in
Europe, with a density of 376 per square kilometer (970/sq. mi).
 Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region
in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita.
 It covers 162 km2 (63 sq mi), a relatively small area compared
to the two other regions, and has a population of over
1.2 million.
 The five times larger metropolitan area of Brussels comprises
over 2.5 million people, which makes it the largest in Belgium.
 The population increment in urban area is 1,990,000.

22. GREECE (ATHENS)
 Greece is a country located in Southeastern Europe. Its
population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2021.
 Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and
Africa.
 Athens is its largest and capital city, followed
by Thessaloniki. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkans.
 Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's
oldest cities, with its recorded history spanning over 3,400
years and its earliest human presence beginning somewhere
between the 11th and 7th millennia BC
 In 2021, Athens' urban area hosted more than three and a
half million people, which is around 35% of the entire
population of Greece.

23. UNITED KINGDOM
(GREATER LONDON)
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly
known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain. It is a sovereign
country in north-western Europe, off the northwestern coast of the
European mainland. The total area of the United Kingdom is 93,628
square miles (242,500 km2), with an estimated population in 2020 of 67
million.
 The Greater London Built-up Area, or Greater London Urban Area,
is a conurbation in south-east England that constitutes the
continuous urban area of London, and includes surrounding
adjacent urban towns.
 It is the largest urban area in the United Kingdom with a population
of 9,787,426 in 2011.
 Urban Area had a population of 9,787,426 and occupied an area of
1,737.9 square kilometers (671.0 sq. mi) at the time of the 2011
census.

25. SOCIAL PROBLEMS & POLITICAL PROBLEMS
• It is observed that young people living in rural
areas have the desire to get the taste of
urban life.
• They have the urge to lead a life of richness
and indulge in youthful activities. Hence, they
migrate to urban areas.
• Again, due to lack of employment, such
people either experience immense poverty or
resort to illicit activities
• Naturally, the crime rate in urban areas
increases and causes a hindrance in urban
development.
• Political instability and disruption lead
to a chaotic situation in rural areas.
• Under these circumstances, people are
forced to leave their homes and
migrate to rural settlements.
• If a large number of people suddenly
migrate to urban areas, it causes the
population saturation in cities.
• It also creates a dent in the limited
resources available.
• Naturally, vast slums are developed on
the outskirts of these cities. And slums
give rise to a new set of problems.

26. HOUSING PROBLEMS & OVERCROWDING
• An increase in the number of people
within any area results in the problem of
accommodation.
• The population has also significantly
increased in the last few years.
• because of this population pressure,
urban areas face a scarcity of housing
facilities.
• It occurs because the expansion of
housing and public utilities has been
insufficient.
• Building material is also expensive,
which cannot be afforded by everybody
• Since there is a lack of housing
facilities, many people are forced
to share small living spaces.
• Congestion has significantly
increased with the influx of rural
population into urban areas.
• it increases pressure on land and
resources, creating a scarcity of
basic amenities.

27. SANITATION PROBLEMS & WATER SCARCITY
• There are too many people
inhabiting a small region in urban
cities.
• This results in inadequate sewage
facilities.
• Municipalities and local
governments have found it
particularly hard to take care of all
the waste generated in a city.
• Most of this is dumped into water
bodies, which results in pollution
and health hazards.
• Where the population has
increased, resources have
remained minimal.
• One major crisis that big cities
face today is water scarcity.
• Dry summer seasons are even
worse where water is available for
only some hours during the day.

28. A RISE IN THE CRIME RATE & UNEMPLOYMENT
• Due to the increase in migration towards
urban areas, cities experience various
problems due to lack of resources, poverty,
unemployment, overcrowding, and many
more.
• These economic problems give rise to many
social issues. These issues include vandalism,
increase in crime rate, drug abuse, etc.
• An economic backdrop in the city leads to
many social crimes like kidnapping, rape,
murder, theft, robbery, hijacking, etc.
• Such an open crime rate disturbs the peace
and stability of cities and towns.
• The increase in the price of urbanization will
only cause a significant boost in the crime rate.
• Although the primary reason for
urbanization was ample job
opportunities, the situation has
dramatically reversed now.
• Since several people flock to cities in
search of jobs, employing every one
of them becomes difficult.
• Moreover, jobs have become highly
specialized- not everyone can meet
all the job requirements of a profile.

29. URBAN SPRAWL IN EUROPE
 Urban sprawl has accompanied the development of towns and cities across
Europe over the past 50 years.
 European cities have expanded on average by 78 %, whereas the population
has grown by only 33 %.
 On a straight extrapolation of current practices, a 0.6 % annual increase in
urban areas, although apparently small, would lead to a doubling of the total
amount of urban area in a little over a century.
 Thus, urban sprawl, which remained an ignored challenge on a European
scale until very recently, is now rightly regarded as one of the major common
and cross-cutting issues facing Europe.

30. CHANGE IN CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS
Now that most of the population is living in urban areas – a factual reality for
the whole world since last year - agricultural land uses and their functions in
the countryside have evolved in order to ensure feeding city populations,
fuelling our cars and troublesome maintenance of depending rural structures
and functions. In this context, Europe’s coasts in particular and, to a lesser
degree, our mountains, are being urbanized at an accelerating rate – for
instance, urbanization of the coast grew about 30 % faster than inland areas.
Resident communities in these areas keep being transformed to
accommodate new economies increasingly intertwined with the hinterland
and principally dependent on tourism and the massive boom of secondary
homes. There is no apparent slowing in these trends, with the urban areas of
the southern, eastern and central parts of Europe particularly at risk.

31. Now that most of the population is living in urban areas – a factual
reality for the whole world since last year - agricultural land uses and
their functions in the countryside have evolved in order to
ensure feeding city populations, fuelling our cars and troublesome
maintenance of depending rural structures and functions.
In this context, Europe's coasts in particular and, to a lesser degree,
our mountains, are being urbanized at an accelerating rate – for
instance, urbanization of the coast grew about 30 % faster than inland
areas. Resident communities in these areas keep being transformed to
accommodate new economies increasingly intertwined with the
hinterland and principally dependent on tourism and the massive
boom of secondary homes.
There is no apparent slowing in these trends, with the urban areas of
the southern, eastern and central parts of Europe particularly at risk.

32. AGRICULTURAL LAND PRICES ARE
EXTREMELY LOW
In this context, another well-established fact, and an important factor underlying urban
sprawl, is the extremely low price of agricultural land -in most cases highly productive
agricultural land - compared to already urbanized land such as brownfield sites or
former industrial sites.
In many development projects, the cost of agricultural land acquisition is relatively low
and enables better profits to be realized than for already urban land or the use of
former industrial waste land, even if no remediation is needed.
This factor is particularly imperative in the economic heart of Europe stretching from the
United Kingdom down through the Benelux countries, Germany and France. The trend
of good agricultural land being deliberately and artificially maintained at a low value is
reinforced by the broad use of expropriation tools. A direct side effect of these
combined tools — low value, future use not taken into account, and expropriation — is
clearly demonstrated by the development of villages near cities, for residential or
business purposes.

33. SOLUTIONS FOR THE ISSUES OF
URBANIZATION
 The Europe's government needs to take more initiative in managing urban
lifestyle. There should be better urban planning, financing, and institutional
reforms.
 Governmental transfers and land utilization should be considered in line with a
large number of workers migrating into cities.
 There should be laws for sustainable and environmentally friendly. Smarter growth
techniques need to develop for conserving natural ecosystems.
 Tourism promotion, as well as sustainable use of natural resources, should be
made the founding base for creating more job opportunities.
 Stakeholders in urban regions can provide counseling and campaigns for active
health clinics as well as family planning. It is needed to keep the population growth
in check.
 Social management, along with public governance, needs to be improved. More
job opportunities need to be created for people who remain unemployed.

34. LAST THOUGHTS :
 Urbanization has increased dramatically in the past few decades.
 The issue of urbanization affects developing nations more than in developed countries.
 There are many reasons responsible for the increase in mind. These reasons include
commercialization, industrialization, political instability in rural areas, better facilities in
urban areas, etc.
 People also migrate to cities for acquiring education, availing better medical facilities,
and seeking better employment opportunities. There has been a rapid decrease in the
rural population as more and more people shift to urban regions and townships.
Although initially, this was a sign of growth and development, things are no longer the
same.
 Urbanization has certain essential benefits.
 But it also comes with a lot of negatives and downsides. If not managed properly, these
disadvantages will prove to be detrimental to the cities and the country as a whole.
 Governments and the general public need to manage and address this issue for
sustainable growth and development of the planet.

35. THANK YOU !

36. References:
https://www.eib.org/en/essays/the-story-of-your-city
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