1. The document discusses measurement of physical quantities including length and time. It describes the difference between scalars and vectors, and how to measure length using tools like rulers, vernier calipers, and micrometers.
2. Key concepts covered include defining physical quantities as having magnitude and units, classifying quantities as base or derived, and identifying the seven base SI units. It also discusses the difference between scalars, which only have magnitude, and vectors, which have both magnitude and direction.
3. Methods for measuring length accurately are described, including potential sources of error and how to reduce errors. Instruments like rulers, tapes, calipers and micrometers each have different ranges and precisions for measuring various lengths.
1. The document discusses the measurement of physical quantities, distinguishing between scalar and vector quantities. Scalar quantities only have magnitude, while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction.
2. Vectors can be added graphically using the parallelogram law or by placing the tail of one vector at the head of another.
3. Measurement involves errors that can be random or systematic. Random errors are reduced by averaging while systematic errors require identifying their source.
1. The document discusses the measurement of physical quantities, distinguishing between scalar and vector quantities. Scalar quantities only have magnitude, while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction.
2. Vectors can be added graphically using the parallelogram law or by placing the tail of one vector at the head of another.
3. Measurement involves errors that can be random or systematic. Random errors are reduced by averaging while systematic errors require identifying their source.
L2- AS-1 Physical quantities and units.pptxHamidUllah65
1. A physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured and consists of a numerical magnitude and a unit. There are two types of physical quantities: base quantities and derived quantities.
2. The seven base quantities in the International System of Units (SI) are length, mass, time, current, temperature, amount of substance and luminous intensity. Common base units include the meter, kilogram and second.
3. Measurements have uncertainty due to random and systematic errors. Random errors cause unpredictable fluctuations while systematic errors arise from faulty instruments or flawed methods. Precision refers to the closeness of repeated measurements while accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value.
This document discusses units of measurement and significant figures. It introduces the International System of Units (SI) which uses standard units like meters, kilograms, and seconds that are based on precise properties. Prefixes indicate powers of ten. Mass is a measure of matter, while weight varies by location. Volume is space occupied and is often measured in liters or milliliters. Conversion between units uses dimensional analysis. Measurements have uncertainty related to accuracy and precision. Significant figures determine the precision of calculations based on counting digits and rounding appropriately during arithmetic operations.
Units and measurements chapter 1 convertedAbhirajAshokPV
Class 11 Physics chapter one notes. simplified and reduced for better understanding and quick revisions.
Notes on Units, physical Quantities, errors, calculation of errors, and dimension analysis.
The document describes the objectives and key concepts of the first chapter of a physics textbook. It introduces the scientific method and its steps, including making observations, developing hypotheses, experimentation, and drawing conclusions. It also discusses the branches of physics, models and diagrams, units and measurements in physics, and interpreting data through tables, graphs, and equations.
1. The document provides an introduction to physics concepts including understanding physics, base and derived quantities, scalar and vector quantities, and measurements.
2. Key concepts discussed include the definition of physics, base units, derived units, scalar and vector quantities, and factors that affect the accuracy and sensitivity of measuring instruments.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate scientific notation, unit conversion, identifying systematic and random errors, and the proper use of instruments like the vernier caliper and micrometer screw gauge.
1. The document discusses the measurement of physical quantities, distinguishing between scalar and vector quantities. Scalar quantities only have magnitude, while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction.
2. Vectors can be added graphically using the parallelogram law or by placing the tail of one vector at the head of another.
3. Measurement involves errors that can be random or systematic. Random errors are reduced by averaging while systematic errors require identifying their source.
1. The document discusses the measurement of physical quantities, distinguishing between scalar and vector quantities. Scalar quantities only have magnitude, while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction.
2. Vectors can be added graphically using the parallelogram law or by placing the tail of one vector at the head of another.
3. Measurement involves errors that can be random or systematic. Random errors are reduced by averaging while systematic errors require identifying their source.
L2- AS-1 Physical quantities and units.pptxHamidUllah65
1. A physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured and consists of a numerical magnitude and a unit. There are two types of physical quantities: base quantities and derived quantities.
2. The seven base quantities in the International System of Units (SI) are length, mass, time, current, temperature, amount of substance and luminous intensity. Common base units include the meter, kilogram and second.
3. Measurements have uncertainty due to random and systematic errors. Random errors cause unpredictable fluctuations while systematic errors arise from faulty instruments or flawed methods. Precision refers to the closeness of repeated measurements while accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value.
This document discusses units of measurement and significant figures. It introduces the International System of Units (SI) which uses standard units like meters, kilograms, and seconds that are based on precise properties. Prefixes indicate powers of ten. Mass is a measure of matter, while weight varies by location. Volume is space occupied and is often measured in liters or milliliters. Conversion between units uses dimensional analysis. Measurements have uncertainty related to accuracy and precision. Significant figures determine the precision of calculations based on counting digits and rounding appropriately during arithmetic operations.
Units and measurements chapter 1 convertedAbhirajAshokPV
Class 11 Physics chapter one notes. simplified and reduced for better understanding and quick revisions.
Notes on Units, physical Quantities, errors, calculation of errors, and dimension analysis.
The document describes the objectives and key concepts of the first chapter of a physics textbook. It introduces the scientific method and its steps, including making observations, developing hypotheses, experimentation, and drawing conclusions. It also discusses the branches of physics, models and diagrams, units and measurements in physics, and interpreting data through tables, graphs, and equations.
1. The document provides an introduction to physics concepts including understanding physics, base and derived quantities, scalar and vector quantities, and measurements.
2. Key concepts discussed include the definition of physics, base units, derived units, scalar and vector quantities, and factors that affect the accuracy and sensitivity of measuring instruments.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate scientific notation, unit conversion, identifying systematic and random errors, and the proper use of instruments like the vernier caliper and micrometer screw gauge.
This document provides an introduction to physics, covering several key topics:
- The main areas of physics are mechanics, thermodynamics, vibrations and waves, optics, electromagnetism, relativity, and quantum mechanics.
- Dimensional analysis is used to determine whether equations are valid by checking that quantities with the same dimensions can be combined and that both sides of an equation have the same dimensions.
- Symbols like Δ, Σ, g, x are commonly used in physics equations to represent concepts like change, sum, gravitational acceleration, and displacement.
1) Physics aims to describe physical phenomena using fundamental relationships between measurable properties of matter and energy expressed mathematically as physical laws.
2) Measurements have inherent precision limits due to instrument accuracy. A device's precision is ±1/2 the smallest unit it can measure.
3) Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision describes the reproducibility of measurements. Significant digits indicate measurement certainty in calculations.
General Physics 1 Week 1 ppt.pptxxxxxxxxAliceRivera13
1) Physics aims to describe physical phenomena using fundamental relationships between measurable properties of matter and energy expressed mathematically as physical laws.
2) Measurements have inherent precision limits due to instrument accuracy. A measuring device's precision is ±1/2 the smallest unit it can measure.
3) Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision describes the reproducibility of measurements. Significant digits indicate measurement certainty in calculations.
This document discusses units of measurement and measurement techniques in physics. It describes the SI system of units based on meters, kilograms, and seconds as fundamental units. It also discusses derived units, scalar and vector quantities, and definitions of basic SI units. Measurement tools like vernier calipers and screw gauges are explained along with concepts like significant figures, accuracy, precision, and types of errors in measurements.
This document outlines the key topics covered in a course on scientific measurement:
1. It introduces different types of measurements and SI units.
2. It discusses derived units, and measuring mass, weight, and temperature.
3. It distinguishes between accuracy and precision in measurements.
4. It covers converting measurements to scientific notation and the importance of significant figures.
1-PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, UNITS & MEASUREMENT131029195248-phpapp01.pptChenKahPin
This document provides information about measuring units, scalars, vectors, and measurement techniques. It discusses:
- The definitions of scalars and vectors, and examples of each
- Common physical quantities that are scalars and vectors
- Techniques for measuring length using rulers, tapes, vernier calipers, and micrometers
- Adding vectors using graphical methods like the parallelogram method
- Measuring time intervals using clocks and stopwatches
1. Measurements are necessary for experiments, production, and quality control. Standard units are needed to make measurements reliable, accurate, and uniform for all.
2. The CGS, MKS, and SI systems define standard units for measurements of length, mass, and time. The SI system is now accepted internationally.
3. Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to the consistency of repeated measurements. Errors are the differences between measured and actual values.
The seven major fields of physics are mechanics, thermodynamics, waves, optics, electromagnetism, relativity, and quantum mechanics. The scientific method involves making observations, defining a problem, developing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis through experiments, and drawing a conclusion. The difference between accuracy and precision is that accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the accepted value, while precision refers to the repeatability of measurements and the number of significant figures used. Significant figures are used to express the precision of measurements by determining the number of digits that should be written.
This document discusses concepts related to measurement including units, standards, measuring instruments, and errors. It defines key terms like sensitivity, readability, accuracy, precision, uncertainty, static and dynamic characteristics. It describes different types of measuring instruments, methods of measurement, units in the SI system, and factors that influence measurement like sensitivity, resolution, drift, hysteresis, and errors. It also discusses calibration, correction, and interchangeability as they relate to measurement.
Physical quantities, units & measurements completeMak Dawoodi
The document discusses various physics concepts including fundamental and derived quantities, units, prefixes, scalars, vectors, and measuring instruments. It provides definitions and examples of physical and non-physical quantities, fundamental and derived units, and scalar and vector quantities. Measurement techniques and instruments for length and time such as meters, vernier callipers, screw gauges, and stopwatches are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of physical quantities and the International System of Units (SI) for measuring them. It defines physical quantities as things that can be measured with a magnitude and unit. The SI is standardized by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and uses seven base units: meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela, and mole. Derived quantities are defined in terms of base units, like speed being meters/second. Prefixes are used to modify units for very small or large numbers. The document gives examples of derived quantities and their units, like area being square meters.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from a chemistry textbook chapter on representing and analyzing data, including:
1) It discusses the SI system of measurement units and defines base units for time, length, mass, and temperature. Derived units like liters and the concept of density are also introduced.
2) Scientific notation and the technique of dimensional analysis for unit conversions are explained. Dimensional analysis uses conversion factors to change between units.
3) The concepts of accuracy, precision, error, and significant figures are defined as ways to quantify uncertainty in measurements and calculations. Graphs are described as a method to visually depict data trends.
This document provides information about an Advanced Physics course offered at Mbeya University of Science and Technology. The course code is NS 6141 and it covers dimensions of physical quantities, atomic theory, and radioactivity. It will be taught on Fridays from 7:30-9:45am in the Sports Hall by instructor Charles Kadala. Students will be assessed based on two class tests, assignments, and an end of semester exam. The document also provides details on the concepts that will be covered related to dimensions of physical quantities, including defining, explaining, deriving formulas for, and checking formulas using dimensions.
This document discusses concepts related to measurement including:
1. Measurement is defined as the numerical evaluation of a dimension or comparison to a standard. Measurements are needed to check quality, tolerances, and validate designs.
2. There are direct, indirect, comparative, coincidence, contact, deflection, and complementary methods of measurement. Measurement instruments can be analog, digital, active, passive, automatic, or manual.
3. Characteristics of measuring instruments include sensitivity, readability, accuracy, precision, resolution, threshold, drift, repeatability, and reproducibility. Static characteristics describe instruments for slowly varying quantities while dynamic characteristics describe fast varying quantities.
This document discusses measurement and instrumentation. It defines measurement as comparing an unknown quantity to a standard unit. Measurements can be direct, comparing the quantity directly to a standard, or indirect, using transducers to convert the quantity to a measured signal like voltage that is then compared to a standard. Indirect measurements are preferred as they are more accurate and sensitive. Measurements are classified as primary, direct comparison to standards, secondary, one conversion of the quantity, or tertiary, two conversions. Examples of instruments that perform primary, secondary and tertiary measurements are provided.
This document provides an overview of a chemistry unit on data and measurement. It discusses what data is, how it can be used, and various measurement skills including metric conversions, dimensional analysis, graphing, and calculating with significant figures. The unit covers scientific notation, uncertainty in data through accuracy, precision, error and significant figures. It also discusses representing data through different types of graphs and models, as well as the scientific method, research types, and differences between scientific theories and laws.
This document outlines the scheme and syllabus for a BSC-PHY&CHEM-22102 subject. It includes details on assessment components and their weightings. The theory component is worth 100 marks and includes an online exam worth 70 marks. Practical assessment (PA) is worth 30 marks. The syllabus covers 3 units - Units and Measurements (5 marks), Electricity, Magnetism, and Semiconductors (16 marks), and Heat and Optics (14 marks). Key concepts in the first unit include the necessity of measurement, definitions of units and physical quantities, and the International System of Units (SI).
Here are the steps to draw the graph shown:
1. Label the axes - In this case, the x-axis is labeled "Time (s)" and the y-axis is labeled "Displacement (m)".
2. Determine the scale of the axes - The scale allows you to determine the increments on each axis. In this graph, the x-axis scale appears to be 1 second per increment and the y-axis scale appears to be 1 meter per increment.
3. Plot the initial data point - The first data point given is (0,0) which represents time 0 seconds and displacement 0 meters. This point is plotted at the origin (where the axes intersect).
4. Plot subsequent data
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This document provides an introduction to physics, covering several key topics:
- The main areas of physics are mechanics, thermodynamics, vibrations and waves, optics, electromagnetism, relativity, and quantum mechanics.
- Dimensional analysis is used to determine whether equations are valid by checking that quantities with the same dimensions can be combined and that both sides of an equation have the same dimensions.
- Symbols like Δ, Σ, g, x are commonly used in physics equations to represent concepts like change, sum, gravitational acceleration, and displacement.
1) Physics aims to describe physical phenomena using fundamental relationships between measurable properties of matter and energy expressed mathematically as physical laws.
2) Measurements have inherent precision limits due to instrument accuracy. A device's precision is ±1/2 the smallest unit it can measure.
3) Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision describes the reproducibility of measurements. Significant digits indicate measurement certainty in calculations.
General Physics 1 Week 1 ppt.pptxxxxxxxxAliceRivera13
1) Physics aims to describe physical phenomena using fundamental relationships between measurable properties of matter and energy expressed mathematically as physical laws.
2) Measurements have inherent precision limits due to instrument accuracy. A measuring device's precision is ±1/2 the smallest unit it can measure.
3) Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision describes the reproducibility of measurements. Significant digits indicate measurement certainty in calculations.
This document discusses units of measurement and measurement techniques in physics. It describes the SI system of units based on meters, kilograms, and seconds as fundamental units. It also discusses derived units, scalar and vector quantities, and definitions of basic SI units. Measurement tools like vernier calipers and screw gauges are explained along with concepts like significant figures, accuracy, precision, and types of errors in measurements.
This document outlines the key topics covered in a course on scientific measurement:
1. It introduces different types of measurements and SI units.
2. It discusses derived units, and measuring mass, weight, and temperature.
3. It distinguishes between accuracy and precision in measurements.
4. It covers converting measurements to scientific notation and the importance of significant figures.
1-PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, UNITS & MEASUREMENT131029195248-phpapp01.pptChenKahPin
This document provides information about measuring units, scalars, vectors, and measurement techniques. It discusses:
- The definitions of scalars and vectors, and examples of each
- Common physical quantities that are scalars and vectors
- Techniques for measuring length using rulers, tapes, vernier calipers, and micrometers
- Adding vectors using graphical methods like the parallelogram method
- Measuring time intervals using clocks and stopwatches
1. Measurements are necessary for experiments, production, and quality control. Standard units are needed to make measurements reliable, accurate, and uniform for all.
2. The CGS, MKS, and SI systems define standard units for measurements of length, mass, and time. The SI system is now accepted internationally.
3. Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to the consistency of repeated measurements. Errors are the differences between measured and actual values.
The seven major fields of physics are mechanics, thermodynamics, waves, optics, electromagnetism, relativity, and quantum mechanics. The scientific method involves making observations, defining a problem, developing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis through experiments, and drawing a conclusion. The difference between accuracy and precision is that accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the accepted value, while precision refers to the repeatability of measurements and the number of significant figures used. Significant figures are used to express the precision of measurements by determining the number of digits that should be written.
This document discusses concepts related to measurement including units, standards, measuring instruments, and errors. It defines key terms like sensitivity, readability, accuracy, precision, uncertainty, static and dynamic characteristics. It describes different types of measuring instruments, methods of measurement, units in the SI system, and factors that influence measurement like sensitivity, resolution, drift, hysteresis, and errors. It also discusses calibration, correction, and interchangeability as they relate to measurement.
Physical quantities, units & measurements completeMak Dawoodi
The document discusses various physics concepts including fundamental and derived quantities, units, prefixes, scalars, vectors, and measuring instruments. It provides definitions and examples of physical and non-physical quantities, fundamental and derived units, and scalar and vector quantities. Measurement techniques and instruments for length and time such as meters, vernier callipers, screw gauges, and stopwatches are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of physical quantities and the International System of Units (SI) for measuring them. It defines physical quantities as things that can be measured with a magnitude and unit. The SI is standardized by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and uses seven base units: meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela, and mole. Derived quantities are defined in terms of base units, like speed being meters/second. Prefixes are used to modify units for very small or large numbers. The document gives examples of derived quantities and their units, like area being square meters.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from a chemistry textbook chapter on representing and analyzing data, including:
1) It discusses the SI system of measurement units and defines base units for time, length, mass, and temperature. Derived units like liters and the concept of density are also introduced.
2) Scientific notation and the technique of dimensional analysis for unit conversions are explained. Dimensional analysis uses conversion factors to change between units.
3) The concepts of accuracy, precision, error, and significant figures are defined as ways to quantify uncertainty in measurements and calculations. Graphs are described as a method to visually depict data trends.
This document provides information about an Advanced Physics course offered at Mbeya University of Science and Technology. The course code is NS 6141 and it covers dimensions of physical quantities, atomic theory, and radioactivity. It will be taught on Fridays from 7:30-9:45am in the Sports Hall by instructor Charles Kadala. Students will be assessed based on two class tests, assignments, and an end of semester exam. The document also provides details on the concepts that will be covered related to dimensions of physical quantities, including defining, explaining, deriving formulas for, and checking formulas using dimensions.
This document discusses concepts related to measurement including:
1. Measurement is defined as the numerical evaluation of a dimension or comparison to a standard. Measurements are needed to check quality, tolerances, and validate designs.
2. There are direct, indirect, comparative, coincidence, contact, deflection, and complementary methods of measurement. Measurement instruments can be analog, digital, active, passive, automatic, or manual.
3. Characteristics of measuring instruments include sensitivity, readability, accuracy, precision, resolution, threshold, drift, repeatability, and reproducibility. Static characteristics describe instruments for slowly varying quantities while dynamic characteristics describe fast varying quantities.
This document discusses measurement and instrumentation. It defines measurement as comparing an unknown quantity to a standard unit. Measurements can be direct, comparing the quantity directly to a standard, or indirect, using transducers to convert the quantity to a measured signal like voltage that is then compared to a standard. Indirect measurements are preferred as they are more accurate and sensitive. Measurements are classified as primary, direct comparison to standards, secondary, one conversion of the quantity, or tertiary, two conversions. Examples of instruments that perform primary, secondary and tertiary measurements are provided.
This document provides an overview of a chemistry unit on data and measurement. It discusses what data is, how it can be used, and various measurement skills including metric conversions, dimensional analysis, graphing, and calculating with significant figures. The unit covers scientific notation, uncertainty in data through accuracy, precision, error and significant figures. It also discusses representing data through different types of graphs and models, as well as the scientific method, research types, and differences between scientific theories and laws.
This document outlines the scheme and syllabus for a BSC-PHY&CHEM-22102 subject. It includes details on assessment components and their weightings. The theory component is worth 100 marks and includes an online exam worth 70 marks. Practical assessment (PA) is worth 30 marks. The syllabus covers 3 units - Units and Measurements (5 marks), Electricity, Magnetism, and Semiconductors (16 marks), and Heat and Optics (14 marks). Key concepts in the first unit include the necessity of measurement, definitions of units and physical quantities, and the International System of Units (SI).
Here are the steps to draw the graph shown:
1. Label the axes - In this case, the x-axis is labeled "Time (s)" and the y-axis is labeled "Displacement (m)".
2. Determine the scale of the axes - The scale allows you to determine the increments on each axis. In this graph, the x-axis scale appears to be 1 second per increment and the y-axis scale appears to be 1 meter per increment.
3. Plot the initial data point - The first data point given is (0,0) which represents time 0 seconds and displacement 0 meters. This point is plotted at the origin (where the axes intersect).
4. Plot subsequent data
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Units and Measurement 2.ppt
1. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
T H E M E O N E : M E A S U R E M E N T
C h a p t e r 1
Learning outcomes
• Understand that physical quantities have
numerical magnitude and a unit
• Recall base quantities and use prefixes
• Show an understanding of orders of magnitude
• Understand scalar and vector quantities
• Determine resultant vector by graphical method
• Measure length with measuring instruments
• Measure short interval of time using stopwatches
2. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Quantitative Observations
What can be measured with the
instruments on an aeroplane?
Qualitative Observations
How do you measure
artistic beauty?
1.1 Physical Quantities
Quantitative versus qualitative
• Most observation in physics are quantitative
• Descriptive observations (or qualitative) are usually imprecise
3. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.1 Physical Quantities
• A physical quantity is one that can be measured
and consists of a magnitude and unit.
SI units
are
common
today
Measuring length
70
km/h
4.5 m
Vehicles
Not
Exceeding
1500 kg In
Unladen
Weight
4. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Are classified into two types:
• Base quantities
• Derived quantities
1.1 Physical Quantities
Base quantity
is like the brick – the
basic building block of
a house
Derived quantity is like
the house that was
build up from a collection
of bricks (basic quantity)
5. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.2 SI Units
• SI Units – International System of Units
Base Quantities Name of Unit Symbol of Unit
length metre m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
electric current ampere A
temperature kelvin K
amount of substance mole mol
luminous intensity candela cd
6. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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This Platinum Iridium
cylinder is the standard
kilogram.
1.2 SI Units
7. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.2 SI Units
8. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.2 SI Units
• Example of derived quantity: area
Defining equation: area = length × width
In terms of units: Units of area = m × m = m2
Defining equation: volume = length × width × height
In terms of units: Units of volume = m × m × m = m2
Defining equation: density = mass ÷ volume
In terms of units: Units of density = kg / m3 = kg m−3
9. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.2 SI Units
• Work out the derived quantities for:
Defining equation: speed =
In terms of units: Units of speed =
Defining equation: acceleration =
In terms of units: Units of acceleration =
Defining equation: force = mass × acceleration
In terms of units: Units of force =
time
distance
time
velocity
10. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.2 SI Units
• Work out the derived quantities for:
Defining equation: Pressure =
In terms of units: Units of pressure =
Defining equation: Work = Force × Displacement
In terms of units: Units of work =
Defining equation: Power =
In terms of units: Units of power =
Area
Force
Time
done
Work
11. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Derived
Quantity
Relation with Base and
Derived Quantities
Unit
Special
Name
area length × width
volume length × width ×
height
density mass volume
speed distance time
acceleration change in velocity
time
force mass × acceleration newton
(N)
pressure force area pascal
(Pa)
work force × distance joule (J)
power work time watt (W)
1.2 SI Units
12. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.3 Prefixes
• Prefixes simplify the writing of very large or very
small quantities
Prefix Abbreviation Power
nano n 10−9
micro 10−6
milli m 10−3
centi c 10−2
deci d 10−1
kilo k 103
mega M 106
giga G 109
13. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.3 Prefixes
• Alternative writing method
• Using standard form
• N × 10n where 1 N < 10 and n is an integer
This galaxy is about 2.5 × 106
light years from the Earth.
The diameter of this atom
is about 1 × 10−10 m.
14. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1. A physical quantity is a quantity that can be
measured and consists of a numerical magnitude
and a unit.
2. The physical quantities can be classified into
base quantities and derived quantities.
3. There are seven base quantities: length, mass,
time, current, temperature, amount of
substance and luminous intensity.
4. The SI units for length, mass and time are metre,
kilogram and second respectively.
5. Prefixes are used to denote very big or very small
numbers.
16. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.4 Scalars and Vectors
• Scalar quantities are quantities that have
magnitude only. Two examples are shown below:
Measuring Mass Measuring Temperature
17. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.4 Scalars and Vectors
• Scalar quantities are added or subtracted by using
simple arithmetic.
Example: 4 kg plus 6 kg gives the answer 10 kg
+ =
4 kg
6 kg
10 kg
18. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.4 Scalars and Vectors
• Vector quantities are quantities that have both
magnitude and direction
Magnitude = 100 N
Direction = Left
A Force
19. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.4 Scalars and Vectors
• Examples of scalars and vectors
Scalars Vectors
distance displacement
speed velocity
mass weight
time acceleration
pressure force
energy momentum
volume
density
20. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.4 Scalars and Vectors
Adding Vectors using Graphical Method
• Parallel vectors can be added arithmetically
2 N
4 N
6 N 4 N
2 N
2 N
21. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.4 Scalars and Vectors
Adding Vectors using Graphical Method
• Non-parallel vectors are added by graphical
means using the parallelogram law
– Vectors can be represented graphically by arrows
– The length of the arrow represents the magnitude of the
vector
– The direction of the arrow represents the direction of the
vector
– The magnitude and direction of the resultant vector can be
found using an accurate scale drawing
5.0 cm 20.0 N
Direction = right
22. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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• The parallelogram law of vector addition states
that if two vectors acting at a point are
represented by the sides of a parallelogram
drawn from that point, their resultant is
represented by the diagonal which passes through
that point of the parallelogram
1.4 Scalars and Vectors
23. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.4 Scalars and Vectors
Another method of Adding Vectors
• To add vectors A and B
– place the starting point of B at the ending point of A
– The vector sum or resultant R is the vector joining the
starting point of vector A to the ending point of B
– Conversely, R can also be obtained by placing the
starting point of A at the ending point of B
– Now the resultant is represented by the vector joining
the starting point of B to the ending point of A
• See next slide
24. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.4 Scalars and Vectors
A
B
A
B
A
B
25. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1. Scalar quantities are quantities that only have
magnitudes
2. Vector quantities are quantities that have both
magnitude and direction
3. Parallel vectors can be added arithmetically
4. Non-parallel vectors are added by graphical
means using the parallelogram law
27. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Accurate Measurement
• No measurement is perfectly accurate
• Some error is inevitable even with high precision
instruments
• Two main types of errors
– Random errors
– Systematic errors
28. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Accurate Measurement
• Random errors occur in all measurements.
• Arise when observers estimate the last figure of
an instrument reading
• Also contributed by background noise or
mechanical vibrations in the laboratory.
• Called random errors because they are
unpredictable
• Minimise such errors by averaging a large number
of readings
• Freak results discarded before averaging
29. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Accurate Measurement
• Systematic errors are not random but constant
• Cause an experimenter to consistently
underestimate or overestimate a reading
• They Due to the equipment being used – e.g. a
ruler with zero error
• may be due to environmental factors – e.g.
weather conditions on a particular day
• Cannot be reduced by averaging, but they can be
eliminated if the sources of the errors are known
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
30. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Length
• Measuring tape is used to measure relatively long
lengths
• For shorter length, a metre rule or a shorter rule
will be more accurate
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
31. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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• Correct way to read the scale on a ruler
• Position eye perpendicularly at the mark on the
scale to avoids parallax errors
• Another reason for error: object not align or
arranged parallel to the scale
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
32. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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• Many instruments do not read exactly zero when
nothing is being measured
• Happen because they are out of adjustment or
some minor fault in the instrument
• Add or subtract the zero error from the reading
shown on the scale to obtain accurate readings
• Vernier calipers or micrometer screw gauge give
more accurate measurements
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
33. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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• Table 1.6 shows the range and precision of some
measuring instruments
Instrument Range of
measurement
Accuracy
Measuring tape 0 − 5 m 0.1 cm
Metre rule 0 − 1 m 0.1 cm
Vernier calipers 0 − 15 cm 0.01 cm
Micrometer screw gauge 0 − 2.5 cm 0.01 mm
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
34. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Vernier Calipers
• Allows measurements up to 0.01 cm
• Consists of a 9 mm long scale divided into 10
divisions
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
35. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Vernier Calipers
• The object being measured is between 2.4 cm
and 2.5 cm long.
• The second decimal number is the marking on the
vernier scale which coincides with a marking on
the main scale.
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
36. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
• Here the eighth marking on the vernier scale
coincides with the marking at C on the main scale
• Therefore the distance AB is 0.08 cm, i.e. the
length of the object is 2.48 cm
37. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
• The reading shown is 3.15 cm.
• The instrument also has inside jaws for measuring internal
diameters of tubes and containers.
• The rod at the end is used to measure depth of containers.
38. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Micrometer Screw Gauge
• To measure diameter of fine wires, thickness of
paper and small lengths, a micrometer screw
gauge is used
• The micrometer has two scales:
• Main scale on the sleeve
• Circular scale on the thimble
• There are 50 divisions on the thimble
• One complete turn of the thimble moves the
spindle by 0.50 mm
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
39. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Micrometer Screw Gauge
• Two scales: main scale and circular scale
• One complete turn moves the spindle by 0.50 mm.
• Each division on the circular scale = 0.01 mm
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
40. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Precautions when using a micrometer
1. Never tighten thimble too much
– Modern micrometers have a ratchet to avoid this
2. Clean the ends of the anvil and spindle before
making a measurement
– Any dirt on either of surfaces could affect the reading
3. Check for zero error by closing the micrometer
when there is nothing between the anvil and
spindle
– The reading should be zero, but it is common to find a
small zero error
–Correct zero error by adjusting the final measurement
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
41. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
Time
• Measured in years, months, days, hours, minutes
and seconds
• SI unit for time is the second (s).
• Clocks use a process which depends on a
regularly repeating motion termed oscillations.
42. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Caesium atomic clock
• 1999 - NIST-F1 begins operation with an
uncertainty of 1.7 × 10−15, or accuracy to about one
second in 20 million years
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
43. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Time
• The oscillation of a simple pendulum is an
example of a regularly repeating motion.
• The time for 1 complete oscillation is referred to
as the period of the oscillation.
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
44. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Pendulum Clock
• Measures long intervals of time
• Hours, minutes and seconds
• Mass at the end of the chain attached
to the clock is allowed to fall
• Gravitational potential energy from
descending mass is used to keep the
pendulum swinging
• In clocks that are wound up, this
energy is stored in coiled springs as
elastic potential energy.
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
45. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Watch
• also used to measure long intervals of time
• most depend on the vibration of quartz crystals
to keep accurate time
• energy from a battery keeps quartz crystals
vibrating
• some watches also make use of coiled springs to
supply the needed energy
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
46. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Stopwatch
• Measure short intervals of time
• Two types: digital stopwatch, analogue stopwatch
• Digital stopwatch more accurate as it can measure
time in intervals of 0.01 seconds.
• Analogue stopwatch measures time in intervals of
0.1 seconds.
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
47. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Errors occur in measuring time
• If digital stopwatch is used to time a race,
should not record time to the nearest 0.01 s.
• reaction time in starting and stopping the watch
will be more than a few hundredths of a second
• an analogue stopwatch would be just as useful
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
48. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Ticker-tape Timer
• electrical device making use of the oscillations of a
steel strip to mark short intervals of time
• steel strip vibrates 50 times a second and makes 50
dots a second on a paper tape being pulled past it
• used only in certain physics experiments
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
49. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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Ticker-tape Timer
• Time interval between two consecutive dots is
0.02 s
• If there are 10 spaces on a pieces of tape, time
taken is 10 × 0.02 s = 0.20 s.
• Counting of the dots starts from zero
• A 10-dot tape is shown below.
1.5 Measurement of Length and Time
50. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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1. The metre rule and half-metre rule are used to
measure lengths accurately to 0.1 cm.
2. Vernier calipers are used to measure lengths to a
precision of 0.01 cm.
3. Micrometer are used to measure length to a
precision of 0.01 mm.
4. Parallax error is due to:
(a) incorrect positioning of the eye
(b) object not being at the same level as the
marking on the scale
51. Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement
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5. Zero error is due to instruments that do not read
exactly zero when there is nothing being
measured.
6. The time for one complete swing of a pendulum is
called its period of oscillation.
7. As the length of the pendulum increases, the
period of oscillation increases as well.