The document discusses linear data structures and lists. It describes lists as an abstract data type (ADT) that can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The key operations on lists are described as insertion, deletion, traversal, and others. Examples of list operations and their implementations in an array-based list are provided, including adding and removing elements from the front, back, and a given position.
1.Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms.pptxBlueSwede
This document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It defines basic terminology like data, entities, information, and operations. It categorizes data structures as primitive and non-primitive. Primitive types include integers and characters, while non-primitive types are arrays, structures, and classes. Linear data structures like arrays maintain adjacency, while non-linear structures like trees and graphs do not. Common data structures like stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, and graphs are described along with their implementations and operations. The advantages of using abstract data types to encapsulate implementation details are also discussed.
This document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It defines data structures as a way of organizing data that considers both the items stored and their relationship. Common data structures include stacks, queues, lists, trees, graphs, and tables. Data structures are classified as primitive or non-primitive based on how close the data items are to machine-level instructions. Linear data structures like arrays and linked lists store data in a sequence, while non-linear structures like trees and graphs do not rely on sequence. The document outlines several common data structures and their characteristics, as well as abstract data types, algorithms, and linear data structures like arrays. It provides examples of one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays and how they are represented in
The document discusses list data structures and their implementation using arrays and linked memory. It describes common list operations like insertion, removal, searching, and provides examples of how to implement them with arrays and linked lists. Key list operations include adding and removing elements from different positions, accessing elements by index or pointer, and traversing the list forward and backward. Linked lists offer more flexibility than arrays by not requiring predefined memory allocation.
This document discusses the key concepts and operations related to linked lists. It describes the different types of linked lists including singly linked lists, doubly linked lists, circular linked lists, and circular doubly linked lists. It provides algorithms for common linked list operations like insertion, deletion, and traversal. Memory allocation and various applications of linked lists are also covered.
This document provides an introduction to data structures. It discusses primitive and non-primitive data structures and their classifications. Linear data structures like arrays, stacks, queues and linked lists are covered, along with non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures like traversing, searching, inserting and deleting are also summarized. Finally, the document introduces abstract data types and provides examples of common ADT specifications for lists, stacks and queues.
This document discusses linear and non-linear data structures. Linear data structures like arrays, stacks, and queues store elements sequentially. Static linear structures like arrays have fixed sizes while dynamic structures like linked lists can grow and shrink. Non-linear structures like trees and graphs store elements in a hierarchical manner. Common abstract data types (ADTs) include stacks, queues, and lists, which define operations without specifying implementation. Lists can be implemented using arrays or linked lists.
This document provides an introduction to data structures. It discusses primitive and non-primitive data structures and their classifications. Linear data structures like arrays, stacks, queues and linked lists are covered, along with non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures are also summarized such as traversing, searching, inserting and deleting. Finally, abstract data types and examples of common ADTs like lists, stacks and queues are introduced.
1.Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms.pptxBlueSwede
This document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It defines basic terminology like data, entities, information, and operations. It categorizes data structures as primitive and non-primitive. Primitive types include integers and characters, while non-primitive types are arrays, structures, and classes. Linear data structures like arrays maintain adjacency, while non-linear structures like trees and graphs do not. Common data structures like stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, and graphs are described along with their implementations and operations. The advantages of using abstract data types to encapsulate implementation details are also discussed.
This document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It defines data structures as a way of organizing data that considers both the items stored and their relationship. Common data structures include stacks, queues, lists, trees, graphs, and tables. Data structures are classified as primitive or non-primitive based on how close the data items are to machine-level instructions. Linear data structures like arrays and linked lists store data in a sequence, while non-linear structures like trees and graphs do not rely on sequence. The document outlines several common data structures and their characteristics, as well as abstract data types, algorithms, and linear data structures like arrays. It provides examples of one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays and how they are represented in
The document discusses list data structures and their implementation using arrays and linked memory. It describes common list operations like insertion, removal, searching, and provides examples of how to implement them with arrays and linked lists. Key list operations include adding and removing elements from different positions, accessing elements by index or pointer, and traversing the list forward and backward. Linked lists offer more flexibility than arrays by not requiring predefined memory allocation.
This document discusses the key concepts and operations related to linked lists. It describes the different types of linked lists including singly linked lists, doubly linked lists, circular linked lists, and circular doubly linked lists. It provides algorithms for common linked list operations like insertion, deletion, and traversal. Memory allocation and various applications of linked lists are also covered.
This document provides an introduction to data structures. It discusses primitive and non-primitive data structures and their classifications. Linear data structures like arrays, stacks, queues and linked lists are covered, along with non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures like traversing, searching, inserting and deleting are also summarized. Finally, the document introduces abstract data types and provides examples of common ADT specifications for lists, stacks and queues.
This document discusses linear and non-linear data structures. Linear data structures like arrays, stacks, and queues store elements sequentially. Static linear structures like arrays have fixed sizes while dynamic structures like linked lists can grow and shrink. Non-linear structures like trees and graphs store elements in a hierarchical manner. Common abstract data types (ADTs) include stacks, queues, and lists, which define operations without specifying implementation. Lists can be implemented using arrays or linked lists.
This document provides an introduction to data structures. It discusses primitive and non-primitive data structures and their classifications. Linear data structures like arrays, stacks, queues and linked lists are covered, along with non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures are also summarized such as traversing, searching, inserting and deleting. Finally, abstract data types and examples of common ADTs like lists, stacks and queues are introduced.
Here's a suggestion for a description to upload your document on a website:
"Unlock the power of data structures with our comprehensive guide! Dive into the world of linked lists, Stack ADT (Abstract Data Type), and Queue ADT with our expertly curated document. Whether you're a seasoned programmer or just starting out, our resource provides clear explanations, insightful examples, and practical applications to help you master these fundamental concepts. Explore the intricacies of linked lists for efficient data storage, understand the versatility of Stack ADT for managing data in a Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) fashion, and delve into the functionality of Queue ADT for orderly data processing in a First-In, First-Out (FIFO) manner. Elevate your understanding of data structures and revolutionize your programming skills with our invaluable document. With clear explanations, illustrative examples, and practical exercises, our document equips you with the knowledge and skills needed to conquer data structure challenges with confidence. Whether you're a student embarking on your journey into computer science or a seasoned developer .Seeking to expand your repertoire, our resource is your roadmap to success.
Download our document now and embark on a transformative learning experience that will elevate your programming prowess to new heights!"
This document discusses data structures and algorithms. It defines data structures as representations of logical relationships between data elements that consider both the elements and their relationships. It classifies data structures as primitive, non-primitive, and abstract data types. It describes linear data structures like lists, stacks, and queues and non-linear structures. It provides examples of implementations like arrays, linked lists, and indirect addressing for different data structures.
Data structure & algorithms introductionSugandh Wafai
The document discusses data structures and algorithms. It defines key concepts like data items, entities, attributes, and data processing operations. It then describes common linear data structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues. Non-linear structures like trees and graphs are also covered. Common algorithms for traversing, searching, inserting, deleting, sorting, and merging data are listed. The concepts of abstract data types and algorithm analysis are briefly introduced.
The document discusses data structures and algorithms. It aims to understand abstract data types (ADTs) and their implementation, apply sorting and searching techniques, and learn algorithm design. It covers linear data structures like arrays and linked lists, and non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Specifically, it describes the list ADT and implementations using arrays and linked lists, discussing creation, insertion, deletion and other list operations.
Data structures are used to organize data efficiently to perform operations on large amounts of data. They include primitive structures like integers and floats, as well as linear structures like arrays, stacks, and queues and non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures include traversing, inserting, deleting, searching, and sorting data elements. Understanding which data structure to use for a given problem is important to write efficient programs as data volumes continue growing rapidly.
This document discusses various common data structures, including their definitions, examples, and basic operations. It begins by defining an abstract data type and explaining that a data structure provides one way to implement an ADT by organizing data. Then it provides examples of common data structures like queues, stacks, binary search trees, lists, arrays, linked lists, graphs, and hashing. For each it briefly explains what it is, potential applications, and some basic operations that can be performed on it.
This presentation covers data structures including arrays, linked lists, and stacks. It discusses array types (one and multi-dimensional), linked list types (singly, doubly, circular), and common operations for each. Stack operations like push, pop, peek and applications for infix, prefix, postfix notation conversion are also explained with examples. Code snippets are provided for array traversal, insertion, deletion as well as linked list creation, insertion, deletion and traversal.
Data Structures and algoithms Unit - 1.pptxmexiuro901
it is about data structures and algorithms. this ppt has all data structures like linkedlist, trees, graph,it is about data structures and algorithms. this ppt has all data structures like linkedlist, trees, graph,it is about data structures and algorithms. this ppt has all data structures like linkedlist, trees, graph,
This document discusses data structures and provides examples of different linear data structures including arrays, stacks, queues, and linked lists. It begins by defining what a data structure is, explaining that a data structure organizes data in a systematic way to allow for efficient use. The document then reviews key concepts about each linear data structure, including common operations, implementations using arrays vs pointers, and examples of applications that each data structure can be used for. Real-world examples are provided to illustrate common uses of different data structures.
This document discusses different types of linked lists including singly linked lists, circular linked lists, and doubly linked lists. It provides details on representing stacks and queues using linked lists. Key advantages of linked lists over arrays are that linked lists can dynamically grow in size as needed, elements can be inserted and deleted without shifting other elements, and there is no memory wastage. Operations like insertion, deletion, traversal, and searching are described for singly linked lists along with sample C code to implement a linked list, stack, and queue.
This document discusses linked lists, their types, operations, and applications. It covers:
- Linked lists are dynamic data structures that allow elements to be added or removed easily. They consist of nodes that point to the next node.
- The main types are single linked lists, doubly linked lists, and circular linked lists. Doubly linked lists allow traversal in both directions.
- Basic linked list operations include initialization, adding elements, traversing nodes, and removing elements.
- Linked lists can be used to implement stacks, queues, and priority queues. They are also useful for simulation models using events.
The document discusses different types of list data structures. It describes lists as sequential data structures that can be implemented as arrays or linked lists. Linked lists have nodes that are linked together via pointers. There are different types of linked lists including singly linked lists where each node has a next node pointer, circular lists where nodes form a ring, and doubly linked lists where each node has pointers to the next and previous nodes. The document provides examples and illustrations of implementing various list operations for each type of linked list.
This document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It defines an algorithm as a set of steps to solve a problem and describes data structures as organized ways to store and access data. Common data structures include arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees and graphs. Abstract data types define the fundamental operations on data objects in a data structure independently of their implementation. Linear data structures like arrays represent lists in one dimension while non-linear structures represent two-dimensional relationships. Stacks follow the last-in, first-out principle with push and pop operations, while queues are first-in, first-out. Selection of the appropriate data structure depends on the application.
This chapter discusses different data structures and their applications. It begins with classifying data structures as primitive and non-primitive. Common linear data structures like stacks, queues, and linked lists are described. Stacks follow LIFO while queues follow FIFO. Linked lists use nodes connected by pointers. The chapter provides examples of implementing operations for these structures.
1) The document discusses various data structures and algorithms including arrays, stacks, queues, pointers, and linked lists.
2) It provides details on common data structure operations like insertion, deletion, sorting, and searching. Linear and non-linear data structures are described.
3) Examples of how each data structure works are given, such as the push and pop operations for stacks, and insertion and deletion for queues. Applications like arithmetic expressions and recursion are discussed.
The document discusses data structures and describes arrays and linked lists. It explains that arrays store data in contiguous memory locations, while linked lists store data as separate nodes that are linked together via memory addresses. The document outlines common operations for lists like insertion, removal, and traversal. It also analyzes the time complexity of different array list operations like add, remove, and find.
Data structures allow for the efficient organization and storage of data in a computer's memory. They include primitive structures like integers and strings, as well as non-primitive structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs. Operations on data structures include traversing, searching, inserting, deleting, sorting, and merging. Abstract data types define the data type and operations that can be performed without specifying how they are implemented, separating the interface from the underlying implementation.
The document discusses different data types and data structures. It begins by defining raw data, data items, and data structures. It then describes primitive and non-primitive data types, including integers, reals, characters, arrays, structures, classes and unions. The document also covers different data structures like arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists and trees. It explains how each data structure stores and organizes data and describes common operations like insertion, deletion, searching, traversal and sorting.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Here's a suggestion for a description to upload your document on a website:
"Unlock the power of data structures with our comprehensive guide! Dive into the world of linked lists, Stack ADT (Abstract Data Type), and Queue ADT with our expertly curated document. Whether you're a seasoned programmer or just starting out, our resource provides clear explanations, insightful examples, and practical applications to help you master these fundamental concepts. Explore the intricacies of linked lists for efficient data storage, understand the versatility of Stack ADT for managing data in a Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) fashion, and delve into the functionality of Queue ADT for orderly data processing in a First-In, First-Out (FIFO) manner. Elevate your understanding of data structures and revolutionize your programming skills with our invaluable document. With clear explanations, illustrative examples, and practical exercises, our document equips you with the knowledge and skills needed to conquer data structure challenges with confidence. Whether you're a student embarking on your journey into computer science or a seasoned developer .Seeking to expand your repertoire, our resource is your roadmap to success.
Download our document now and embark on a transformative learning experience that will elevate your programming prowess to new heights!"
This document discusses data structures and algorithms. It defines data structures as representations of logical relationships between data elements that consider both the elements and their relationships. It classifies data structures as primitive, non-primitive, and abstract data types. It describes linear data structures like lists, stacks, and queues and non-linear structures. It provides examples of implementations like arrays, linked lists, and indirect addressing for different data structures.
Data structure & algorithms introductionSugandh Wafai
The document discusses data structures and algorithms. It defines key concepts like data items, entities, attributes, and data processing operations. It then describes common linear data structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues. Non-linear structures like trees and graphs are also covered. Common algorithms for traversing, searching, inserting, deleting, sorting, and merging data are listed. The concepts of abstract data types and algorithm analysis are briefly introduced.
The document discusses data structures and algorithms. It aims to understand abstract data types (ADTs) and their implementation, apply sorting and searching techniques, and learn algorithm design. It covers linear data structures like arrays and linked lists, and non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Specifically, it describes the list ADT and implementations using arrays and linked lists, discussing creation, insertion, deletion and other list operations.
Data structures are used to organize data efficiently to perform operations on large amounts of data. They include primitive structures like integers and floats, as well as linear structures like arrays, stacks, and queues and non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures include traversing, inserting, deleting, searching, and sorting data elements. Understanding which data structure to use for a given problem is important to write efficient programs as data volumes continue growing rapidly.
This document discusses various common data structures, including their definitions, examples, and basic operations. It begins by defining an abstract data type and explaining that a data structure provides one way to implement an ADT by organizing data. Then it provides examples of common data structures like queues, stacks, binary search trees, lists, arrays, linked lists, graphs, and hashing. For each it briefly explains what it is, potential applications, and some basic operations that can be performed on it.
This presentation covers data structures including arrays, linked lists, and stacks. It discusses array types (one and multi-dimensional), linked list types (singly, doubly, circular), and common operations for each. Stack operations like push, pop, peek and applications for infix, prefix, postfix notation conversion are also explained with examples. Code snippets are provided for array traversal, insertion, deletion as well as linked list creation, insertion, deletion and traversal.
Data Structures and algoithms Unit - 1.pptxmexiuro901
it is about data structures and algorithms. this ppt has all data structures like linkedlist, trees, graph,it is about data structures and algorithms. this ppt has all data structures like linkedlist, trees, graph,it is about data structures and algorithms. this ppt has all data structures like linkedlist, trees, graph,
This document discusses data structures and provides examples of different linear data structures including arrays, stacks, queues, and linked lists. It begins by defining what a data structure is, explaining that a data structure organizes data in a systematic way to allow for efficient use. The document then reviews key concepts about each linear data structure, including common operations, implementations using arrays vs pointers, and examples of applications that each data structure can be used for. Real-world examples are provided to illustrate common uses of different data structures.
This document discusses different types of linked lists including singly linked lists, circular linked lists, and doubly linked lists. It provides details on representing stacks and queues using linked lists. Key advantages of linked lists over arrays are that linked lists can dynamically grow in size as needed, elements can be inserted and deleted without shifting other elements, and there is no memory wastage. Operations like insertion, deletion, traversal, and searching are described for singly linked lists along with sample C code to implement a linked list, stack, and queue.
This document discusses linked lists, their types, operations, and applications. It covers:
- Linked lists are dynamic data structures that allow elements to be added or removed easily. They consist of nodes that point to the next node.
- The main types are single linked lists, doubly linked lists, and circular linked lists. Doubly linked lists allow traversal in both directions.
- Basic linked list operations include initialization, adding elements, traversing nodes, and removing elements.
- Linked lists can be used to implement stacks, queues, and priority queues. They are also useful for simulation models using events.
The document discusses different types of list data structures. It describes lists as sequential data structures that can be implemented as arrays or linked lists. Linked lists have nodes that are linked together via pointers. There are different types of linked lists including singly linked lists where each node has a next node pointer, circular lists where nodes form a ring, and doubly linked lists where each node has pointers to the next and previous nodes. The document provides examples and illustrations of implementing various list operations for each type of linked list.
This document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It defines an algorithm as a set of steps to solve a problem and describes data structures as organized ways to store and access data. Common data structures include arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees and graphs. Abstract data types define the fundamental operations on data objects in a data structure independently of their implementation. Linear data structures like arrays represent lists in one dimension while non-linear structures represent two-dimensional relationships. Stacks follow the last-in, first-out principle with push and pop operations, while queues are first-in, first-out. Selection of the appropriate data structure depends on the application.
This chapter discusses different data structures and their applications. It begins with classifying data structures as primitive and non-primitive. Common linear data structures like stacks, queues, and linked lists are described. Stacks follow LIFO while queues follow FIFO. Linked lists use nodes connected by pointers. The chapter provides examples of implementing operations for these structures.
1) The document discusses various data structures and algorithms including arrays, stacks, queues, pointers, and linked lists.
2) It provides details on common data structure operations like insertion, deletion, sorting, and searching. Linear and non-linear data structures are described.
3) Examples of how each data structure works are given, such as the push and pop operations for stacks, and insertion and deletion for queues. Applications like arithmetic expressions and recursion are discussed.
The document discusses data structures and describes arrays and linked lists. It explains that arrays store data in contiguous memory locations, while linked lists store data as separate nodes that are linked together via memory addresses. The document outlines common operations for lists like insertion, removal, and traversal. It also analyzes the time complexity of different array list operations like add, remove, and find.
Data structures allow for the efficient organization and storage of data in a computer's memory. They include primitive structures like integers and strings, as well as non-primitive structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs. Operations on data structures include traversing, searching, inserting, deleting, sorting, and merging. Abstract data types define the data type and operations that can be performed without specifying how they are implemented, separating the interface from the underlying implementation.
The document discusses different data types and data structures. It begins by defining raw data, data items, and data structures. It then describes primitive and non-primitive data types, including integers, reals, characters, arrays, structures, classes and unions. The document also covers different data structures like arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists and trees. It explains how each data structure stores and organizes data and describes common operations like insertion, deletion, searching, traversal and sorting.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes.pdf
unit-ids17-180709051413-1.pdf
1. UNIT - I
LINEAR DATA STRUCTURES – LIST
Abstract Data Types (ADTs) – List ADT – array-based implementation –
linked list implementation ––singly linked lists- circularly linked lists-
doubly-linked lists – applications of lists –Polynomial Manipulation – All
operations (Insertion, Deletion, Merge, Traversal).
Elavarasi.K
AP/CSE
S.A Engineering College
06-06-2018 CS8351 - DATA STRUCTURES 1
2. Introduction to DS
• Data structures are generally based on the ability of a computer to
fetch and store data at any place in its memory, specified by a pointer
• Thus, the array and record data structures are based on computing the
addresses of data items with arithmetic operations
• What is Program?
• A Set of Instructions
Data Structures + Algorithms
Data Structure = A Container stores Data
Algorithm = Logic + Control
CS8351 - DATA STRUCTURES
06-06-2018 2
3. • Data Structure
• Data: are simply a value are set of values of different type which is called data
types like string, integer, char etc.
• Structure: Way of organizing information, so that it is easier to use
In simple words we can define data structures as
• Its a way organizing data in such a way so that data can be easier to use.
• Data Structure ..
• A data structure is a particular way of organizing data in a computer so that it
can be used efficiently.
• A scheme for organizing related pieces of information.
06-06-2018 CS8351 - DATA STRUCTURES 3
5. • Primitive Data Structure:
• A Primitive Data Structure used to represent the standard data types of any one of the computer
languages (integer, Character, float etc.).
• Non - Primitive Data Structure :
• A Primitive Data Structure can be constructed with the help of any one of the primitive data
structure.
• It can be structure and it is having a specific functionality.
• It can be designed by user.
• It can be classified as Linear and Non-Linear Data Structure.
06-06-2018 CS8351 - DATA STRUCTURES 5
Linear Data Structures:
A linear data structure traverses the data elements sequentially, in which only one data element
can directly be reached.
Ex: Arrays, Linked Lists ,Stacks, Queues
Non-Linear Data Structures:
Every data item is attached to several other data items in a way that is specific for reflecting
relationships. The data items are not arranged in a sequential structure.
Ex: Trees, Graphs ,Heaps
6. Operations on Data Structures
• The basic operations that are performed on data structures are as follows:
• Traversal: Traversal of a data structure means processing all the data elements
present in it exactly once.
• Insertion: Insertion means addition of a new data element in a data structure.
• Deletion: Deletion means removal of a data element from a data structure if it is
found.
• Searching: Searching involves searching for the specified data element in a data
structure.
• Sorting: Arranging data elements of a data structure in a specified order is called
sorting.
• Merging: Combining elements of two similar data structures to form a new data
structure of the same type, is called merging.
06-06-2018 CS8351 - DATA STRUCTURES 6
7. Abstract Data Types (ADTs)
• An Abstract Data type refers to set of data values and associated operations
that are specified accurately, independent of any particular implementation.
(Or)
• ADT is a user defined data type which encapsulates a range of data values
and their functions.
(Or)
• An Abstract Data Type is a mathematical model of a data structure. It
describes a container which holds a finite number of objects where the
objects may be associated through a given binary relationship.
Ex: List, Stack ,Queue
06-06-2018 CS8351 - DATA STRUCTURES 7
8. The LIST ADT
• A list or sequence is an abstract data type that represents a countable number of
ordered values, where the same value may occur more than once.
A sequence of zero or more elements
A1, A2, A3, … AN
N: length of the list
A1: first element
AN: last element
Ai: position i
If N=0, then empty list
Linearly ordered
Ai precedes Ai+1
Ai follows Ai-1
06-06-2018 CS8351 - DATA STRUCTURES 8
Lists are a basic example of containers, as they contain other values. If the same
value occurs multiple times, each occurrence is considered a distinct item.
9. Operations
• A list contains elements of same type arranged in sequential order and
following operations can be performed on the list.
get() – Return an element from the list at any given position.
insert() – Insert an element at any position of the list.
remove() – Remove the first occurrence of any element from a non-empty
list.
removeAt() – Remove the element at a specified location from a non-
empty list.
replace() – Replace an element at any position by another element.
size() – Return the number of elements in the list.
isEmpty() – Return true if the list is empty, otherwise return false.
isFull() – Return true if the list is full, otherwise return false.
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10. Implementation of LIST ADT
• Each operation associated with the ADT is implemented by one or more
subroutines
• Two standard implementations for the list ADT
• Array-based
• Linked list
• An array is a random access data structure, where each element can be accessed
directly and in constant time.
• A typical illustration of random access is a book - each page of the book can be open
independently of others.
• A linked list is a sequential access data structure, where each element can be
accessed only in particular order.
• A typical illustration of sequential access is a roll of paper or tape - all prior material must be
unrolled in order to get to data you want.
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11. An Array-based Implementation (LIST)
• An Array is a data structure which can store a fixed-size sequential collection
of elements of the same type.
(An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a
collection of variables of the same type.)
• Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, ..., and
number99, you declare one array variable such as numbers and use
numbers[0], numbers[1], and ..., numbers[99] to represent individual variables.
• A specific element in an array is accessed by an index.
• All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest address
corresponds to the first element and the highest address to the last element.
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13. Operations:
Is Empty(LIST)
If (Current Size==0) "LIST is Empty"
else "LIST is not Empty"
Is Full(LIST)
If (Current Size=Max Size) "LIST is FULL"
else "LIST is not FULL“
Insert Element to End of the LIST
1. Check that weather the List is full or not
1. If List is full return error message ”List is full. Can’t Insert”.
2. If List is not full.
1. Get the position to insert the new element by Position=Current Size+1
2. Insert the element to the Position
3. Increase the Current Size by 1 i.e. Current Size=Current Size+1
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14. Delete Element from End of the LIST
1. Check that weather the List is empty or not
1. If List is empty return error message ”List is Empty. Can't Delete”.
2. If List is not Empty.
1. Get the position of the element to delete by Position=Current Size
2. Delete the element from the Position
3. Decrease the Current Size by 1 i.e. Current Size=Current Size-1
Insert Element to front of the LIST
1. Check that weather the List is full or not
1. If List is full return error message ”List is full. Can't Insert”.
2. If List is not full.
1. Free the 1st Position of the list by moving all the Element to one position forward i.e New
Position=Current Position + 1.
2. Insert the element to the 1st Position
3. Increase the Current Size by 1 i.e. Current Size=Current Size+1
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15. Delete Element from front of the LIST
1. Check that weather the List is empty or not
1. If List is empty return error message ”List is Empty. Can't Delete”.
2. If List is not Empty.
1. Move all the elements except one in the 1st position to one position backward i.e New Position=
Current Position -1
2. After the 1st step, element in the 1st position will be automatically deleted.
3. Decrease the Current Size by 1 i.e. Current Size=Current Size-1
Insert Element to nth Position of the LIST
1. Check that weather the List is full or not
1. If List is full return error message ”List is full. Can't Insert”.
2. If List is not full.
1. If List is Empty, Insert element at Position 1.
2. If (nth Position > Current Size)
1. Return message “nth Position Not available in List”
3. else
1. Free the nth Position of the list by moving all Elements to one position
forward except n-1,n-2,... 1 Position i.e move only from n to current
size position Elements. i.e New Position=Current Position + 1.
2. Insert the element to the nth Position
3. Increase the Current Size by 1 i.e. Current Size=Current Size+1
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16. Delete Element from nth Position of the LIST
1. Check that weather the List is Empty or not
1. If List is Empty return error message ”List is Empty.”
2. If List is not Empty.
1. If (nth Position > Current Size)
1. Return message “nth Position Not available in List”
2. If (nth Position == Current Size)
1. Delete the element from nth Position
2. Decrease the Current Size by 1 i.e. Current Size=Current Size-1
3. If (nth Position < Current Size)
1. Move all the Elements to one position backward except n,n-1,n-2,... 1 Position i.e move only
from n+1 to current size position Elements. i.e New Position=Current Position - 1.
2. After the previous step, nth element will be deleted automatically.
3. Decrease the Current Size by 1 i.e. Current Size=Current Size-1
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17. Search Element in the LIST
1. Check that weather the list is empty or not.
1. If List is empty, return error message “List is Empty”.
2. If List is not Empty
1. Find the Position where the last element available in the List by Last Position = Current Size
2. For( Position 1 to Last Position)
1. If(Element @ Position== Search Element)//If Element matches the search element
2. return the Position by message “Search Element available in Position”
3. Else return message “Search Element not available in the List”
Print the Elements in the LIST
1. Check that weather the list is empty or not.
1. If List is empty, return error message “List is Empty”.
2. If List is not Empty
1. Find the Position where the last element available in the List by Last Position = Current Size
2. For( Position 1 to Last Position)
3. Print the Position and Element available at the position of List.
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19. Linked List Implementation - LIST
• Like arrays, Linked List is a linear data structure.
• Unlike arrays, linked list elements are not stored at contiguous
location; the elements are linked using pointers.
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20. Why Linked List?
Arrays can be used to store linear data of similar types, but arrays have
following limitations.
1) The size of the arrays is fixed: So we must know the upper
limit on the number of elements in advance. Also, generally, the
allocated memory is equal to the upper limit irrespective of the usage.
2) Inserting a new element in an array of elements is expensive,
because room has to be created for the new elements and to create room
existing elements have to shifted.
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21. For example, in a system if we maintain a sorted list of IDs in an array id[].
id[] = [1000, 1010, 1050, 2000, 2040].
And if we want to insert a new ID 1005, then to maintain the sorted order, we
have to move all the elements after 1000 (excluding 1000).
Deletion is also expensive with arrays until unless some special techniques
are used. For example, to delete 1010 in id[], everything after 1010 has to be
moved.
• Advantages over arrays
1) Dynamic size
2) Ease of insertion/deletion
• Drawbacks:
1) Random access is not allowed. We have to access elements sequentially
starting from the first node. So we cannot do binary search with linked lists.
2) Extra memory space for a pointer is required with each element of the
list.
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22. Representation in C:
A linked list is represented by a pointer to the first node of the linked
list. The first node is called head. If the linked list is empty, then value
of head is NULL.
Each node in a list consists of at least two parts:
1) data
2) pointer to the next node
In C, we can represent a node using structures. Below is an example of a
linked list node with an integer data.
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23. 06-06-2018 CS8351 - DATA STRUCTURES 23
data next
ListStart
node
null
pointer
28. Comparison of array-based lists and linked lists
Array-based lists Linked lists
Pro
no wasted space for an
individual element
only need space for the objects
actually on the list
Con
size must be predetermined;
wasted space for lists with
empty slots
overhead for links (an extra
pointer added to every node)
Space complexity Ω(n) (or greater) Θ(n)
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29. Applications of List
• Lists can be used to store a list of elements. However, unlike in
traditional arrays, lists can expand and shrink, and are stored
dynamically in memory.
• In computing, lists are easier to implement than sets.
• Lists also form the basis for other abstract data types including the
queue, the stack, and their variations.
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30. Polynomial Manipulation
• A polynomial is a mathematical expression consisting of a sum of terms,
each term including a variable or variables raised to a power and multiplied
by a coefficient. The simplest polynomials have one variable.
• Representation of a Polynomial: A polynomial is an expression that
contains more than two terms. A term is made up of coefficient and
exponent. An example of polynomial is
• P(x) = 4x3+6x2+7x+9
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31. A polynomial thus may be represented using arrays or linked lists.
• Array representation assumes that the exponents of the given expression are
arranged from 0 to the highest value (degree), which is represented by the
subscript of the array beginning with 0.
• The coefficients of the respective exponent are placed at an appropriate
index in the array.
• The array representation for the above polynomial expression is given
below:
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32. • A polynomial may also be represented using a linked list. A structure may
be defined such that it contains two parts- one is the coefficient and second
is the corresponding exponent. The structure definition may be given as
shown below:
struct polynomial
{
int coefficient;
int exponent;
struct polynomial *next;
};
• Thus the above polynomial may be represented using linked list as shown
below:
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33. Here are the most common operations on a polynomial:
• Add & Subtract
• Multiply
• Differentiate
• Integrate
• etc…
There are different ways of implementing the polynomial ADT:
• Array (not recommended)
• Linked List (preferred and recommended)
Array Implementation:
• p1(x) = 8x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 6
• p2(x) = 23x4 + 18x - 3
• This is why arrays aren’t good to represent polynomials:
• p3(x) = 16x21 - 3x5 + 2x + 6
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34. • Advantages of using an Array:
• only good for non-sparse polynomials.
• ease of storage and retrieval.
• Disadvantages of using an Array:
• have to allocate array size ahead of time.
• huge array size required for sparse polynomials. Waste of space and runtime.
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36. • Advantages of using a Linked list:
• save space (don’t have to worry about sparse polynomials) and easy to
maintain
• don’t need to allocate list size and can declare nodes (terms) only as needed
• Disadvantages of using a Linked list :
• can’t go backwards through the list
• can’t jump to the beginning of the list from the end.
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37. Addition of two Polynomials:
• For adding two polynomials using arrays is straightforward method,
since both the arrays may be added up element wise beginning from 0
to n-1, resulting in addition of two polynomials.
• Addition of two polynomials using linked list requires comparing the
exponents, and wherever the exponents are found to be same, the
coefficients are added up.
• For terms with different exponents, the complete term is simply added
to the result thereby making it a part of addition result.
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38. Adding polynomials using a Linked list representation: (storing the result in p3)
To do this, we have to break the process down to cases:
Case 1: exponent of p1 > exponent of p2
• Copy node of p1 to end of p3.
• [go to next node]
Case 2: exponent of p1 < exponent of p2
• Copy node of p2 to end of p3.
• [go to next node]
Case 3: exponent of p1 = exponent of p2
• Create a new node in p3 with the same exponent and with the sum of the coefficients
of p1 and p2.
CODING
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39. 06-06-2018 CS8351 - DATA STRUCTURES 39
Multiplication of two Polynomials:
Multiplication of two polynomials however requires manipulation of each node such
that the exponents are added up and the coefficients are multiplied.
After each term of first polynomial is operated upon with each term of the second
polynomial, then the result has to be added up by comparing the exponents and
adding the coefficients for similar exponents and including terms as such with
dissimilar exponents in the result.
40. All Operations (Insertion, Deletion, Merge, Traversal)
• Insertion
• Deletion
• Merge two sorted linked lists
• Traversal
• Assume, that we have a list with some nodes. Traversal is the very basic
operation, which presents as a part in almost every operation on a singly-linked
list.
• For instance, algorithm may traverse a singly-linked list to find a value, find a
position for insertion, etc. For a singly-linked list, only forward direction
traversal is possible.
Traversal algorithm
• Beginning from the head,
• check, if the end of a list hasn't been reached yet;
• do some actions with the current node, which is specific for particular algorithm;
• current node becomes previous and next node becomes current. Go to the step 1.
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41. Example
• As for example, let us see an
example of summing up values in
a singly-linked list.
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