United states

1. UNITED STATES
IN THE 20TH
CENTURIES
A D A G Ó M E Z O R T E G A
I N S T I T U T O D E E D U C A C I Ó N S U P E R I O R P E D A G Ó G I C O
P U B L I C O “ M E R C E D E S C A B E L L O D E C A R B O N E R A”

2. INVASION OF NORMANDY
The Normandy landing, known as D-day and also codenamed
Operation Overlord, was executed in the middle of the Second
World War on June 6, 1944, all beginning with the landing of the
allied forces, in which Great Britain was located. , The United States,
Canada, Poland and Spanish exiles, who landed in Normandy
France, and thus prevent the advance of the German army.
After a year of planning the operation, D-Day was marked on the
calendar on June 5. It was considered that it was the most probable
date to have calm waters, full moon and low tide with the first rays
of sun; However, the storms forced the operation to be delayed by
one day, so the troops were finally mobilized on June 6. On D-Day,
tens of thousands of troops simultaneously landed on five separate
Normandy beaches.

3. The time, date and even the place of the attack were kept secret
to guarantee the success of the operation; Not even the same
soldiers who participated in the battle knew the date of the
attack, and this information was known only to the leaders of the
allied forces.
This operation was carried out by the so-called allies and thus
overthrow Nazi Germany and liberate northwestern Europe from
Nazi occupation.
The landing in Normandy began in the early morning of June 6
and this historic event began with the arrival on the French coast
of Normandy of a huge number of allied soldiers, numbering
some 160,000, who managed to take the French coast.
General Eisenhower's speech before the invasion served as
inspiration for the troops who achieved their ultimate goal:

4. Soldiers, Sailors, and Airmen of the Allied Expeditionary Force!
You are about to embark upon the Great Crusade, toward which we have striven these
many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The hope and prayers of liberty-
loving people everywhere march with you. In company with our brave Allies and
brothers-in-arms on other Fronts, you will bring about the destruction of the German
war machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, and
security for ourselves in a free world.
Your task will not be an easy one. Your enemy is will trained, well equipped and battle-
hardened. He will fight savagely.
But this is the year 1944! Much has happened since the Nazi triumphs of 1940-41. The
United Nations have inflicted upon the Germans great defeats, in open battle, man-to-
man. Our air offensive has seriously reduced their strength in the air and their capacity to
wage war on the ground. Our Home Fronts have given us an overwhelming superiority in
weapons and munitions of war, and placed at our disposal great reserves of trained
fighting men. The tide has turned! The free men of the world are marching together to
Victory!
I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty and skill in battle. We will accept
nothing less than full Victory!
Good luck! And let us beseech the blessing of Almighty God upon this great and noble
undertaking.

5. More than 5,000 ships and 13,000
aircraft supported the D-Day
invasion, and by the end of June 6,
the Allies gained a foothold in
Normandy. The human cost of this
day was very high, since more than
9,000 allied soldiers died or were
wounded. Nevertheless, more than
100,000 soldiers began the march
through Europe to defeat Hitler.
The battle that began on June 6 lasted until August 25, the date on
which the Liberation of Paris was achieved.

6. POLITICAL
AND
HISTORICAL

7. ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Abraham Lincoln was born on February
12, 1809 and died on April 15, 1865, he
was an American statesman and lawyer
who served as the 16th President of the
United States from 1861 to 1865.
Lincoln led the nation through its
greatest moral, constitutional crisis and
politics in the American Civil War. He
managed to preserve the Union, abolish
slavery, strengthen the federal
government, and modernize the
American economy.

8. FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELTFranklin Delano Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882
and died on April 12, 1945, often referred to by his
initials FDR, he was an American Politician who served as
the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until
his death in 1945. Member of the Democratic Party ,
won a record four presidential elections, and became a
central figure in world events during the first half of the
20th century. Roosevelt led the federal government
through most of the Great Depression, implementing his
domestic New Deal agenda in response to the worst
economic crisis in American history. As the dominant
leader of his party, he created the New Deal Coalition,
which realigned American politics in the Fifth Party
System and defined modern liberalism in the United
States throughout the middle third of the 20th century.
His third and fourth terms were dominated by World
War II, which ended shortly after his death in office.

9. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.
Martin Luther King Jr. (born January 15,
1929, died April 4, 1968) was an
American Christian minister and activist
who became the most visible
spokesperson and leader of the civil
rights movement from 1955 until his
assassination in 1968 King is best
known for promoting civil rights
through non-violence and civil
disobedience, inspired by his Christian
beliefs and the non-violent activism of
Mahatma Gandhi.

10. BULL RUN THE GREAT BATTLE OF THE
CIVIL WAR
The First Battle of Bull Run, also known as the First Battle of
Manassas, took place on July 21, 1861 and was the first major
ground combat of the American Civil War.
Rookie federal troops, under the command of Brigadier General Irvin
McDowell, advanced against the Confederate Army, under the
command of Brigadier Generals Joseph E. Johnston and PGT
Beauregard, at Manassas (Virginia) and despite their preliminary
success were finally forced to withdraw towards Washington dc The
battle had the peculiarity that a large number of people from the
city of Washington, including women and children, attended as
spectators to witness the combat from a slope near the battlefield,

11. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
Spanish-American War was an armed conflict between Spain
and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began as a result of
the internal explosion of the USS Maine in the port of Havana
in Cuba, which led to the intervention of the United States in
the Cuban War of Independence. The war led to the United
States emerging as predominant in the Caribbean region, [15]
and resulted in the US acquisition of Pacific Possessions from
Spain. That led to America's involvement in the Philippine
Revolution and, ultimately, the Philippine-American War.

12. UNITED STATES IN WORLD WAR II
The United States entered World War II on December 8, 1941,
following the attack by the Japanese Empire on the North
American Pacific Fleet based at Pearl Harbor.
Due to the attack that the Americans suffered by the Japanese,
the American forces immediately prepared to invade the
Japanese islands. Hoping to bring the war to a quick end,
President Harry Truman ordered the use of the atomic bomb
against Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9). Japan
agreed to surrender on August 14. Almost 200,000 civilians
were killed in the nuclear strikes, but military experts agree that
the Japanese and American casualties would have been much
higher if the allies had had to invade Japan.

13. SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL

14. FEMALE SUFFRAGE
Female suffrage or female vote refers to the right to vote
exercised by women and therefore the political and
constitutional right to vote for elected public offices as well as
to be voted. The suffrage therefore covers the active, where it is
determined who has the right to vote and the so-called passive,
which refers to who and under what conditions have the right
to be elected. The founding moment of Suffrage is in 1848 with
the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments in the United States
and culminates a hundred years later, in 1948 with the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which recognizes
female suffrage as a universal human right.

16. CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS
1. SPRING BREAK
Spring Break in the United States is undoubtedly one of the
craziest weeks of the entire course in American universities.
to specify a little more, it is a week of spring break that they
give us students in the United States during the second
semester of the course, the “Spring Semester”.
2. THE NCAA MARCH MADNESS
The NCAA March Madness is a tournament that brings
together the 68 best college basketball teams in the country,
a draw with direct elimination games, so it is practically
impossible to predict what will happen.

17. 3. HALLOWEEN
Halloween has its origin in a Celtic holiday known as Samhain.
Samhain celebrated the end of the harvest season and was
considered the Celtic New Year. The ancient Celts believed
the line connecting this world to the Otherworld narrowed
the arrival of the Samhain, allowing spirits (both good and
to pass through this line.
4. THANKSGIVING DAY
Thanksgiving Day is one of the most important traditions in
United States, so much so that it is the second favorite
celebration behind Christmas for Americans. It is celebrated
the fourth Thursday of the month of November

18. ECONOMIC

19. STOCK MARKET CRISIS
The 1929 crash was a stock
market crisis that took place in
New York between October 24
and October 29, 1929. This event
marked the beginning of the
Great Depression, the greatest
economic crisis of the 20th
century. The key days of the
crash are called: Black Thursday
(October 24), Black Monday
(October 28) and Black Tuesday
(October 29).

20. The 1929 crash was the result of a
speculative bubble, whose genesis went
back to 1927. The bubble was amplified
by the new credit system for the
purchase of shares, which, since 1926,
had been allowed by Wall Street.
Investors could buy securities with a
coverage of only 10%. The debtor rate
depended on the short-term interest
rate;
the sustainability of this system depended on the difference
between the equity appreciation rate and the loan rates.
Following the rise in interest rates in April 1929, the first
stagnation occurred, and many investors were forced to sell their
securities to cover the loans. This stream of sales set off a chain
reaction.