Unit2 notes3
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Herbert Hoover believed the government should play a limited role in fixing the economy and opposed federal aid, preferring individualism. As unemployment rose and the GOP lost seats, farmers rioted in protest. Hoover attempted to address the crisis through the Federal Home Loan Bank Act and Reconstruction Finance Corporation to stop foreclosures and aid failing businesses, but they were ineffective. When World War I veterans demanding early bonuses assembled in Washington D.C. and refused to leave, Hoover sent in the army who gassed and injured the protesters, ending his chances for re-election.
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New Strategies for Impact Investing across All Asset Classes Bridget
The Closed Loop Fund is a $100 million social impact fund that provides loans to municipalities and private companies to increase recycling rates across the United States. The fund aims to unlock $500 million total by investing in projects like new recycling carts, processing facilities, and remanufacturing plants. The loans are structured to be repaid over 7 years on average from the landfill cost savings and commodity revenues generated by higher recycling rates. This allows the capital to be reinvested in other communities. The goal is for all principal and interest to be returned to investors within 10 years while also increasing recycling of $11 billion worth of materials currently landfilled annually.
The Hoover Years
The document summarizes the economic conditions of the Great Depression in the United States during the presidency of Herbert Hoover from 1929 to 1932. It describes high unemployment rates, declining farm incomes, drought, homelessness, hunger, and the formation of shantytowns. Hoover's policies of voluntary cooperation, increased taxes and loans are assessed as inadequate to address the crisis. His refusal of direct relief and violent response to the Bonus Army hardened public opposition to his leadership.
Unit 1 notes 2
President Warren G. Harding was president from 1920-1923. His administration saw the signing of the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war as a means of settling disputes, but also several scandals as his friends in cabinet positions took bribes and misused government funds. Harding died suddenly in 1923. President Calvin Coolidge then took office from 1923-1928 and pursued policies to keep the government out of the economy during a time of economic prosperity fueled by the growth of automobile ownership and road infrastructure which changed transportation and urban development.
Unit 1 notes 3
The passage summarizes key events of the 1920s in the United States. It discusses the Prohibition era, where the 18th amendment banned alcohol leading to the rise of speakeasies, moonshine, and organized crime run by figures like Al Capone. Prohibition ultimately failed due to lack of enforcement, continued public demand for alcohol, and the inability to stop bootlegging. The passage also discusses the Scopes Monkey Trial, a famous court case that pitted fundamentalist Christian beliefs against the teaching of evolution in schools.
Unit2 notes2
During the Great Depression, many Americans faced hardship. People lost their homes and lived in shantytowns. Soup kitchens and bread lines provided food to the starving. Minorities faced racial violence as unemployed whites saw them as a threat. Many farmers had their farms foreclosed on and dust storms destroyed crops, forcing some to travel west. Families struggled as men left home in shame and children suffered from poor nutrition and lack of schools. The social effects included increased suicide rates and admissions to mental hospitals as people could no longer afford doctors or dentists. However, some families grew stronger and people learned the value of charity and saving money.
Current event example 2017
- Temple University student Jenna Burleigh went missing in the early hours of August 31 near campus. She was last seen with former Temple student Joshua Hupperterz around 2am.
- On Saturday, Hupperterz was arrested in Paupack Township in connection with Burleigh's possible homicide. He will be charged with murder.
- Police believe they found Burleigh's body near Scranton on property belonging to Hupperterz's grandmother.
Unit2 notes4
Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932 on a platform of direct government intervention to solve problems caused by the Great Depression. As part of his New Deal, FDR and Congress passed programs to provide relief for the needy, promote economic recovery, and enact financial reforms. The New Deal included creating the FDIC to insure bank accounts, the CCC to employ young men in public works projects, and the AAA to raise crop prices by reducing production. FDR later introduced the Second New Deal, influenced by Eleanor Roosevelt, which aimed to further aid farmers, youth, workers and other groups through acts such as the Social Security program and WPA.
Unit2 notes1
The document summarizes some of the key causes of the Great Depression in the United States. Major industries like railroads, coal mining, housing, and agriculture were struggling due to new forms of transportation and energy and falling demand. There was also widespread abuse of credit as people and businesses took on more debt than they could afford. The stock market crash on "Black Tuesday" in October 1929 exacerbated the economic troubles as people lost their wealth and were stuck with debt. Bank failures then made the situation much worse as banks had lost money in the stock market crash and people rushed to withdraw their deposits, though many banks no longer had sufficient funds.
Recommended
New Strategies for Impact Investing across All Asset Classes Bridget
The Closed Loop Fund is a $100 million social impact fund that provides loans to municipalities and private companies to increase recycling rates across the United States. The fund aims to unlock $500 million total by investing in projects like new recycling carts, processing facilities, and remanufacturing plants. The loans are structured to be repaid over 7 years on average from the landfill cost savings and commodity revenues generated by higher recycling rates. This allows the capital to be reinvested in other communities. The goal is for all principal and interest to be returned to investors within 10 years while also increasing recycling of $11 billion worth of materials currently landfilled annually.
The Hoover Years
The document summarizes the economic conditions of the Great Depression in the United States during the presidency of Herbert Hoover from 1929 to 1932. It describes high unemployment rates, declining farm incomes, drought, homelessness, hunger, and the formation of shantytowns. Hoover's policies of voluntary cooperation, increased taxes and loans are assessed as inadequate to address the crisis. His refusal of direct relief and violent response to the Bonus Army hardened public opposition to his leadership.
Unit 1 notes 2
President Warren G. Harding was president from 1920-1923. His administration saw the signing of the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war as a means of settling disputes, but also several scandals as his friends in cabinet positions took bribes and misused government funds. Harding died suddenly in 1923. President Calvin Coolidge then took office from 1923-1928 and pursued policies to keep the government out of the economy during a time of economic prosperity fueled by the growth of automobile ownership and road infrastructure which changed transportation and urban development.
Unit 1 notes 3
The passage summarizes key events of the 1920s in the United States. It discusses the Prohibition era, where the 18th amendment banned alcohol leading to the rise of speakeasies, moonshine, and organized crime run by figures like Al Capone. Prohibition ultimately failed due to lack of enforcement, continued public demand for alcohol, and the inability to stop bootlegging. The passage also discusses the Scopes Monkey Trial, a famous court case that pitted fundamentalist Christian beliefs against the teaching of evolution in schools.
Unit2 notes2
During the Great Depression, many Americans faced hardship. People lost their homes and lived in shantytowns. Soup kitchens and bread lines provided food to the starving. Minorities faced racial violence as unemployed whites saw them as a threat. Many farmers had their farms foreclosed on and dust storms destroyed crops, forcing some to travel west. Families struggled as men left home in shame and children suffered from poor nutrition and lack of schools. The social effects included increased suicide rates and admissions to mental hospitals as people could no longer afford doctors or dentists. However, some families grew stronger and people learned the value of charity and saving money.
Current event example 2017
- Temple University student Jenna Burleigh went missing in the early hours of August 31 near campus. She was last seen with former Temple student Joshua Hupperterz around 2am.
- On Saturday, Hupperterz was arrested in Paupack Township in connection with Burleigh's possible homicide. He will be charged with murder.
- Police believe they found Burleigh's body near Scranton on property belonging to Hupperterz's grandmother.
Unit2 notes4
Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932 on a platform of direct government intervention to solve problems caused by the Great Depression. As part of his New Deal, FDR and Congress passed programs to provide relief for the needy, promote economic recovery, and enact financial reforms. The New Deal included creating the FDIC to insure bank accounts, the CCC to employ young men in public works projects, and the AAA to raise crop prices by reducing production. FDR later introduced the Second New Deal, influenced by Eleanor Roosevelt, which aimed to further aid farmers, youth, workers and other groups through acts such as the Social Security program and WPA.
Unit2 notes1
The document summarizes some of the key causes of the Great Depression in the United States. Major industries like railroads, coal mining, housing, and agriculture were struggling due to new forms of transportation and energy and falling demand. There was also widespread abuse of credit as people and businesses took on more debt than they could afford. The stock market crash on "Black Tuesday" in October 1929 exacerbated the economic troubles as people lost their wealth and were stuck with debt. Bank failures then made the situation much worse as banks had lost money in the stock market crash and people rushed to withdraw their deposits, though many banks no longer had sufficient funds.
Urban problems
Overcrowded and unsanitary housing, inadequate transportation systems, and contaminated water supplies were among the major urban problems faced by growing American cities in the late 19th/early 20th century. Solutions to address these issues included establishing standards for ventilation and plumbing in housing, expanding electric streetcar and subway systems, and implementing water filtration and chlorination. Cities also worked to improve sanitation, reduce crime, and limit fire risks by creating sewer lines and sanitation departments, establishing police forces, and requiring fire-resistant building materials along with sprinkler systems.
Law unit2notes3
There are 9 Supreme Court justices who decide cases by majority rule to avoid ties. Justices are nominated by the president and approved by the Senate, serving lifetime appointments. The Chief Justice leads the Court and precedents set by the Supreme Court guide all other US courts. Important firsts include the first African American, woman, and Hispanic justices. The current justices were appointed by presidents from Bush to Trump.
Unit8 notes3
This document summarizes several key events in modern American history between 1992 and 2003, including the Rodney King beating and LA riots, terrorist attacks such as the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, school shootings like Columbine, contested 2000 presidential election, attack on the USS Cole, US invasion of Afghanistan after 9/11, and US invasion of Iraq.
Unit8 notes2
The document summarizes important events that occurred in modern American history from 1980 to 1990. It discusses the US boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. It also outlines Reaganomics, Sandra Day O'Connor becoming the first female Supreme Court justice, the identification of AIDS, and the launch of the "Star Wars" missile defense program under President Reagan. Finally, it summarizes Chernobyl nuclear disaster, the Iran-Contra affair, the Challenger space shuttle explosion, and Nelson Mandela's release from prison in South Africa.
Unit8 notes1
The document provides a summary of important events that occurred in the United States during the 1970s. It describes Cesar Chavez leading the farm workers union movement, the passing of the 26th amendment lowering the voting age, and the Watergate scandal leading to Nixon's resignation. It also mentions the Munich Olympic attacks, Roe v. Wade legalizing abortion, and Hank Aaron breaking Babe Ruth's home run record.
Unit7 notes5
The document summarizes key events of the Vietnam War, including Nixon's Vietnamization policy of withdrawing US troops while increasing bombing, the unpopularity of the war due to massacres like My Lai and protests against the invasion of Cambodia, the leaking of the Pentagon Papers, the last US troops leaving Vietnam in 1973 and Saigon falling to North Vietnam in 1975, and the war's legacy including over 58,000 US troops killed and a loss of faith in the government.
Unit7 notes4
The Tet Offensive of 1968 was a surprise attack by the Vietcong on several South Vietnamese cities during the Lunar New Year celebration. Though the US and South Vietnam won militarily, with over 32,000 Vietcong deaths, the offensive shook public support for the war as it showed the Vietcong was not close to defeat as had been portrayed. This caused US news anchor Walter Cronkite and others to lose confidence in the war, and led President Johnson to decide not to seek re-election. Protests against the war escalated amid rising violence, with the assassinations of MLK and RFK. At the chaotic 1968 Democratic Convention, Richard Nixon was elected after promising to restore order and end the Vietnam War.
Unit7 notes3
The Vietnam War led to the reintroduction of the military draft that required men aged 18 to 26 to register. Many men tried to avoid the draft through medical exemptions, university deferments, or other means. African Americans made up a disproportionate number of combat troops despite representing only 10% of the US population. Around 10,000 women also served in Vietnam mostly as nurses. Opposition movements to the war emerged on college campuses led by groups like Students for a Democratic Society who believed the government and corporations had too much control. Protests against the war increased with events like teach-ins and marches drawing thousands. As the war dragged on, divisions grew between those who opposed withdrawing troops and those who felt the US should
Unit7 notes2
General William Westmoreland led US troops in Vietnam and argued that the Army of Vietnam could not defeat the Vietcong without US support. He pursued a war of attrition to exhaust the enemy through casualties. US forces engaged in search and destroy missions that caused civilian resentment. The Vietcong effectively used guerrilla warfare with small, mobile groups and a network of tunnels, while the US relied on strategies like carpet bombing and Agent Orange spraying that failed to defeat the elusive enemy. As the human and financial costs of the war escalated at home, public support for the war declined due to the contrast between government messages and negative news coverage.
Unit7 notes1
The document summarizes key events in the Vietnam War. It details France's colonial rule over Vietnam until the 1940s when Ho Chi Minh led a revolt for independence. The Vietminh defeated France in 1954, dividing Vietnam along the 17th Parallel. Ngo Dinh Diem came to control South Vietnam but canceled elections to reunify. As communism spread, the US increasingly intervened militarily in the 1960s under presidents Kennedy and Johnson to support South Vietnam and contain communism, leading to extensive bombing and ground troop deployment.
Unit5 notes7
The document outlines several major economic and social reforms that took place during the 1960s as part of President Johnson's "Great Society" agenda, including the passage of tax cut and civil rights bills in 1964, the establishment of Medicare, Medicaid and education programs, and several Supreme Court cases that expanded civil rights and criminal justice protections.
Unit5 notes6
This document summarizes key events during John F. Kennedy's presidency, including early difficulties passing legislation, successes like the Peace Corps and increasing the NASA budget, ongoing issues of poverty and civil rights, and Kennedy's assassination in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald in 1963.
Unit5 notes5
John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960 over Richard Nixon because people felt the US was losing the Cold War and Kennedy appeared cooler in televised debates. The Bay of Pigs invasion, in which the US backed Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro, failed and made Kennedy look weak. In 1961, the Soviet Union built the Berlin Wall to stop East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin. The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, when the US discovered Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, brought the world the closest it had been to nuclear war but was resolved through negotiations.
Unit5 notes4
The document discusses several key terms from the 1950s during the Cold War era, including the GI Bill of Rights which provided benefits for veterans, the growth of suburbs as an alternative to overcrowded cities, the Dixiecrats political party formed by Southern Democrats opposed to civil rights, and the 1952 presidential election where Eisenhower defeated Stevenson despite Nixon's controversies. It also mentions the post-war baby boom, Jonas Salk's discovery of the polio vaccine, and the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case that ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
Unit5 notes3
During the Cold War period, fear of communism in the US led President Truman to establish a Federal Employee Loyalty Program and the House Un-American Activities Committee to investigate individuals and groups with potential communist ties. The Hollywood 10 were imprisoned for refusing to testify before HUAC, and many others were blacklisted from their careers. Notable spy cases involved Alger Hiss being imprisoned for passing messages to the Soviets and the Rosenbergs being executed for sharing atomic bomb information with the Soviets. Senator Joseph McCarthy further inflamed tensions with unfounded accusations of communist infiltration, though his credibility declined when he bullied army witnesses on television.
Unit5 notes2
The document summarizes key events in China and the Korean War during the Cold War era. In China, the US-backed nationalist government lost a civil war to the communist forces led by Mao Zedong between 1944-1947. Korea was divided at the 38th parallel in 1945 with the Soviet-backed North and US-backed South. The North launched an attack in 1950 that was pushed back by UN forces led by the US. China later joined by fighting for the North, and an armistice was reached in 1953 leaving the peninsula divided along ideological lines.
Unit5 notes1
The Cold War began due to tensions between the US and USSR after WWII. The US was angry with Stalin for breaking promises made at Yalta and keeping the atomic bomb secret. The USSR wanted to spread communism while the US sought to contain it and give countries self-determination. This led to Europe being divided with an "Iron Curtain" between the Western democratic countries and Eastern bloc nations controlled by the Soviet Union. Germany was split into the capitalist West Germany and communist East Germany allied with the USSR.
Unit4 notes4
The document summarizes key events and changes in the United States during and after World War II. It discusses the Yalta Conference where Stalin, Churchill and FDR met to decide the fate of Germany after the war. It also describes the Nuremberg Trials where Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes and the US occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1952 where the US helped reform Japan. Additionally, it outlines changes in the US economy and society during this period such as increased jobs, migration patterns, the GI Bill and racial tensions that erupted in riots.
Unit4 notes3
This document summarizes key events in the US involvement in World War II against Japan in the Pacific theater. It describes major battles such as Coral Sea, Midway, Guadalcanal, and Leyte Gulf, where the US halted Japan's expansion and began to take back islands. It also discusses the bloody battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa as the US moved towards invading Japan. Finally, it covers the Manhattan Project and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, which ultimately led Emperor Hirohito to surrender and end the war.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Urban problems
Overcrowded and unsanitary housing, inadequate transportation systems, and contaminated water supplies were among the major urban problems faced by growing American cities in the late 19th/early 20th century. Solutions to address these issues included establishing standards for ventilation and plumbing in housing, expanding electric streetcar and subway systems, and implementing water filtration and chlorination. Cities also worked to improve sanitation, reduce crime, and limit fire risks by creating sewer lines and sanitation departments, establishing police forces, and requiring fire-resistant building materials along with sprinkler systems.
Law unit2notes3
There are 9 Supreme Court justices who decide cases by majority rule to avoid ties. Justices are nominated by the president and approved by the Senate, serving lifetime appointments. The Chief Justice leads the Court and precedents set by the Supreme Court guide all other US courts. Important firsts include the first African American, woman, and Hispanic justices. The current justices were appointed by presidents from Bush to Trump.
Unit8 notes3
This document summarizes several key events in modern American history between 1992 and 2003, including the Rodney King beating and LA riots, terrorist attacks such as the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, school shootings like Columbine, contested 2000 presidential election, attack on the USS Cole, US invasion of Afghanistan after 9/11, and US invasion of Iraq.
Unit8 notes2
The document summarizes important events that occurred in modern American history from 1980 to 1990. It discusses the US boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. It also outlines Reaganomics, Sandra Day O'Connor becoming the first female Supreme Court justice, the identification of AIDS, and the launch of the "Star Wars" missile defense program under President Reagan. Finally, it summarizes Chernobyl nuclear disaster, the Iran-Contra affair, the Challenger space shuttle explosion, and Nelson Mandela's release from prison in South Africa.
Unit8 notes1
The document provides a summary of important events that occurred in the United States during the 1970s. It describes Cesar Chavez leading the farm workers union movement, the passing of the 26th amendment lowering the voting age, and the Watergate scandal leading to Nixon's resignation. It also mentions the Munich Olympic attacks, Roe v. Wade legalizing abortion, and Hank Aaron breaking Babe Ruth's home run record.
Unit7 notes5
The document summarizes key events of the Vietnam War, including Nixon's Vietnamization policy of withdrawing US troops while increasing bombing, the unpopularity of the war due to massacres like My Lai and protests against the invasion of Cambodia, the leaking of the Pentagon Papers, the last US troops leaving Vietnam in 1973 and Saigon falling to North Vietnam in 1975, and the war's legacy including over 58,000 US troops killed and a loss of faith in the government.
Unit7 notes4
The Tet Offensive of 1968 was a surprise attack by the Vietcong on several South Vietnamese cities during the Lunar New Year celebration. Though the US and South Vietnam won militarily, with over 32,000 Vietcong deaths, the offensive shook public support for the war as it showed the Vietcong was not close to defeat as had been portrayed. This caused US news anchor Walter Cronkite and others to lose confidence in the war, and led President Johnson to decide not to seek re-election. Protests against the war escalated amid rising violence, with the assassinations of MLK and RFK. At the chaotic 1968 Democratic Convention, Richard Nixon was elected after promising to restore order and end the Vietnam War.
Unit7 notes3
The Vietnam War led to the reintroduction of the military draft that required men aged 18 to 26 to register. Many men tried to avoid the draft through medical exemptions, university deferments, or other means. African Americans made up a disproportionate number of combat troops despite representing only 10% of the US population. Around 10,000 women also served in Vietnam mostly as nurses. Opposition movements to the war emerged on college campuses led by groups like Students for a Democratic Society who believed the government and corporations had too much control. Protests against the war increased with events like teach-ins and marches drawing thousands. As the war dragged on, divisions grew between those who opposed withdrawing troops and those who felt the US should
Unit7 notes2
General William Westmoreland led US troops in Vietnam and argued that the Army of Vietnam could not defeat the Vietcong without US support. He pursued a war of attrition to exhaust the enemy through casualties. US forces engaged in search and destroy missions that caused civilian resentment. The Vietcong effectively used guerrilla warfare with small, mobile groups and a network of tunnels, while the US relied on strategies like carpet bombing and Agent Orange spraying that failed to defeat the elusive enemy. As the human and financial costs of the war escalated at home, public support for the war declined due to the contrast between government messages and negative news coverage.
Unit7 notes1
The document summarizes key events in the Vietnam War. It details France's colonial rule over Vietnam until the 1940s when Ho Chi Minh led a revolt for independence. The Vietminh defeated France in 1954, dividing Vietnam along the 17th Parallel. Ngo Dinh Diem came to control South Vietnam but canceled elections to reunify. As communism spread, the US increasingly intervened militarily in the 1960s under presidents Kennedy and Johnson to support South Vietnam and contain communism, leading to extensive bombing and ground troop deployment.
Unit5 notes7
The document outlines several major economic and social reforms that took place during the 1960s as part of President Johnson's "Great Society" agenda, including the passage of tax cut and civil rights bills in 1964, the establishment of Medicare, Medicaid and education programs, and several Supreme Court cases that expanded civil rights and criminal justice protections.
Unit5 notes6
This document summarizes key events during John F. Kennedy's presidency, including early difficulties passing legislation, successes like the Peace Corps and increasing the NASA budget, ongoing issues of poverty and civil rights, and Kennedy's assassination in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald in 1963.
Unit5 notes5
John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960 over Richard Nixon because people felt the US was losing the Cold War and Kennedy appeared cooler in televised debates. The Bay of Pigs invasion, in which the US backed Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro, failed and made Kennedy look weak. In 1961, the Soviet Union built the Berlin Wall to stop East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin. The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, when the US discovered Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, brought the world the closest it had been to nuclear war but was resolved through negotiations.
Unit5 notes4
The document discusses several key terms from the 1950s during the Cold War era, including the GI Bill of Rights which provided benefits for veterans, the growth of suburbs as an alternative to overcrowded cities, the Dixiecrats political party formed by Southern Democrats opposed to civil rights, and the 1952 presidential election where Eisenhower defeated Stevenson despite Nixon's controversies. It also mentions the post-war baby boom, Jonas Salk's discovery of the polio vaccine, and the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case that ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
Unit5 notes3
During the Cold War period, fear of communism in the US led President Truman to establish a Federal Employee Loyalty Program and the House Un-American Activities Committee to investigate individuals and groups with potential communist ties. The Hollywood 10 were imprisoned for refusing to testify before HUAC, and many others were blacklisted from their careers. Notable spy cases involved Alger Hiss being imprisoned for passing messages to the Soviets and the Rosenbergs being executed for sharing atomic bomb information with the Soviets. Senator Joseph McCarthy further inflamed tensions with unfounded accusations of communist infiltration, though his credibility declined when he bullied army witnesses on television.
Unit5 notes2
The document summarizes key events in China and the Korean War during the Cold War era. In China, the US-backed nationalist government lost a civil war to the communist forces led by Mao Zedong between 1944-1947. Korea was divided at the 38th parallel in 1945 with the Soviet-backed North and US-backed South. The North launched an attack in 1950 that was pushed back by UN forces led by the US. China later joined by fighting for the North, and an armistice was reached in 1953 leaving the peninsula divided along ideological lines.
Unit5 notes1
The Cold War began due to tensions between the US and USSR after WWII. The US was angry with Stalin for breaking promises made at Yalta and keeping the atomic bomb secret. The USSR wanted to spread communism while the US sought to contain it and give countries self-determination. This led to Europe being divided with an "Iron Curtain" between the Western democratic countries and Eastern bloc nations controlled by the Soviet Union. Germany was split into the capitalist West Germany and communist East Germany allied with the USSR.
Unit4 notes4
The document summarizes key events and changes in the United States during and after World War II. It discusses the Yalta Conference where Stalin, Churchill and FDR met to decide the fate of Germany after the war. It also describes the Nuremberg Trials where Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes and the US occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1952 where the US helped reform Japan. Additionally, it outlines changes in the US economy and society during this period such as increased jobs, migration patterns, the GI Bill and racial tensions that erupted in riots.
Unit4 notes3
This document summarizes key events in the US involvement in World War II against Japan in the Pacific theater. It describes major battles such as Coral Sea, Midway, Guadalcanal, and Leyte Gulf, where the US halted Japan's expansion and began to take back islands. It also discusses the bloody battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa as the US moved towards invading Japan. Finally, it covers the Manhattan Project and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, which ultimately led Emperor Hirohito to surrender and end the war.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
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- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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Unit2 notes3
- 1. Unit 2- The Great Depression
- 2. 1. Herbert Hoover’s (R) philosophy A. Gov’t should play a limited role to fix economy B. Opposes federal aid (welfare); preferred “rugged individualism”
- 3. C. Constructs the Hoover Dam- Provides: 1. Electricity 2. Water supply 3. Flood control 4. Jobs
- 4. 1. Reaction to Hoover A. Unemployment is rising B. GOP loses control of H.O.R. and seats in the Senate C. Farmers riot, destroy crops, block roads
- 5. 1. Hoover’s Response A. Federal Home Loan and Bank Act- tried to stop foreclosures by lowering mortgage rates B. Reconstruction Finance Corp.- $2B for failing businesses Both are ineffective
- 6. C. Bonus Army 1. WWI vets want their bonus ($500) early and assemble in DC, Congress says no 2. Some vets refuse to leave DC 3. Hoover sends in army, vets are gassed, a baby is killed, another is blinded, another injured No chance at re-election