This document discusses probabilistic models for inference using Hidden Markov Models (HMM) and Bayesian networks. It provides references on HMM, Bayesian probability, and temporal models. It explains that probabilistic models are needed to handle uncertain knowledge and probabilistic reasoning, unlike logic-based models. The document outlines contents on learning and inference in HMM and Bayesian networks. It discusses uncertainty, Bayesian probability, generative models, inferences in Bayesian networks, and using temporal models like HMM. Mathematical representations of inference in HMM are also presented.
This document defines key terminology related to artificial intelligence, including agent, autonomous robot, blackboard, environment, forward chaining, backward chaining, heuristics, knowledge engineering, percepts, pruning, rule, shell, task, and Turing test. It provides a definition or brief description of each term.
Ridges are elevated areas that are narrow with steep sides and a small, narrow top. They form because of geological processes like erosion or folding and faulting of the Earth's crust. Ridges can occur in mountainous areas and underwater as well as in plains and tablelands across different types of terrain.
Performance appraisal/ assessment in higher educational institutes (HEI)Minakshi Atre
This document outlines assessment criteria and methodology for evaluating the performance of university/college teachers based on their teaching, research, and other academic activities. It provides details on calculating research scores for various publications and academic activities. Key points include:
- Assessment is based on evidence like publications, project sanctions, and student awards.
- Teachers are evaluated on teaching, administrative duties, student guidance, organizing seminars, and research output.
- Research publications are scored based on journal impact factor, with higher impact journals earning more points.
- Guidelines address scoring for joint publications and research supervision.
- The maximum points allowed from categories like invited lectures and policy papers is 30% of the total research score.
This document provides an overview of digital signal processing (DSP) preliminaries. It discusses key topics like sampling, discrete-time signals, the sampling theorem, analog to digital conversion, aliasing, and the relationship between analog and digital frequencies. It also introduces important figures in the development of DSP like Harry Nyquist, Claude Shannon, and Alan Turing. Examples are provided to illustrate the sampling theorem and cases where it guarantees the original analog signal can or cannot be recovered from samples. An overview of a typical DSP block diagram and advantages of DSP over analog signal processing are also presented.
This document discusses probabilistic models for inference using Hidden Markov Models (HMM) and Bayesian networks. It provides references on HMM, Bayesian probability, and temporal models. It explains that probabilistic models are needed to handle uncertain knowledge and probabilistic reasoning, unlike logic-based models. The document outlines contents on learning and inference in HMM and Bayesian networks. It discusses uncertainty, Bayesian probability, generative models, inferences in Bayesian networks, and using temporal models like HMM. Mathematical representations of inference in HMM are also presented.
This document defines key terminology related to artificial intelligence, including agent, autonomous robot, blackboard, environment, forward chaining, backward chaining, heuristics, knowledge engineering, percepts, pruning, rule, shell, task, and Turing test. It provides a definition or brief description of each term.
Ridges are elevated areas that are narrow with steep sides and a small, narrow top. They form because of geological processes like erosion or folding and faulting of the Earth's crust. Ridges can occur in mountainous areas and underwater as well as in plains and tablelands across different types of terrain.
Performance appraisal/ assessment in higher educational institutes (HEI)Minakshi Atre
This document outlines assessment criteria and methodology for evaluating the performance of university/college teachers based on their teaching, research, and other academic activities. It provides details on calculating research scores for various publications and academic activities. Key points include:
- Assessment is based on evidence like publications, project sanctions, and student awards.
- Teachers are evaluated on teaching, administrative duties, student guidance, organizing seminars, and research output.
- Research publications are scored based on journal impact factor, with higher impact journals earning more points.
- Guidelines address scoring for joint publications and research supervision.
- The maximum points allowed from categories like invited lectures and policy papers is 30% of the total research score.
This document provides an overview of digital signal processing (DSP) preliminaries. It discusses key topics like sampling, discrete-time signals, the sampling theorem, analog to digital conversion, aliasing, and the relationship between analog and digital frequencies. It also introduces important figures in the development of DSP like Harry Nyquist, Claude Shannon, and Alan Turing. Examples are provided to illustrate the sampling theorem and cases where it guarantees the original analog signal can or cannot be recovered from samples. An overview of a typical DSP block diagram and advantages of DSP over analog signal processing are also presented.
This document discusses several digital signal processing applications:
1) A two-band digital crossover system that splits an audio signal into low and high frequencies to be played through different speakers.
2) An ECG system that uses notch filters to remove 60Hz interference from power lines and allow detection of heart rate.
3) Speech noise reduction and coding systems that compress speech signals for transmission.
4) The compact disc recording and playback system which uses anti-aliasing filters, sampling, quantization, encoding, and laser etching to store digital audio that is then reconstructed through decoding, interpolation, DAC, and filtering.
This includes discussion of DSP applications such as two band digital crossover system,woofers, sqawkers, tweeters, interference cancellation in ECG, speech noise reduction, speech coding and compression, CD recording system
Waltz algorithm in artificial intelligenceMinakshi Atre
The document discusses the Waltz algorithm for constraint satisfaction problems. It presents the algorithm in three parts. Part 1 discusses constraints in search and knowledge representation, and how constraint propagation allows reaching a global solution using local search. It provides an example of line labeling in computer vision. Part 2 discusses how constraints can reduce complexity in perceptual tasks like line drawings. It explains Waltz's labeling scheme and valid junction configurations. Part 3 works through an example of applying Waltz labeling to a pyramid drawing, showing how constraints successively eliminate possible labelings until a unique solution is reached.
The document discusses perception in artificial intelligence. It defines perception as acquiring, interpreting, and organizing sensory information. Perception involves both sensation, where sensors convert signals into data, and higher-level processes that make sense of the data. The document then discusses challenges in perception like abstraction and uncertainty in relations. It also notes perception is influenced by both internal and external factors beyond just signals.
This document discusses search algorithms and problem solving through searching. It begins by defining search problems and representing them using graphs with states as nodes and actions as edges. It then covers uninformed search strategies like breadth-first and depth-first search. Informed search strategies use heuristics to guide the search toward more promising areas of the problem space. Examples of single agent pathfinding problems are given like the traveling salesman problem and Rubik's cube.
The document discusses the composite video signal (CVS) which consists of picture information, blanking pulses, and synchronizing pulses. It provides details on:
1) The CVS contains horizontal and vertical sync pulses to synchronize the transmitter and receiver scanning and blank retrace lines.
2) Blanking pulses are added during the horizontal and vertical retrace intervals to make the retraces invisible.
3) The sync pulses occupy the upper 25% of the signal amplitude while the picture information varies between 10-75% to encode brightness levels.
4) Horizontal sync pulses are added at the end of each line and vertical sync pulses are added after each field is scanned.
The document discusses MPEG-2 video compression. It explains that MPEG-2 builds on MPEG-1 by providing backward compatibility and exploiting both intraframe and interframe redundancies to achieve high compression ratios. It describes how video frames are organized into Groups of Pictures (GOPs) containing I, P, and B frames. The compression steps of discrete cosine transform, weighting, re-quantization, entropy coding, and run length coding are explained. It also discusses how motion compensation of P and B frames further reduces file sizes by only encoding differences between frames.
This document provides an overview of digital television (DTV) standards and technologies. It discusses:
1. The DVB standard architecture and key components like MPEG transport streams.
2. Video and audio coding standards used in DTV like MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, and H.264.
3. The ATSC digital television standard developed in the United States, including its use of 8-VSB modulation, forward error correction techniques, and the "cliff effect" in reception.
Satellite digital audio radio service (SDARS) broadcasts digitally encoded audio entertainment material from orbiting satellites or terrestrial repeaters to receivers. XM uses 12.5MHz of spectrum divided between satellites and repeaters, employing QPSK modulation. Repeaters use COFDM modulation. SDARS provides national coverage and many live radio channels, delivering commercial-free, digital quality audio via satellites stationed above the US and repeaters to enhance coverage. XM and Sirius launched competing satellite radio services in the early 2000s, later merging in 2008 with FCC approval.
This document summarizes different types of microphones and loudspeakers used in a PA system for an auditorium. It describes 6 types of microphones - carbon, crystal, dynamic, condenser, ribbon, and wireless microphones. It then explains different types of loudspeakers - dynamic, cabinet, column, high fidelity, woofers, tweeters, and horn loudspeakers. It also discusses crossovers and impedance. The document provides details on the construction and working of each type of microphone and loudspeaker.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
This document discusses several digital signal processing applications:
1) A two-band digital crossover system that splits an audio signal into low and high frequencies to be played through different speakers.
2) An ECG system that uses notch filters to remove 60Hz interference from power lines and allow detection of heart rate.
3) Speech noise reduction and coding systems that compress speech signals for transmission.
4) The compact disc recording and playback system which uses anti-aliasing filters, sampling, quantization, encoding, and laser etching to store digital audio that is then reconstructed through decoding, interpolation, DAC, and filtering.
This includes discussion of DSP applications such as two band digital crossover system,woofers, sqawkers, tweeters, interference cancellation in ECG, speech noise reduction, speech coding and compression, CD recording system
Waltz algorithm in artificial intelligenceMinakshi Atre
The document discusses the Waltz algorithm for constraint satisfaction problems. It presents the algorithm in three parts. Part 1 discusses constraints in search and knowledge representation, and how constraint propagation allows reaching a global solution using local search. It provides an example of line labeling in computer vision. Part 2 discusses how constraints can reduce complexity in perceptual tasks like line drawings. It explains Waltz's labeling scheme and valid junction configurations. Part 3 works through an example of applying Waltz labeling to a pyramid drawing, showing how constraints successively eliminate possible labelings until a unique solution is reached.
The document discusses perception in artificial intelligence. It defines perception as acquiring, interpreting, and organizing sensory information. Perception involves both sensation, where sensors convert signals into data, and higher-level processes that make sense of the data. The document then discusses challenges in perception like abstraction and uncertainty in relations. It also notes perception is influenced by both internal and external factors beyond just signals.
This document discusses search algorithms and problem solving through searching. It begins by defining search problems and representing them using graphs with states as nodes and actions as edges. It then covers uninformed search strategies like breadth-first and depth-first search. Informed search strategies use heuristics to guide the search toward more promising areas of the problem space. Examples of single agent pathfinding problems are given like the traveling salesman problem and Rubik's cube.
The document discusses the composite video signal (CVS) which consists of picture information, blanking pulses, and synchronizing pulses. It provides details on:
1) The CVS contains horizontal and vertical sync pulses to synchronize the transmitter and receiver scanning and blank retrace lines.
2) Blanking pulses are added during the horizontal and vertical retrace intervals to make the retraces invisible.
3) The sync pulses occupy the upper 25% of the signal amplitude while the picture information varies between 10-75% to encode brightness levels.
4) Horizontal sync pulses are added at the end of each line and vertical sync pulses are added after each field is scanned.
The document discusses MPEG-2 video compression. It explains that MPEG-2 builds on MPEG-1 by providing backward compatibility and exploiting both intraframe and interframe redundancies to achieve high compression ratios. It describes how video frames are organized into Groups of Pictures (GOPs) containing I, P, and B frames. The compression steps of discrete cosine transform, weighting, re-quantization, entropy coding, and run length coding are explained. It also discusses how motion compensation of P and B frames further reduces file sizes by only encoding differences between frames.
This document provides an overview of digital television (DTV) standards and technologies. It discusses:
1. The DVB standard architecture and key components like MPEG transport streams.
2. Video and audio coding standards used in DTV like MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, and H.264.
3. The ATSC digital television standard developed in the United States, including its use of 8-VSB modulation, forward error correction techniques, and the "cliff effect" in reception.
Satellite digital audio radio service (SDARS) broadcasts digitally encoded audio entertainment material from orbiting satellites or terrestrial repeaters to receivers. XM uses 12.5MHz of spectrum divided between satellites and repeaters, employing QPSK modulation. Repeaters use COFDM modulation. SDARS provides national coverage and many live radio channels, delivering commercial-free, digital quality audio via satellites stationed above the US and repeaters to enhance coverage. XM and Sirius launched competing satellite radio services in the early 2000s, later merging in 2008 with FCC approval.
This document summarizes different types of microphones and loudspeakers used in a PA system for an auditorium. It describes 6 types of microphones - carbon, crystal, dynamic, condenser, ribbon, and wireless microphones. It then explains different types of loudspeakers - dynamic, cabinet, column, high fidelity, woofers, tweeters, and horn loudspeakers. It also discusses crossovers and impedance. The document provides details on the construction and working of each type of microphone and loudspeaker.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Unit 4 Statistical Learning Methods: EM algorithm
1.
2.
3. Learning
Learning from
observations
Inductive learning
(Explanation based
learning, EBL)
Deductive learning
(Relevance based learning,
RBL)
Ensemble
learning
Statistical
learning methods
Learning with
complete data
Learning with
hidden data: EM
algorithm
NN:
Reinforcement
learning
4.
5.
6.
7. Steps:
1) Probability
computation
E of gender wrt means,
mu, and variances,
sigma
2) M updates the
means and Pi, i.e.
proportion of the male
in the population