Unit 7 Definition of Seed and Seed materials.pptx

Madan Bhandari Memorial Academy Nepal (Affiliated to CTEVT)
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Seed Production Technology
(Definition of Seed and Seed material, difference
between seed and seed materials and types of Seed)
Govinda Raj Sedai
Instructor
Madan Bhandari Memorial academy Nepal,
Urlabari, Morang
Date: 2079/02/23

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SEED ?
S = Source of Genetic Material
E = Environment Protection &
Conservation of Agri Biodiversity
E = Enhanced Productivity
D = means of Dissemination of Technology

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In general seed is
• Botanically Seed is matured fertilized Ovule
• Plant’s Progeny production tool
• Seed is Planting material/embryo for future which protect
ancestor genitical and varietal trait.
 Seed is genetically inheritance and Life protection tool.
 Quality seed mean genetically, varietal purity, physical
purity, minimum moisture, disease and pest resistance
with good germinating capacity.
 Seed is Single Grain germinate and produce new plant in
favorable temperature and Relative humidity.
 Seed is Living Body of dead plant which protect and store
genitical trait within it and germinate in favorable climate
and produce new plant.

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Definition of Seed and seed materials
Seed can be defined as a fertilized ovule consisting of intact embryo,
stored food and seed coat which is viable and has got the capacity to
germinate.
Botanically seed may be defined as a fertilized mature ovule that posses an
embryonic plant, stored food material covered by a protective coat or coats
which is viable and has got capacity to germinate under favorable
environmental conditions.
In crop production, seed materials includes tubers, seedling, bulbs,
rhizomes, roots and stem cuttings, all kinds of grafts and vegetative
propagated new plants with exact characters of parents and are used for
raising new crops.,
In some crops, seeds may develop without fertilization or there is no
fusion of gametes such process is called apomixes. In such case the
embryo is develop simply by division of a diploid cell of the ovule. In seed
technological term, the part of the plant used for sowing purpose to raise
the crop is considered as seed.

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Difference between seed and grain
When the crop produces seed that can be used
as seed or grain depending upon its planting
value. The following are the main differences
between seed and grain, when they are used for
sowing:

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S
N
Seed Grain (used as seed)
1
Result of well planned seed
programme, sound scientific
knowledge, organized effort,
investment on processing, storage
and marketing facilities.
It is the part of
Commercial product
and no such knowledge
and efforts are used
2
Production and maintenance of quality
is the main aim of seed producer. It
must be true to its type. During
production effort is made to rogue out
off-types, diseased plants,
objectionable weeds and other crop
plants at appropriate stage of crop
growth which ensures satisfactory
seed purity and health.
In case of grain
production, maximizing
of yield is the main aim
of producer. It may not
be true to type. The
purity and health status
may be inferior.
3
The history or pedigree of the seed is
ensured.
Varietals purity is
unknown

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S
N
Seed
Grain (used as
seed)
5
The seed is scientifically
processed, treated and packed
and labeled with proper lot
identity.
Processing and
labeling is not
scientific.
6
Seed testing (germination test,
purity, seed health and seed
moisture) is done before planting.
Routine seed
testing is not done
before planting.
7
The quality of seed is controlled
by seed certifying agency.
There is no quality
control
8
The standard quality is marked
by the certification tags on the
seed container.
The quality is not
descript and not
known

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Fruit
A fruit is a mature ripened ovary of a flower that usually
contains one or more ovules that have been fertilized and
develop into true seeds. For example, legume pod, peppers
and cereal grains are fruits just as apples, oranges and
peaches. The fruits have exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp.
Fruit type:
1. Simple fruit
a. Fleshy b. Dry
i. Dehiscent: legumes
ii. Indehiscent: achene
2. Multiple: mulberry, pineapple
3. Aggregate: strawberry

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Pineapple

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Strawberry

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Sometimes fruits may develop from ovary
without fertilization and this phenomenon is
called parthenocarpy and the fruits are called
parthenocarpic fruits. The resulting fruits are
seed less and therefore do not contribute to
the reproduction of the plant e.g. banana,
pineapple etc. Plant growth substances may
have a role in this phenomenon, which can be
induced by auxins in the commercial
production of tomatoes and other fruits.

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A) Utilization of apomictic seed:
Reproduction (seed formation) from an unfertilized egg or from somatic cells without
fertilization, the process is called apomixes. This can occur by several mechanisms;
however, all apomictic seeds have genetic materials only from the female parent plants.
Apomixis may or may not require pollination or pollen tube germination to initiate seed
formation; however, sexual union never occurs. Broadly apomixes is divided mainly into
two types i.e. vegetative and agamospermy.
1. Vegetative apomixes:
The reproduction by means of vegetative organs like bulbs, corms, rhizomes, stolons
where the usual sporophytic development is omitted.
2. Agamospermy:
Seed development takes place from the sporophytic tissues; the process is called
agamospermy where gametophytic formation is omitted. It is 3 types:
a) Parthenogenesis: The development of an embryo directly from unfertilized egg cell,
the process is called parthenogenesis and the fruit is called parthenocarpic fruit. The
resulting fruits are seed less and therefore do not contribute to the reproduction of the
plant eg. banana, grapes etc.
b) Apogamy: The development of an embryo out of any gametophytic cell other than
egg without the union of gametes.
c) Apospory: The formation of embryo sac directly from a somatic cell without any
reduction division.
Apomixis:

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B) Utilization of specialized vegetative structures:
For the reproduction of plants different specialized vegetative
structures are utilized by using two methods which are:
i) Separation: Bulbs, corms, runners, suckers, slips etc are
separated and planted individually.
ii) Division: Rhizomes and tubers are cut into sections having
a bud or eye and then planted for regeneration eg. Potato,
colocasia etc.
iii) Propagated by cuttings
iv) Propagated by layering
v) Propagation by grafting
vi) Propagation by budding

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Seed Technology
• Feistritzer (1975) defined seed technology as the methods
through which the genetic and physical characteristics of
seed could be improved. It involves such activities as variety
development, evaluation and release, seed production,
processing, storage and certification.
• The seed technology is essentially an interdisciplinary science
which encompasses a broad range of subjects. Seed technology
comprises techniques of seed production, seed processing,
seed storage, seed testing, certification, marketing and
distribution and their related research on these aspects.
• It is an interdisciplinary science, which deals from varieties
release to all aspect of seed handling. Plant breeder, agronomist,
botanist, pathologist, entomologist and physiologist can work
together on the various aspects of seed technology.

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Role of seed technology
1. Seed – carrier of new technologies
2. Seed – a basic tool for secured food supply
3. Seed – the principle means to secure crop
yield in less favorable production area
4. Seed – a medium for rapid rehabilitation of
agriculture in cases of natural disaster
5. Seed – a bridge between two generation

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Goals of seed technology
1. Rapid multiplication
2. Timely supply
3. Assured high quality of seed
4. Reasonable price

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Opportunities of seed technologist
1. Management of seed enterprise,
2. Seed testing laboratories,
3. Seed certification agencies,
4. Seed law enforcement agencies,
5. Training/extension centers (for seed growers),
6. Research institute (where seed technology research
being done).

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Scope of seed technology
1. Food supply
2. Income generation opportunity
3. Food security

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Scope of seed technology
Nucleus Seed -
Breeders Seed - White
Foundation Seed - white
Certified 1 - Blue
Certified 2 - Green

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Variety, landraces, germ-plasm,
cultivar and their characteristics

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Variety
• Assemblages of cultivated individuals, which have
distinct, uniform and stable characters significant for
the purpose of agriculture.
• Variety has to meet DUS criteria
– Distinct
– Uniform
– Stable
• Many named varieties under species
• Artificially developed through breeding tools
Example: Arun, Radha-8, Rampur Composite,
Khujura-2 etc.

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Cultivar
• Cultivar is group of genetically similar plants
which may be identified (by some means) from
other groups of genetically similar plants.
• Developed from local selection without using
breeding tools.
Examples:
Cauliflower: Jyapoo Cauliflower,
Okra: Kavre Local etc.
Onion: Baitadi local etc.
• Synonyms of variety

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Landraces
• Existed in natural forms either in wild or
cultivated form
• Mixture of genotypes.
• Ground for Variety development

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What do you understand by varietal characters?
• Varietal characters denote Distinct, Uniform
and Stable phenotypic expression of the crop
plants in progeny population.
• How do these varietal characters transmitted
to the offspring?
 Cell division
 Mitosis
 Meiosis

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How to determine varietal characteristics?
• Observation and recording of
morphological characters
• Preparation of developmental album of
crop plants

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Thanking you

Unit 7 Definition of Seed and Seed materials.pptx

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Unit 7 Definition of Seed and Seed materials.pptx