unit 2.pptx

Jagran Lakecity Business School
UNIT 2 NATURAL RESOURCES
BY
DR M ZEESHAN K

Introduction to natural resources
Natural resources occur naturally within environments
• Natural resource is often characterized by amounts of biodiversity and
geo diversity existent in various ecosystems.
• Any material which is part of earth and satisfy human need and add
value is called as resource. Example: rocks, minerals, soil, rivers, plants &
animal.
• Human is a resource because developing his skill, he can develop other
resource by adding value to the physical material

Types
Renewable Resources :
• Can replace themselves once they have been used. e.g.
trees in a forest; crops; natural fish supplies THESE
RESOURCES REGROW OR RENEW THEMSELVES IN A SHORT
PERIOD OF TIME Wildlife Vegetation Soils
Non- renewable Resources:
• Gone once they are used e.g. minerals such as gold, iron,
nickel; fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum CAN ONLY BE
CREATED UNDER VERY SPECIFIC CONDITIONS Petroleum
Natural Gas Coal
Flow Resources :
• Replaced by natural actions whether humans use them or
not e.g. fresh water flowing through streams and rivers
because of precipitation; ocean currents EXIST B/C OF
NATURAL SYSTEMS AND NATURAL PROCESSES Solar Energy
Fresh water Waves, Tides Air Wind

Forest Resources
• The term “forest ”is derived from the latin word “foris” meaning outside.
Originally ,it is uncultivated and inhabitated village boundary consisting
of natural plants, i.e., trees and grasses .
• It means an association of plants , natural or cultivated, predominantly
trees.
• In the words of Allen and Shorpe, “Forest is a community of trees and
associated organism covering a considerable area, utilizing air, water and
minerals to attain maturity and to reproduce and capable of furnishing
mankind with indispensable products & services”.

Uses of forests
• They provide timber for house-building, ship-
building, bridges, railway carriages, furniture's
etc.
• They supply fire wood and charcoal for fuel in
homes and in industries.
• They provide wood pulp for the paper and rayon
industries. They provide honey for food and
medicines.
• They provide bee wax for candles, medicines,
shoe-making etc.
• They provide canes foe baskets, mats, chairs,
ropes, walking sticks and umbrella handles.
• They provide sandal wood for carved boxes and
small domestic articles. They provide tanning
materials in the form of wood, barks, leaves,
roots, and fruits for tanning hides and skin.
• Etc..

Functions of Forests
• The functions of forest may broadly classified into following categories-
• Protective Function
• Productive Function
• Regulative Function
• Accessory Function
• Protective Functions: Forest Provide protection against Soil erosion, Droughts, floods, noise,
radiations. Soil erosion Floods ,Soil erosion Droughts.
• Productive Functions : Forest Provide various products like, gum resins, medicines, Katha,
honey, pulp, bamboo, timber, and fruits.
• Regulative Functions : The Forest regulates the level of Oxygen and carbon dioxide in
atmosphere. The forests also help in regulating temperature conditions.
• Production of Oxygen : During Photosynthesis process forest releases oxygen a very important
gas for human survival thereby are called as lungs of earth.
• Accessory Function : Forest provides aesthetics, habitat to various flora and fauna besides that
it also has an recreational value.

Deforestation:
• Deforestation is when humans remove
or clear large areas of forest lands and
related ecosystems for non-forest use.
These include clearing for farming
purposes, ranching and urban use. In
these cases, trees are never re-planted.
• Since the industrial age, about half of
world's original forests have been
destroyed and millions of animals and
living things have been endangered.
• Despite the improvements in
education, information and general
awareness of the importance of forests,
deforestation has not reduced much.
33% 20% 7% 6% 5% Electricity
generation Industry Agriculture
Commercial residential Forest Use

Causes
• Agricultural activities: As earlier mentioned in the overview, agricultural
activities are one of the major factors affecting deforestation. Due to
overgrowing demand for food products, huge amount of tress are fell
down to grow crops and for cattle grazing.

Logging:
• Apart from this, wood based industries like paper, match-sticks, furniture
etc also need a substantial amount of wood supply. Wood is used as fuel
both directly and indirectly, therefore trees are chopped for supplies.
Firewood and charcoal are examples of wood being used as fuel. Some
of these industries thrive on illegal wood cutting and felling of trees.

Urbanization:
• Further on order to gain access to these forests, the construction of
roads are undertaken; here again trees are chopped to create roads.
Overpopulation too directly affects forest covers, as with the expansion
of cities more land is needed to establish housing and settlements.
Therefore forest land is reclaimed.

Desertification of land:
• Some of the other factors
that lead to deforestation
are also part natural and
part anthropogenic like
Desertification of land. It
occurs due to land abuse
making it unfit for growth
of trees.
• Many industries in
petrochemicals release
their waste into rivers
which results in soil
erosion and make it unfit
to grow plants and trees.
Soil erosion in Central
African Republic Yangtze
river, China.

Mining:
• Oil and coal mining require considerable amount of forest land. Apart
from this, roads and highways have to be built to make way for trucks
and other equipment. The waste that comes out from mining pollutes
the environment and effects the nearby species.

Fires:
• Another example would be forest blazes; Hundreds of trees are lost each
year due to forest fires in various portions of the world. This happens
due to extreme warm summers and milder winters. Fires, whether
causes by man or nature results in huge loss of forest cover. Manmade
fire at para , BRAZIL. Ecuador-northern western south America

Effects/ Impacts:
• Increased Soil Erosion
• Disruption of Water Cycles
• Reduced Biodiversity
• Climate Change
• Disruption of Livelihoods
• Environmental &
Economical Impacts.

Erosion
• No trees anchoring the fertile soil.
• Erosion is sweeping the land into rivers.
• The agricultural plants replacing the
forests are unable to hold onto the soil.
• As fertile soil washes away producers
move on, clearing more forests.
• Trees play a key role in the local water
cycle.
• Keep balance between the water on the
land and the water in the atmosphere.
• Disrupted balance changes the
precipitation and river flow.

Long Term Environmental Effects Reduced Biodiversity
Climate Change
• 80 % species can be found in tropical rainforests.
• Often unable to survive in the small fragments of forested lend left
behind.
• Accessible to hunters and poachers.
• Leading to extinction.
• Forests help to mitigate carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas
emissions.
• When cut, burned or otherwise removed they become carbon source.
Deforestation represents 15% of greenhouse gas emissions.
• Rising temperatures, changed patterns of weather and increase of
extreme weather events.

Economical Effects Disruption of Livelihoods
• Deforestation greatly influences many lives.
• In Southeast Asia deforestation contributed
to migration and social conflicts.
• In Brazil the poor people are constantly
pressured to move from their villages often
to remote soy plantations where they have
to work under inhumane conditions.
• Destroying sources of medicine.
• Increasing food insecurity.
• Flooding causing loss of many lives and
homes

Water resources
• Are sources of water that are useful to humans. Uses of water include
agricultural, industrial , household , recreational and environmental
activities . Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water.
• Fresh water is renewable resources like soil and air. The worlds is
supplied by clean and fresh water and it is decreasing. Water is one of
our most critical resources, but around the world it is under threat.
• Water demand already exceeds supply in many parts of the world and as
the world population continues to rise, so too does the water demand.

Uses of Fresh Water
• Agricultural: The 69% of water is use for
irrigation. Irrigation in some areas is necessary
for crops grow. Aquaculture: is a small
agricultural growing.
• Industrial: The 15% of water is use for industrial
things. The major use of industrial is power
plants. Oil refineries which is use with a chemical
process. Manufacturing plants which use water
as a solvent. Industrial water is lower than
agricultural water.
• Household: The 15% of water is use for
household. Household uses are: Drinking Bathing
Water Cooking Sanitation Gardening
Recreational: Recreational water has a small use.
• Recreational use is mostly needed for reservoirs.
This type of use of water is specific for places and
good times. Environmental water has a small use.
Environmental water is use mostly for: Artificial
wetlands Artificial lakes This is to create a wildlife
habitat.

Water Resources-Use and Overutilization
• The water Cycle through evaporation and precipitation, maintains
hydrological systems
• All aquatic ecosystems are used by a large number for their daily needs
such as washing irrigation, cooking etc.
• One of the greatest challenges today is the management of these water
resources.
• Due to increasing population there is an enormous supply for the
available freshwater resources.
• India is likely to face water crisis by 2025.

Cont..
• With growth of human population larger
amounts of water will be required to fulfil basic
needs Today in many areas this need cannot be
met.
Overutilization of water occurs at various
levels:
• Most people use more water than required to
carry out basic activities such as brushing,
bathing, washing and cleaning etc.
• Farmers also sometimes use double the water
required for irrigation.
• There are many ways in which the farmer can
increase the yield by using less water for
irrigation.

Water related issues
• Water conservation
• Water quality issues
• Fluoride problem in drinking water
• Floods
• Droughts
• Dams negative and positive impacts.

Mineral resources
• Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solids having a
definite chemical composition and characteristic physical properties.
• Mineral Resource is defined as a occurrence of natural, solid, inorganic or
fossilized organic material in or on the Earth’s crust in such form and
quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects
for economic extraction.

Types & Distribution of Mineral Resources in India
• Iron Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Goa .
• Copper : Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim.
• Coal : Bihar-Bengal- Jharkhand coal belt, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Orissa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh.
• Graphitized Petroleum Coke Petroleum : Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra
• Zinc & Lead : Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Gujarat, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh,
Meghalaya, Sikkim.
• Nickel : Orissa, Jharkhand .
• Manganese : Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Orissa, Karnataka,
Rajasthan.
• Chromite : Orissa, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Manipur .
• Tungsten : Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Haryana, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh.
• Gold :Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.

some other minerals
• Mica
• Aluminium
• Platinum
• Silver
• Uranium
• Tin
• Sulphur
• Phosphorus
• Sodium
• Potassium
• Gypsum
• Talc
• Thorium
• Diamond
• Mining

Some effects of mining on the environment
• Deforestation and loss of biodiversity are major effects of mining.(It destroys forest
and wetlands. It may mean that you have to cut down lots of trees just to get to the
spot that has all the gold or iron ore).Many mine require tailings dams to prevent
waste being washed into the rivers. Unethical miners can dispense with the dams, to
save costs, resulting in massive pollution downstream. In other cases, the tailings dam
can overflow, and even breach, during periods of heavy rain.
• Underground coal mining can require the removal of almost an entire layer of
material deep under the surface. When the timber supports collapse, this can lead to
subsidence. The subsidence can mean economic loss to people above or damage to
natural areas. It can even cause cracks in river beds, leading to loss of river flow.
• Some mining involves the inadvertent dispersal of heavy metals, such as lead, into the
atmosphere. This can have serious health effects, including mental retardation in
children.
• mining causes the dispersal of asbestos into the environment. This will cause deaths
among local residents and workers, often several decades later. Fortunately, the
mining and use of asbestos are banned in most parts of the world

Conservation
we must plan for a day when they will
disappear. - What can we do?
1. Find alternative resources
2. Develop efficient and reliable
renewable resources
3. Reduce our use and avoid waste
4. Reuse what we can
5. Recycle (collect and /reuse materials
from waste) what we can
Examples: hybrid/electric cars,
carpool, walk/ride a bike, turn off
unneeded lights/electrical appliances,
don’t let H20 run, place recyclables in
marked containers.

Energy resources
• Energy may be defined as the capacity to do work. In today’s world
development is impossible without energy. Life is unthinkable without
energy. Both energy production and energy utilization are the indicators
of a country’s progress as it is a primary input for industrial operation.
Potential energy Kinetic energy
Thermal energy Chemical energy
Mechanical energy Nuclear energy
Solar energy Electrical energy

Growing energy needs
• Energy demand: As far as availability of
fuels is concerned the Indian population is
still heavily depend on traditional fuel
such as firewood, animal waste and
agricultural residue.
• But the share of commercial energy on the
total energy demand has been increasing
vastly.
• Primary Energy Resources
Renewable/Inexhaustible/Non-
Conventional sources of energy. Example :
Wood, Solar energy etc Secondary Energy
Resources
Does occur in nature but are derived from
primary energy sources
Example: Petrol, Hydrogen obtained
through electrolysis of water etc.

Energy sources
• Renewable Energy
A renewable resource is a natural
resource with the ability to
reproduce through biological or
natural processes and replenished
with the passage of time. Renewable
resources are part of our natural
environment and form our eco-
system.
• Non-Renewable Energy
A non-renewable resource is a
natural resource which cannot be
reproduced, grown, generated, or
used on a scale which can sustain its
consumption rate, once depleted
there is no more available for future
needs. Also considered non-
renewable are resources that are
consumed much faster than nature
can create them. Fossil fuels (such as
coal, petroleum, and natural gas),
nuclear power (uranium) and certain
aquifers are examples

Conservation of Energy Resources
• Sustainable path- promotion of energy conservation , increase use of
renewable sources.
Ways-
• Judicious use of resources
• Use of Public transport system
• Switching off electricity when not in use.
• Using power saving devices
• Using non-conventional sources.

Land Resource
• Land is the fundamental resource as it provides shelter and food to man.
• In India the total geographical land area is 329 million hectares i.e.,13%
of the total area of the world.
• In terms of size India ranks SEVENTH among the countries of the world.
The utilization of land in India is not to its optimum potential.
• The most important natural resource, upon which all human activity is
based since time immemorial, is land.
• Land resource is our basic resource.
• Throughout history, we have drawn most of our sustenance and much of
our fuel, clothing and shelter from the land.
• It is useful to us as a source of food, as a place to live, work and play. It is
a productive economic factor in agriculture, forestry, grazing, fishing and
mining. It is considered as a foundation of social prestige and is the basis
of wealth and political power

LAND DEGRADATION
• Man’s progress towards
development has, however,
considerably damaged our land
resource base, probably since the
dawn of civilization.
• Out of the total land area, as many
as 175 million hectares suffer from
degradation.
• Land degradation is caused largely
by soil erosion, but also by water
logging and excessive salinity.
• The most serious threat to the land
is posed by deforestation.

Cont..
• The exponentially growing population in the country has placed immense
pressure on the dwindling land resources, endangering the very survival of
the biome as a whole.
• The high degree of degradation of existing land resources, the changing
climate and increasing diversion of land from agricultural to non- agricultural
uses have aggravated the problem.
• Consequently, the productivity of land has suffered to a great extent,
sometimes beyond repair and per capita arable land is also decreasing with
the progress of time.
• India, being a large agrarian society, has, therefore, an enormous task to
meet the growing demands for food, fuel, fibre together with environmental
security for its people in the coming years.

SOIL EROSION
• The top soil is precious to all living beings.
• The top soil is being continuously eroded by the different natural agents
like air and water
• Accelerated erosion is due to overgrazing, deforestation, mining
• Two types of agents cause soil erosion: water and Wind

EROSIONS
• Wind erosion, unlike water, cannot be divided into such distinct types.
Surface texture is the best key to wind erosion hazard potential.
• Its responsible for 3 types of soil movements
• SALTATION
• SUSPENSION
• SURFACE CREEP
• SOIL CONSERVATION PRACTICES Following types of practices are
employed
• Conservational farming
• Contour farming
• Terracing Strip cropping.

DESERTIFICATION
• Process of conversion of productive land
to arid or semi arid lands
• 10-25% drop in productivity in moderate
desertification
• More than 50% in serious desertification
• Creates gullies or sand dunes
• Leads to depletion of ground water,
salinization
• Causes are deforestation, overgrazing
and mining
• Areas include Saharan Africa, Middle
East, Western Asia, parts of central and
south America.
• Domino effect

EQUITABLE USE AND CONSERVATION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
• Most important that everyone get a fare share
• Currently More Developed Countries (MDC´s)are using more than Less
Developed Countries(LDC ´s)
• MDCs have less population but use more and pollute more
• LDCs have more population but use less and pollute less
• Conservation of Natural resources is necessary
• Individual role most important

Why should we conserve natural resources?
• As we know that nature provides all the basic needs which are
necessary to us but, we are overexploiting or overusing these resources.
if we go on overexploiting the nature, there will be no more resources
available in the future. So there is an urgent need to conserve the
nature.
• Here are some needs:
• To maintain ecological balance for supporting life.
• To preserve different types of biodiversity.
• To preserve the natural resources for the present and future generations.

What is calling for our attention?
• India as country is blessed with rich
natural resources. But from our research
on the usage of natural resources in our
country, we found that the resources are
depleting every day.
• For example :–
• Forest and arable land is being depleted
due to urbanization, overpopulation and
overconsumption
• Wild life resources are being lost due to
illegal poaching, hunting and
industrialization.
• Water resources are being contaminated
are drying up due to industrialization.

Conservation of natural resources in India:
• The Government of India has
undertaken many measures for the
conservation of the resources
• Regulations and reforms for proper
housing and infrastructure
development to avoid land acquisition
problems.
• Mass media public service messages to
educate the people on the importance
of conservation of resources.
• Increase the wildlife and forest
reserves in the country.
• Schemes to do a proper inventory of
the resources and monitor changes in
the environment.
• Various projects and schemes that
promote conservation of resources.

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