The document provides definitions for 21 vocabulary terms related to the development of a new nation in colonial America. Some of the key terms defined include: self-government in the colonies, leaders of the First Great Awakening like George Whitfield and Jonathan Edwards, Benjamin Franklin's many inventions and roles, and acts passed by the British Parliament that increased taxes and control over the colonies like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, angering the colonists and contributing to the growing independence movement.

1. Development
of
a
New
Nation
Unit
Vocabulary
Terms:
1.
Self-­‐government-­‐
White,
male,
landowners
voted
for
colony
representative
assembly
and
sometimes
governor,
but
a
king
or
proprietor
usually
chose
him
2.
The
First
Great
Awakening-­‐
Was
a
period
of
great
revivalism
during
the
1730s
&
1740s.
It
de-­‐emphasized
the
importance
of
the
church
and
put
a
greater
importance
on
the
individual
3.
George
Whitfield-­‐
He
was
a
great
preacher
who
had
recently
been
an
alehouse
attendant.
Everyone
in
the
colonies
loved
to
hear
him
preach
of
love
and
forgiveness
because
he
had
a
different
style
of
preaching.
4.
Jonathon
Edwards-­‐
He
was
an
American
theologian
and
Congregational
clergyman,
whose
sermons
stirred
the
religious
revival,
called
the
Great
Awakening.
He
is
known
for
his
"
Sinners
in
the
Hands
of
an
Angry
God
"
sermon.
5.
Benjamin
Franklin-­‐
He
owned
a
successful
printing
and
publishing
company
in
Philadelphia.
He
conducted
studies
of
electricity,
invented
bifocal
glasses,
the
lighting
rod,
and
the
stove.
He
was
an
important
diplomat
and
statesman
and
eventually
signed
the
Declaration
of
Independence
and
the
Constitution
of
the
United
States.
6.
Bifocals-­‐
Having
one
section
that
corrects
for
distant
vision
and
another
that
corrects
for
near
vision,
as
an
eyeglass
lens.
7.
Albany
Plan
of
Union-­‐
Benjamin
Franklin
submitted
the
Albany
Plan
during
the
Fr.
and
Ind.
War
on
1754
gathering
of
colonial
delegates
in
Albany,
New
York.
The
plan
called
for
the
colonies
to
unify
in
the
face
of
French
and
Native
American
threats.
The
delegates
approved
the
plan,
but
the
colonies
rejected
it
for
fear
of
losing
too
much
power.
8.
Poor
Richard’s
Almanack-­‐
1732-­‐1758
containing
many
sayings
called
from
thinkers
of
the
ages
emphasizing
such
homespun
virtues
as
thrift
industry
morality
and
common
sense,
Ben
Franklin
wrote
it.
9.
Salutary
Neglect-­‐
An
English
policy
of
not
strictly
enforcing
laws
in
its
colonies.
10.
John
Peter
Zenger-­‐
He
was
jailed
for
questioning
the
governor
of
New
York.
His
case
influenced
freedom
of
speech
and
freedom
of
press.
11.
French
and
Indian
War-­‐
Was
a
war
fought
by
French
and
English
on
American
soil
over
control
of
the
Ohio
River
Valley-­‐-­‐
English
defeated
French
in
1763.
Historical
Significance:
established
England
as
number
one
world
power
and
began
to
gradually
change
attitudes
of
the
colonists
toward
England
for
the
worse.
12.
Wilderness
Road-­‐
Was
one
of
the
first
routes
created
to
encourage
settlement
of
western
territories
through
the
Cumberland
Gap
into
Kentucky.
13.
Daniel
Boone-­‐
American
frontiersman
and
legendary
hero
who
helped
blaze
a
trail
through
Cumberland
Gap,
a
notch
in
the
Appalachian
Mountains
near
the
juncture
of
Virginia,
Tennessee,
and
Kentucky
14.
Mercantilism-­‐
An
economic
policy
under
which
nations
sought
to
increase
their
wealth
and
power
by
obtaining
large
amounts
of
gold
and
silver
15.
Pontiac’s
Rebellion-­‐
After
France
had
to
give
up
the
territory
they
had
near
and
around
the
Appalachian
Mountains
the
Indians
were
afraid
that
the
British
would
come
in
and
start
to
settle
down
permanently,
to
make
sure
this
didn't
happen
Chief
Pontiac
launched
an
offensive
at
Bushy
Run
16.
Proclamation
of
1763-­‐
A
proclamation
from
the
British
government
which
forbade
British
colonists
from
settling
west
of
the
Appalachian
Mountains,
and
which
required
any
settlers
already
living
west
of
the
mountains
to
move
back
east.
17.
Sugar
Act,
1764-­‐
An
act
that
raised
tax
revenue
in
the
colonies
for
the
crown.
It
also
increased
the
duty
on
foreign
sugar
imported
from
the
West
Indies.

2. 18.
Stamp
Act,
1765-­‐
Mandated
the
use
of
stamped
paper
certifying
the
payment
of
taxes.
Colonist
were
angrily
aroused
and
felt
that
this
act
was
jeopardizing
the
basic
right
of
the
colonists
as
Englishmen.
19.
Townshend
Act,
1767-­‐
New
regulations
on
a
light
import
duty
of
glass,
white
lead
paper,
paint,
and
tea,
an
indirect
customs
duty
payable
at
American
ports.
20.
Boston
Massacre,
1770-­‐
On
March
4,
1770,
a
group
of
colonials
started
throwing
rocks
and
snowballs
at
some
British
soldiers;
the
soldiers
panicked
and
fired
their
muskets,
killing
a
few
colonials.
This
outraged
the
colonies
and
increased
anti-­‐British
sentiment.
21.
Boston
Tea
Party,
1773-­‐Boston
patriots
organized
the
Boston
Tea
Party
to
protest
the
1773
Tea
Act,
Finally,
on
the
night
of
December
16,
1773,
colonials
disguised
as
Indians
boarded
the
ships
and
threw
the
tea
overboard.
22.
Intolerable
Acts,
1774-­‐
In
1774,
Parliament
punished
the
people
of
Massachusetts
for
their
actions
in
the
Boston
Tea
Party.
which
restricted
colonists'
rights.
The
laws
made
restrictions
on
town
meetings,
and
stated
that
enforcing
officials
who
killed
colonists
in
the
line
of
duty
would
be
sent
to
Britain
for
trial
23.
Patrick
Henry-­‐
Virginia
Politician
who
made
a
dramatic
speech
to
the
Virginia
House
of
Burgesses
in
May
1765
"Virginia
Resolves"
were
his
resolutions
for
the
colonies
on
taxes.
No
taxing
unless
by
the
Virginia
House.
24.
John
Adams-­‐
He
was
a
defense
lawyer
for
soldiers
of
Boston
Massacre
and
attended
the
1st
Continental
Congress.
He
was
later
elected
as
the
2nd
president
of
the
U.S.
He
was
a
very
influential
figure
in
Congress,
swerving
it
onto
the
course
of
revolution.
He
proposed
the
idea
of
American
home
rule
under
British
direction.
25.
Sam
Adams-­‐
Founder
of
the
Sons
of
Liberty
and
one
of
the
most
vocal
patriots
for
independence;
signed
the
Declaration
of
Independence.
Organizer
of
the
Sons
of
Liberty.
Committees
of
Correspondence-­‐
Organization
founded
by
Samuel
Adams
consisting
of
a
system
of
communication
between
patriot
leaders
in
New
England
and
throughout
the
colonies.
26.
John
Hancock-­‐
A
Massachusetts
colonist
who
was
known
as
the
"King
of
Smugglers"
because
he
defied
the
Navigation
Laws
by
smuggling
items
into
America.
He
was
president
of
the
First
Continental
Congress.
The
first
signer
of
the
Declaration
of
Independence
27.
Thomas
Jefferson-­‐
3rd
President
of
the
United
States,
he
favored
limited
central
government.
He
was
chief
drafter
of
the
Declaration
of
Independence
28.
Sons
of
Liberty-­‐
Radical
political
organization
for
colonial
independence,
which
formed
in
1765
after
the
passage
of
the
Stamp
Act.
The
Sons
leaders
included
Samuel
Adams
and
Paul
Revere.
29.
Thomas
Paine-­‐
Published
his
pamphlet
Common
Sense
in
January
1776,
exhorting
Americans
to
rise
in
opposition
to
the
British
government
and
establish
a
new
government
based
on
Enlightenment
ideals.
Historians
have
cited
the
publication
of
this
pamphlet
as
the
event
that
finally
sparked
the
Revolutionary
War.
30.
Common
Sense-­‐Thomas
Paine
published
the
pamphlet
Common
Sense
in
1776,
in
which
argued
that
the
colonists
should
free
themselves
from
British
rule
and
establish
an
independent
government
based
on
Enlightenment
ideals
-­‐
one
that
would
protect
man's
natural
rights.
31.
Paul
Revere-­‐
Silversmith
and
patriot
who
alerted
the
colonists
that
the
British
were
coming
before
Lexington
and
Concord
by
taking
a
midnight
horse
ride
to
spread
the
word
and
to
prepare
colonists
32.
Battle
of
Lexington
and
Concord-­‐
The
battles
of
Lexington
and
Concord
initiated
the
Revolutionary
War
between
the
American
colonists
and
the
British.
on
April
19,
1775,
the
first
shots
were
fired
in
Lexington,
starting
the
war.

3. 33.
Battle
of
Bunker
Hill-­‐
June
1775
Colonists
seized
Bunker
Hill
(Breed's
Hill).
Americans
numbering
1500
soldiers
slaughtered
the
advancing
redcoats.
Colonists
were
short
on
gunpowder
and
were
forced
to
abandon
the
hill.
34.
Battle
of
Saratoga-­‐
After
Burgoyne
had
captured
Fort
Ticonderoga
in
July
1777
his
troops
met
a
force
of
New
England
militia
met
them
and
defeated
them.
his
men
were
surrounded
near
Saratoga
by
the
Continental
Army,
he
surrendered.
This
battle
was
the
turning
point
of
the
war
and
convinced
France
to
aid
the
American
cause.
35.
Second
Continental
Congress-­‐
Meeting
in
Philly,
May
10,
1775,
all
thirteen
colonies
were
represented.
Congress
to
attempt
to
redress
grievances
with
England,
delegates
also
adopted
measures
to
raise
money
to
create
an
army
and
navy.
Selected
George
Washington
as
military
leader.
36.
Declaration
of
Independence-­‐
Drafted
by
Thomas
Jefferson,
a
Virginian
in
1776.
Formally
adopted
by
the
Congress
on
July
4,
1776.
"Shout
heard
round
the
world"
has
been
a
source
of
inspiration
to
other
revolutionary
movements.
37.
Valley
Forge-­‐
Site
in
Pennsylvania
where
George
Washington
and
his
Continental
Army
spent
the
winter.
It
allowed
for
Washington
to
regroup
and
retrain
his
rag-­‐tag
army.
38.
Battle
of
King’s
Mountain-­‐
was
located
in
Near
Blackburn,
South
Carolina
and
King's
Mountain,
North
Carolina.
The
Battle
of
King's
Mountain
ended
in
victory
for
the
American
colonists.
The
significance
of
the
conflict
was
that
it
became
evident
to
the
British
that
the
American
colonists
in
the
South
would
not
back
the
British.
39.
Battle
of
Yorktown-­‐
In
1781,
French
and
American
forces
encircled
and
trapped
British
General
Cornwallis's
army,
forcing
surrender
of
8,000
troops.
Last
major
encounter
of
the
war
40.
Treaty
of
Paris
(1783)-­‐
The
most
important
in
American
History
is
the
treaty
signed
in
September
1783
and
ratified
by
Congress
in
January
1784,
which
ended
the
Revolutionary
War
and
granted
the
United
States
its
independence.
It
further
granted
the
U.S.
all
land
east
of
the
Mississippi
River.
41.
George
Washington-­‐
he
was
a
colonel
military
leader
for
the
British
in
the
French
and
Indian
War
(Fort
Necessity).
Later,
he
was
Commander
of
the
Continental
Army
during
the
American
Revolution.
His
greatest
achievements
were:
(1)
his
surprise
victory
at
Trenton,
(2)
holding
the
army
together
at
Valley
Forge,
and
(3)
his
major
victory
at
Yorktown.
42.
Benedict
Arnold-­‐
He
turned
a
traitor
in
America
when
he
plotted
with
the
British
to
sell
out
the
key
stronghold
of
West
Point,
which
commanded
the
Hudson
River,
for
6,300
pounds
because
he
was
greedy
and
felt
his
work
to
america
was
unappreciated.
when
the
plot
was
discovered
he
fled
to
the
British.
43.
Hessians-­‐
German
mercenaries
that
were
hired
by
the
British
for
putting
down
the
rebellion
of
the
colonies.
44.
Friedrich
von
Steuben-­‐
Prussian
drillmaster
arrived
in
1777
with
task
of
getting
the
American
army
ready
for
battle
at
Saratoga.
45.
Marquis
de
La
Fayette-­‐
A
wealthy,
19-­‐year
old
French
noble
who
aided
General
Washington
and
was
a
major
general
in
the
colonial
army,
funding
the
army
with
$200,000.
He
later
played
a
major
role
in
the
French
Revolution.
46.
Francis
Marion-­‐
"Swamp
Fox"
American
guerilla
fighter
who
led
other
guerrillas
to
win
battles
to
recapture
South
Carolina
from
the
British.
47.
Cumberland
Settlement-­‐
Compact
was
a
forerunner
of
the
Tennessee
State
Constitution,
signed
on
May
13,
1780,
by
settlers
when
they
arrived
on
the
Cumberland
River
and
settled
Fort
Nashborough,
which
would
become
Nashville,
Tennessee.
48.
Watauga
Petition-­‐
In
which
the
Wataugans
requested
annexation
by
North
Carolina.
According
to
the
Petition,
the
Articles
were
fashioned
after
the
laws
of
Virginia
and
were

4. enacted
by
unanimous
consent
of
the
settlers.
The
primary
reason
given
for
the
establishment
was
to
prevent
the
region
from
becoming
a
haven
for
debtors
and
felons
49.
John
Donelson-­‐
Along
with
James
Robertson,
he
cofounded
Fort
Nashborough
in
1780,
which
would
eventually
become
the
city
of
Nashville,
Tennessee.
His
diaries
tell
the
early
story
of
Nashville
and
living
in
Tennessee.
50.
Watauga
Association-­‐
Although
it
lasted
only
a
few
years,
the
Watauga
Association
provided
a
basis
for
what
later
developed
into
the
state
of
Tennessee
and
likely
influenced
other
western
frontier
governments
in
the
trans-­‐Appalachian
region.
was
one
of
the
first
constitutional
governments
west
of
the
Appalachians,
it
was
not
intended
as
a
government
separate
from
the
English
colonies.