The document discusses various types of force and pressure sensors. It describes Newton's laws of motion and defines force and pressure. Quantitative and qualitative force sensors are discussed. Common force sensors include strain gauges, load cells, and tactile sensors. Tactile sensors are further divided into touch, spatial, and slip sensors. The document also covers different types of pressure sensors and transducers, including strain gauges, piezoelectric sensors, capacitive sensors, and optoelectronic pressure sensors. Common components of pressure transducers like the piston, Bourdon tube, bellows, and diaphragm are also summarized.
Force sensors can be quantitative, measuring the exact force value, or qualitative, indicating if a threshold is exceeded. Common quantitative sensors include strain gauges and load cells, while keyboards use qualitative sensors. Force is measured via strain, displacement, or other effects. Pressure is a distribution of force over an area. Common pressure measurement methods involve springs, bourdon tubes, diaphragms, and other elastic elements. Deflection is converted to electrical signals using strain gauges, piezoelectric materials, or other transducers. Tactile sensors detect touch or force spatially and can use piezoresistive, capacitive, or optical methods.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
(i) A suitable biomedical application of a thermistor is to measure body temperature, such as in a medical thermometer. Thermistors are well-suited for this application because they can accurately and precisely detect small temperature changes in the body.
(ii) For the bridge circuit shown:
Let R = resistance of each leg
dR = small change in resistance of one thermistor
Rf = resistance of the feedback resistor
Vs = input voltage
Vo = output voltage
Using Kirchhoff's voltage law on the mesh containing Rf, we get:
Vs = (R+dR)I1 + (R-
This seminar report discusses capacitive sensors. It defines sensors and describes how capacitive sensors work by measuring changes in capacitance between a probe and target. Capacitance is determined by area, gap, and dielectric material between the probe and target. The report outlines key factors that affect sensor performance such as target size, shape, and material. It also discusses strategies for maximizing accuracy, such as ensuring parallelism between the probe and target. Parameters for evaluating sensor quality are described, including sensitivity error, offset error, linearity error, and error band. High-performance capacitive sensors are distinguished from inexpensive proximity sensors.
New electromagnetic force sensor measuring the density of liquidseSAT Publishing House
1. The document describes a new electromagnetic force sensor that can be used to measure the density of liquids.
2. The sensor works by measuring the induced voltage between two flat coils as the distance between them changes when a mass is attached. The voltage increases as the coils get closer together.
3. The sensor was used to measure the density of water-ethanol mixtures at different mole fractions. The measured densities agreed well with values found in literature.
This document discusses electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic sensors and actuators. It begins by introducing capacitive sensors and actuators, which operate based on the principles of electric fields and capacitance. Capacitive proximity, position, and level sensors are described. The document then discusses magnetic sensors and actuators, which are based on static and time-varying magnetic fields. It provides an overview of magnetic theory, including permeability and the relationship between magnetic field intensity and flux density. Examples of capacitive and magnetic sensors and actuators are then presented.
New electromagnetic dynamometer measuring the surface tension of liquidseSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design and testing of an electromagnetic dynamometer for measuring the surface tension of liquids using the Wilhelmy plate method. The dynamometer consists of two flat coils - a fixed coil and a moving coil attached to a spring. Force applied to the moving coil compresses the spring, changing the distance between the coils. This induces a voltage that is measured. The dynamometer was tested and found to have a measurement range of 0-1.1 grams, accuracy of 0.3 mg, and no hysteresis within its range. The measured surface tensions of water-ethanol mixtures agreed with literature values.
This document provides an overview of industrial robots and various sensors used by robots. It discusses how George Devol applied for the first robotics patents in 1954 and how industrial robots are automatically controlled manipulators that can operate in three or more axes. It then summarizes several types of sensors like load sensors, proximity sensors, pressure sensors, heat sensors, and smell sensors; describing their basic functions and applications in areas like manufacturing, aviation safety systems, and pollution detection.
Force sensors can be quantitative, measuring the exact force value, or qualitative, indicating if a threshold is exceeded. Common quantitative sensors include strain gauges and load cells, while keyboards use qualitative sensors. Force is measured via strain, displacement, or other effects. Pressure is a distribution of force over an area. Common pressure measurement methods involve springs, bourdon tubes, diaphragms, and other elastic elements. Deflection is converted to electrical signals using strain gauges, piezoelectric materials, or other transducers. Tactile sensors detect touch or force spatially and can use piezoresistive, capacitive, or optical methods.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
(i) A suitable biomedical application of a thermistor is to measure body temperature, such as in a medical thermometer. Thermistors are well-suited for this application because they can accurately and precisely detect small temperature changes in the body.
(ii) For the bridge circuit shown:
Let R = resistance of each leg
dR = small change in resistance of one thermistor
Rf = resistance of the feedback resistor
Vs = input voltage
Vo = output voltage
Using Kirchhoff's voltage law on the mesh containing Rf, we get:
Vs = (R+dR)I1 + (R-
This seminar report discusses capacitive sensors. It defines sensors and describes how capacitive sensors work by measuring changes in capacitance between a probe and target. Capacitance is determined by area, gap, and dielectric material between the probe and target. The report outlines key factors that affect sensor performance such as target size, shape, and material. It also discusses strategies for maximizing accuracy, such as ensuring parallelism between the probe and target. Parameters for evaluating sensor quality are described, including sensitivity error, offset error, linearity error, and error band. High-performance capacitive sensors are distinguished from inexpensive proximity sensors.
New electromagnetic force sensor measuring the density of liquidseSAT Publishing House
1. The document describes a new electromagnetic force sensor that can be used to measure the density of liquids.
2. The sensor works by measuring the induced voltage between two flat coils as the distance between them changes when a mass is attached. The voltage increases as the coils get closer together.
3. The sensor was used to measure the density of water-ethanol mixtures at different mole fractions. The measured densities agreed well with values found in literature.
This document discusses electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic sensors and actuators. It begins by introducing capacitive sensors and actuators, which operate based on the principles of electric fields and capacitance. Capacitive proximity, position, and level sensors are described. The document then discusses magnetic sensors and actuators, which are based on static and time-varying magnetic fields. It provides an overview of magnetic theory, including permeability and the relationship between magnetic field intensity and flux density. Examples of capacitive and magnetic sensors and actuators are then presented.
New electromagnetic dynamometer measuring the surface tension of liquidseSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design and testing of an electromagnetic dynamometer for measuring the surface tension of liquids using the Wilhelmy plate method. The dynamometer consists of two flat coils - a fixed coil and a moving coil attached to a spring. Force applied to the moving coil compresses the spring, changing the distance between the coils. This induces a voltage that is measured. The dynamometer was tested and found to have a measurement range of 0-1.1 grams, accuracy of 0.3 mg, and no hysteresis within its range. The measured surface tensions of water-ethanol mixtures agreed with literature values.
This document provides an overview of industrial robots and various sensors used by robots. It discusses how George Devol applied for the first robotics patents in 1954 and how industrial robots are automatically controlled manipulators that can operate in three or more axes. It then summarizes several types of sensors like load sensors, proximity sensors, pressure sensors, heat sensors, and smell sensors; describing their basic functions and applications in areas like manufacturing, aviation safety systems, and pollution detection.
This document discusses transducers and capacitive transducers. It provides definitions and examples of transducers, noting they convert one type of energy to another, usually electrical or mechanical. Capacitive transducers are described as working by varying capacitance through changes in plate area, plate separation, or dielectric constant between parallel plates. Mathematical equations show how capacitance varies with these factors and can be used to measure linear or angular displacement. Specific capacitor circuit examples are given to demonstrate measurement of linear and angular position using changes in overlapping plate area.
Sensors for Biomedical Devices and systemsGunjan Patel
This document provides an overview of sensors used in biomedical devices and systems. It begins by defining key terms like sensor, transducer, and actuator. It then discusses different types of sensors like active and passive sensors. Examples of commonly used biomedical sensors are presented. Sources of sensor error and important sensor terminology are explained. The document provides details on displacement transducers, piezoelectric transducers, and strain gauges. It also describes the Wheatstone bridge circuit configuration often used with biomedical sensors.
TYPES OF PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION.pptxRevathiJ10
Pressure transducers use diaphragms that deform in response to pressure changes, converting pressure into electrical signals. LVDT pressure transducers attach strain gauges or capacitive plates to the core of an LVDT such that deflection of the diaphragm is translated to movement of the core and a proportional electrical output. Strain gauge pressure transducers bond strain gauges to a diaphragm so that deflection causes resistance changes in the strain gauge detectable by a Wheatstone bridge. Piezoelectric and capacitive pressure transducers also directly convert diaphragm deflection into electrical signals.
The document discusses liquid level capacitive sensors. It begins by describing how capacitive sensors can detect liquid levels by measuring changes in capacitance between sensor plates as the dielectric between them changes. It then provides figures to illustrate capacitive sensing concepts and equations to calculate capacitance based on plate area, distance, and dielectric. The document concludes by discussing applications of capacitive sensing including liquid level measurement, moisture detection, and touch interfaces.
Tactile sensors can be used to sense a diverse range of stimulus ranging from detecting the presence or absence of a grasped object to a complete tactile image. A tactile sensor consists of an array of touch sensitive sites, the sites may be capable of measuring more than one property. The contact forces measured
by a sensor are able to convey a large amount of information about the state of a grip. Texture, slip, impact and other contact conditions generate force and position signatures, that can be used to identify the state of a manipulation. This information can be determined by examination of the frequency domain, and is fully discussed in the literature.
This document discusses various methods for measuring level in industrial processes, including both point-level and continuous-level sensors for liquids and solids. It describes technologies such as ultrasonic, capacitance, load cell, and radar sensors. Key factors that affect sensor selection are identified as the phase being measured, temperature, pressure, chemistry, and size/shape of the tank. Direct and indirect measurement methods are also overviewed.
This document discusses various methods for industrial level measurement of liquids and solids. It describes point level and continuous level sensors for both liquids and solids. For liquids, common point level detection methods include ultrasonic, float-based, pneumatic, and conductive sensors. Continuous liquid level detection uses technologies like magnetostrictive, resistive chain, and hydrostatic pressure. Solid level measurement techniques involve vibrating point, capacitance, ultrasonic, laser, load cell, and float sensors. Key factors that influence sensor selection include the material phase, temperature, pressure, and tank properties.
Sensors are devices that detect and respond to some type of input from the physical environment. This document discusses several common sensors used in manufacturing, including proximity sensors, LVDT sensors, ultrasonic sensors, encoders, switches, inductive sensors, optical sensors, strain gauges, and pressure switches. It provides details on their functions and applications for tasks like distance sensing, contour tracking, machine vision, and process parameter monitoring. Essential features for sensors in manufacturing include precision, accuracy, response speed, operating range, reliability, ease of calibration, and cost.
The document discusses different types of instruments used to measure acceleration, vibration, and density. It describes LVDT, piezoelectric, and strain gauge accelerometers. It also discusses vibration sensors, including accelerometers, strain gauges, velocity sensors, and gyroscopes. Finally, it covers various densitometers for measuring liquid and gas density, including displacement, float, and ultrasonic densitometers.
Mechanical sensors and its working principles are discussed. The modern applications of the mechanical transducers or converters are also discussed. Motion, displacement, force, pressure, strain and many more concepts are discussed related mechanical sensors.
The document discusses transducers and sensors. It defines a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another, providing examples like microphones and solar cells. It defines a sensor as a device that receives and responds to a signal by converting it into an electrical representation. The document outlines different types of sensors like active and passive sensors, absolute and relative sensors. It also discusses various physical principles of sensing involving electric fields, magnetism, resistance, piezoelectric effects, and others. Finally, it covers important sensor properties and characteristics.
Measurement is the estimation of the magnitude of some attribute of an object, such as its length or weight, relative to a unit of measurement.
Measurement usually involves using a measuring instrument, such as a ruler or scale, which is calibrated to compare the object to some standard, such as a meter or a kilogram. In science, however, where accurate measurement is crucial, a measurement is understood to have three parts: first, the measurement itself, second, the margin of error, and third, the confidence level -- that is, the probability that the actual property of the physical object is within the margin of error.
For example, we might measure the length of an object as 2.34 meters plus or minus 0.01 meter, with a 95% level of confidence.
This document provides an overview of sensors and instrumentation. It discusses key concepts like measurement, instruments, transducers, sensors, and different types of sensors like pressure sensors, displacement sensors, and strain gauges. Measurement involves quantitatively comparing an unknown quantity to a standard unit. Instruments are devices that measure physical quantities and can be mechanical, electrical or electronic. Transducers convert one form of energy to another while sensors measure energy levels and output electrical signals.
Capacitive sensors use capacitance to make measurements by detecting changes in the distance between conductive surfaces. Capacitance increases with surface area and dielectric material between conductors, and decreases with increasing distance. Capacitive sensors can directly or indirectly sense many things and have advantages like low cost, stability, and high resolution, but are sensitive to humidity and dirty environments. They work by applying an alternating voltage to create an electric field and charges between conductive objects, and the changing capacitance is measured by circuits to determine values. Capacitive sensors have many applications including liquid level detection, motion detection, fingerprint detection, and moisture measurement.
This document provides an overview of sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that responds to stimuli by generating processable outputs related to the input. A transducer both converts one type of energy to another and may include additional components beyond the sensing element. Sensors are used in a wide range of applications from consumer products to industrial processes to medical devices. The document outlines key factors for sensors such as sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and cost. It also describes different types of energies that can be measured by sensors and transducers, as well as common transduction mechanisms.
Sensors in Different Application Area Topics Covered: Occupancy and Motion Detectors; Position, Displacement, and Level; Velocity and Acceleration; Force, Strain, and Tactile Sensors; Pressure Sensors, Temperature Sensors
An inexpensive embedded system was designed and developed to measure magnetic fields for low frequency nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) applications. The system uses a Hall effect sensor to accurately measure magnetic fields. It is connected to a microcontroller with an analog-to-digital converter to convert the sensor output voltage to measured magnetic field values in Gauss. The system was able to successfully measure different magnetic fields and provides a low-cost option for NMR applications requiring magnetic field measurements.
Proximity sensors can detect objects without physical contact by emitting electromagnetic fields or beams and detecting changes in the fields. They have no moving parts so they are reliable with long lifespans. Proximity sensors are used to detect vibrations in machines and as touch switches. The main types are capacitive, inductive, radar, sonar, magnetic, photocell, and infrared proximity sensors. Capacitive sensors detect changes in capacitance from objects. Inductive sensors induce eddy currents in metals using magnetic fields. Radar and sonar use radio waves and ultrasound. Magnetic sensors detect disturbances in magnetic fields. Photocell and infrared sensors use light. Proximity sensors are used for applications like presence detection, object counting, and
The document discusses various types of sensors and transducers. It defines sensors as devices that measure physical quantities and produce a corresponding signal, while transducers are elements that experience a related change when subject to some input change. Common physical quantities that can be measured include temperature, pressure, light, current, and weight. Performance characteristics of sensors like range, error, accuracy, sensitivity, hysteresis, nonlinearity, repeatability, and resolution are also described. The document then discusses different types of displacement, position, velocity and motion sensors like potentiometers, strain gauges, capacitive, inductive, Hall effect, incremental encoders and tachogenerators.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
This document discusses transducers and capacitive transducers. It provides definitions and examples of transducers, noting they convert one type of energy to another, usually electrical or mechanical. Capacitive transducers are described as working by varying capacitance through changes in plate area, plate separation, or dielectric constant between parallel plates. Mathematical equations show how capacitance varies with these factors and can be used to measure linear or angular displacement. Specific capacitor circuit examples are given to demonstrate measurement of linear and angular position using changes in overlapping plate area.
Sensors for Biomedical Devices and systemsGunjan Patel
This document provides an overview of sensors used in biomedical devices and systems. It begins by defining key terms like sensor, transducer, and actuator. It then discusses different types of sensors like active and passive sensors. Examples of commonly used biomedical sensors are presented. Sources of sensor error and important sensor terminology are explained. The document provides details on displacement transducers, piezoelectric transducers, and strain gauges. It also describes the Wheatstone bridge circuit configuration often used with biomedical sensors.
TYPES OF PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION.pptxRevathiJ10
Pressure transducers use diaphragms that deform in response to pressure changes, converting pressure into electrical signals. LVDT pressure transducers attach strain gauges or capacitive plates to the core of an LVDT such that deflection of the diaphragm is translated to movement of the core and a proportional electrical output. Strain gauge pressure transducers bond strain gauges to a diaphragm so that deflection causes resistance changes in the strain gauge detectable by a Wheatstone bridge. Piezoelectric and capacitive pressure transducers also directly convert diaphragm deflection into electrical signals.
The document discusses liquid level capacitive sensors. It begins by describing how capacitive sensors can detect liquid levels by measuring changes in capacitance between sensor plates as the dielectric between them changes. It then provides figures to illustrate capacitive sensing concepts and equations to calculate capacitance based on plate area, distance, and dielectric. The document concludes by discussing applications of capacitive sensing including liquid level measurement, moisture detection, and touch interfaces.
Tactile sensors can be used to sense a diverse range of stimulus ranging from detecting the presence or absence of a grasped object to a complete tactile image. A tactile sensor consists of an array of touch sensitive sites, the sites may be capable of measuring more than one property. The contact forces measured
by a sensor are able to convey a large amount of information about the state of a grip. Texture, slip, impact and other contact conditions generate force and position signatures, that can be used to identify the state of a manipulation. This information can be determined by examination of the frequency domain, and is fully discussed in the literature.
This document discusses various methods for measuring level in industrial processes, including both point-level and continuous-level sensors for liquids and solids. It describes technologies such as ultrasonic, capacitance, load cell, and radar sensors. Key factors that affect sensor selection are identified as the phase being measured, temperature, pressure, chemistry, and size/shape of the tank. Direct and indirect measurement methods are also overviewed.
This document discusses various methods for industrial level measurement of liquids and solids. It describes point level and continuous level sensors for both liquids and solids. For liquids, common point level detection methods include ultrasonic, float-based, pneumatic, and conductive sensors. Continuous liquid level detection uses technologies like magnetostrictive, resistive chain, and hydrostatic pressure. Solid level measurement techniques involve vibrating point, capacitance, ultrasonic, laser, load cell, and float sensors. Key factors that influence sensor selection include the material phase, temperature, pressure, and tank properties.
Sensors are devices that detect and respond to some type of input from the physical environment. This document discusses several common sensors used in manufacturing, including proximity sensors, LVDT sensors, ultrasonic sensors, encoders, switches, inductive sensors, optical sensors, strain gauges, and pressure switches. It provides details on their functions and applications for tasks like distance sensing, contour tracking, machine vision, and process parameter monitoring. Essential features for sensors in manufacturing include precision, accuracy, response speed, operating range, reliability, ease of calibration, and cost.
The document discusses different types of instruments used to measure acceleration, vibration, and density. It describes LVDT, piezoelectric, and strain gauge accelerometers. It also discusses vibration sensors, including accelerometers, strain gauges, velocity sensors, and gyroscopes. Finally, it covers various densitometers for measuring liquid and gas density, including displacement, float, and ultrasonic densitometers.
Mechanical sensors and its working principles are discussed. The modern applications of the mechanical transducers or converters are also discussed. Motion, displacement, force, pressure, strain and many more concepts are discussed related mechanical sensors.
The document discusses transducers and sensors. It defines a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another, providing examples like microphones and solar cells. It defines a sensor as a device that receives and responds to a signal by converting it into an electrical representation. The document outlines different types of sensors like active and passive sensors, absolute and relative sensors. It also discusses various physical principles of sensing involving electric fields, magnetism, resistance, piezoelectric effects, and others. Finally, it covers important sensor properties and characteristics.
Measurement is the estimation of the magnitude of some attribute of an object, such as its length or weight, relative to a unit of measurement.
Measurement usually involves using a measuring instrument, such as a ruler or scale, which is calibrated to compare the object to some standard, such as a meter or a kilogram. In science, however, where accurate measurement is crucial, a measurement is understood to have three parts: first, the measurement itself, second, the margin of error, and third, the confidence level -- that is, the probability that the actual property of the physical object is within the margin of error.
For example, we might measure the length of an object as 2.34 meters plus or minus 0.01 meter, with a 95% level of confidence.
This document provides an overview of sensors and instrumentation. It discusses key concepts like measurement, instruments, transducers, sensors, and different types of sensors like pressure sensors, displacement sensors, and strain gauges. Measurement involves quantitatively comparing an unknown quantity to a standard unit. Instruments are devices that measure physical quantities and can be mechanical, electrical or electronic. Transducers convert one form of energy to another while sensors measure energy levels and output electrical signals.
Capacitive sensors use capacitance to make measurements by detecting changes in the distance between conductive surfaces. Capacitance increases with surface area and dielectric material between conductors, and decreases with increasing distance. Capacitive sensors can directly or indirectly sense many things and have advantages like low cost, stability, and high resolution, but are sensitive to humidity and dirty environments. They work by applying an alternating voltage to create an electric field and charges between conductive objects, and the changing capacitance is measured by circuits to determine values. Capacitive sensors have many applications including liquid level detection, motion detection, fingerprint detection, and moisture measurement.
This document provides an overview of sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that responds to stimuli by generating processable outputs related to the input. A transducer both converts one type of energy to another and may include additional components beyond the sensing element. Sensors are used in a wide range of applications from consumer products to industrial processes to medical devices. The document outlines key factors for sensors such as sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and cost. It also describes different types of energies that can be measured by sensors and transducers, as well as common transduction mechanisms.
Sensors in Different Application Area Topics Covered: Occupancy and Motion Detectors; Position, Displacement, and Level; Velocity and Acceleration; Force, Strain, and Tactile Sensors; Pressure Sensors, Temperature Sensors
An inexpensive embedded system was designed and developed to measure magnetic fields for low frequency nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) applications. The system uses a Hall effect sensor to accurately measure magnetic fields. It is connected to a microcontroller with an analog-to-digital converter to convert the sensor output voltage to measured magnetic field values in Gauss. The system was able to successfully measure different magnetic fields and provides a low-cost option for NMR applications requiring magnetic field measurements.
Proximity sensors can detect objects without physical contact by emitting electromagnetic fields or beams and detecting changes in the fields. They have no moving parts so they are reliable with long lifespans. Proximity sensors are used to detect vibrations in machines and as touch switches. The main types are capacitive, inductive, radar, sonar, magnetic, photocell, and infrared proximity sensors. Capacitive sensors detect changes in capacitance from objects. Inductive sensors induce eddy currents in metals using magnetic fields. Radar and sonar use radio waves and ultrasound. Magnetic sensors detect disturbances in magnetic fields. Photocell and infrared sensors use light. Proximity sensors are used for applications like presence detection, object counting, and
The document discusses various types of sensors and transducers. It defines sensors as devices that measure physical quantities and produce a corresponding signal, while transducers are elements that experience a related change when subject to some input change. Common physical quantities that can be measured include temperature, pressure, light, current, and weight. Performance characteristics of sensors like range, error, accuracy, sensitivity, hysteresis, nonlinearity, repeatability, and resolution are also described. The document then discusses different types of displacement, position, velocity and motion sensors like potentiometers, strain gauges, capacitive, inductive, Hall effect, incremental encoders and tachogenerators.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
2. Force: When force is applied to a free body, it gives the
body an acceleration in a direction of the force. Thus, force
is a vector value.
Newton had found that acceleration (a) is proportional to
the acting force (F) and inversely proportional to the
property of a body called the mass (m); a= F/m This is
Newton’s 2 nd law, while 1 st law is “when net acting force
F=0, then a=0”
Newton’s 3 rd law: “To every action there is always
opposed an equal reaction; or, the mutual actions of two
bodies upon each other are always equal, and directed to
contrary parts.” Density is defined through mass (m) and
volume (V) as; ρ= m/V
3. Force Sensors: Force sensors can be divided into two classes:
1. Quantitative sensor: It measures the force and represents its value in terms of an electrical
signal. Examples: strain gauges and load cells.
2. Qualitative sensor: It indicates whether a sufficiently strong force is applied or not. The
sensor output signal indicates when the force magnitude exceeds a predetermined threshold
level. Example: computer keyboard. The qualitative force sensors are used for detection of
motion and position. Note: Whenever pressure is measured, it requires the measurement of
force.
Force is measured when dealing with solids, while pressure is measured when dealing fluids.
That is, force is considered when action is applied to a spot, and pressure is measured when
force is distributed over a relatively large area.
Types of Force Sensors
4. Methods of Sensing Force: 1. By balancing the unknown force against the
gravitational force of a standard mass
2. By measuring the acceleration of a known mass to which the force is applied
3. By balancing the force against an electromagnetically developed force
4. By converting the force to a fluid pressure and measuring that pressure
5. By measuring the strain produced in an elastic member by the unknown
force Force sensors are complex sensors, since force is not directly converted
into an electric signal.
The LVDT sensor produces voltage proportional to the applied force within the
linear range of the spring. For example; force sensor can be fabricated by
combining a force-to displacement transducer and a position (displacement)
sensor. The former may be a simple coil spring, whose compression
displacement (x) can be defined through the spring coefficient (k) and
compressing force (F) as; X= k F
5.
6. Strain Gauges : Strain (e): is deformation of a physical body under the action of
applied forces. Strain gauge is a resistive elastic sensor whose resistance is
function of the applied strain. Resistance is related to the applied force, and this
is called the piezoresistive effect. where; Se : is the gauge factor, (Se 2 for most
materials except for platinum Se 6). dR: is the change in resistance caused by
strain (e), R: is the resistance of the undeformed gauge.
For small variations in resistance (less than 2%), the resistance of the metallic
wire is given by: R = Ro (1+x) where; Ro is the resistance with no stress applied
7.
8. gauge and three dummy resistors in a Wheatstone Bridge configuration,
the output (v) from the bridge is:
Where; V is the bridge excitation voltage. Foil gauges typically have active
areas of about 2 –10 mm2 in size.
With careful installation, the correct gauge, and the correct adhesive
(glue), strains up to at least 10% can be measured.
Gauge factor is given by; Se =1+2μ
where μ= Poisson's ratio.
9.
10. Tactile Sensors The tactile sensors can be subdivided into three subgroups:
1. Touch Sensors: detect and measure contact forces at defined points. A
touch sensor typically is a threshold device or a binary sensor (touch or no
touch). Note: Some touch sensors do not rely on reaction to a force. A touch
by a finger may be detected by monitoring a contact area between the finger
and the panel. An example is a touch screen on a mobile telephone.
2. Spatial Sensors: These sensors detect and measure the spatial distribution
of forces perpendicular to a predetermined sensory area, and the subsequent
interpretation of the spatial information.
3. Slip Sensors: These sensors detect and measure the movement of an object
relative to the sensor. This can be achieved either by a specially designed slip
sensor or by the interpretation of the data from a touch sensor or a spatial
array. Note: A spatial-sensing array can be considered to be a coordinated
group of touch sensors.
11. Tactile Sensors Requirements: Requirements to tactile sensors are
based on investigation of human sensing and the analysis of grasping
and manipulation. Example: the desirable characteristics of a touch or
tactile sensor suitable for the majority of industrial applications are;
1. It should be a single-point contact, though the sensory area can be
any size. In practice, an area of 1–2 mm2 is considered a satisfactory.
2. The sensor sensitivity is dependent on a number of variables
determined by the sensor’s basic physical characteristics. In addition,
the sensitivity depends on the application.
3. A minimum sensor bandwidth of 100 Hz. 4. The sensor characteristics
must be stable and repeatable with low hysteresis.
12. Switch Sensors : A simple tactile sensor producing an “on–off” output
can be formed with two leaves of foil and a spacer . The spacer has
holes. One leaf is grounded and the other is connected to a pull-up
resistor. A multiplexer can be used if more than one sensing area is
required. When an external force is applied to the upper conductor over
the hole in the spacer, the top leaf flexes and upon reaching the lower
conductor, makes an electric contact, grounding the pull-up resistor.
The output signal becomes zero indicating the applied force.
13. Piezoelectric Sensors
They can be designed with piezoelectric films, such as Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) used in active or
passive modes. The center film is for the acoustic coupling between the other two. The softness of the
center film determines sensitivity and the operating range of the sensor.
The bottom piezoelectric film is driven by an AC voltage (Oscillator). This signal results in mechanical
contractions of the film that are coupled to the compression film and, in turn, to the upper piezoelectric
film, which acts as a receiver. Since piezoelectricity is a reversible phenomenon, the upper film produces
alternating voltage upon being subjected to mechanical vibrations from the compression film. These
oscillations are amplified and fed into a synchronous demodulator, which is sensitive to both the amplitude
and the phase of the received signal. When force (F) is applied to the upper film, mechanical coupling
between layers changes. This affects the amplitude and the phase of the received signal. These changes are
recognized by the demodulator and appear at its output as a variable voltage.
14. Movements of a body had to be monitored in order to detect cessation
of breathing. The sensor was placed under the mattress in a crib. A body
of a normally breathing child slightly shifts with each inhale and exhale
due to a moving diaphragm. This results in a displacement of the body’s
center of gravity that is detected by the PVDF film sensor. The sensor
consists of three layers where the PVDF film is positioned between a
backing material (silicone rubber) and a pushing layer (plastic film). The
film generates an electric current converted into output voltage. The
amplitude of that voltage within certain limits is proportional to the
applied gravitational force.
15. Piezoresistive Sensors: The sensor incorporates a Force-Sensitive Resistor (FSR) whose
resistance varies with applied pressure. A conductive elastomer is fabricated of silicone rubber,
polyurethane, and other compounds that are impregnated with conductive particles or fibers.
Operating principles of elastomeric tactile sensors are based either on varying the contact area
when the elastomer is squeezed between two conductive plates or in changing the thickness.
When the external force varies, the contact area at the interface between the pusher and the
elastomer changes, resulting in a reduction of electrical resistance. At a certain pressure, the
contact area reaches its maximum and the transfer function goes to saturation. For a resistive
polymer having thickness 70 mm and a specific resistance of 11 kΩ/cm2 , resistance for
pressures over 16 kPa can me approximated by;
16. Capacitive Touch Sensor: It relies on the applied force that either changes the distance
between the plates or the variable surface area of the capacitor. To maximize the change in
capacitance as force is applied, it is preferable to use a high permittivity dielectric (such as
PVDF) in a coaxial capacitor design. To measure the change in capacitance; 1. Use of a current
source with a resistor and measure the time delay caused by a variable capacitance. 2. Use the
sensor as part of an oscillator with an LC or RC circuit, and measure the frequency response.
17. Capacitive Pressure Sensor -Capacitive pressure sensors are also used in electronic pressure
transmitters. With these devices the change in capacitance resulting from the movement of an
elastic element is proportional to the pressure applied to the elastic element.
18. They use an array of infrared (IR) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on two adjacent
bezel edges of a display, with photo detectors placed on the two opposite bezel
edges to analyze the system and determine a touch event. The LED and photo
detectors pairs create a grid of light beams across the display. An object that
touches the screen changes the reflection due to a difference between refractive
properties of air and a finger. This results in a measured decrease in light intensity
at the corresponding photo detector. The measured photo detector outputs can be
used to locate a touch-point coordinate.
19. PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS: Pressure sensors either convert the pressure into mechanical movement or
into an electrical output. Complete gauges not only sense the pressure but indicate them on a dial or scale.
Mechanical movement is produced with the following elements.
1. Spring and Piston. 2. Bourdon Tube. 3. Bellows and capsules. 4. Diaphragm.
1. PISTON TYPE: The pressure acts directly on the piston and compresses the spring. The position of the
piston is directly related to the pressure. A window in the outer case allows the pressure to be indicated.
This type is usually used in hydraulics where the ability to withstand shock, vibration and sudden pressure
changes is needed (shock proof gauge). The piston movement may be connected to a secondary device to
convert movement into an electrical signal.
20. 2. Bourdon tube: The Bourdon tube is a hollow tube with an elliptical cross section.
When a pressure difference exists between the inside and outside, the tube tends to
straighten out and the end moves. The movement is usually coupled to a needle on a
dial to make a complete gauge. It can also be connected to a secondary device such as
an air nozzle to control air pressure or to a suitable transducer to convert it into an
electric signal. This type can be used for measuring pressure difference.
21. 3. CAPSULES AND BELLOWS: A bellows is made of several capsules (hollow flattened
structures made from thin metal plate). When pressurized the bellows expand and produce
mechanical movement. If the bellows is encapsulated inside an outer container, then the
movement is proportional to the difference between the pressure on the inside and outside.
Bellows and single capsules are very useful for measuring small pressures.
4. DIAPHRAGMS: These are similar in principle to the capsule but the diaphragm is usually
very thin and perhaps made of rubber. The diaphragm expands when very small pressures are
applied. The movement is transmitted to a pointer on a dial through a fine mechanical linkage.
22. Bellows, Membranes, and Thin plates: A bellows is a first step in the complex
conversion of pressure into an electrical signal. It is used to convert pressure into a
linear displacement, which can be measured by an appropriate sensor.
23. A membrane is a thin diaphragm under radial tension (S), which is measured in N/m.
At low-pressure (p) differences across the membrane, the center deflection (zmax) and the
stress (σmax) are functions of pressure:
where: r is the membrane radius, g is the thickness.
24. Optoelectronic Pressure Sensors: An optical readout has several advantages over other
technologies; a simple encapsulation, small temperature effects, and high resolution and
accuracy. An optical sensor consists of: a passive optical pressure chip with a membrane etched
in silicon, a LED, and a detector chip. A pressure chip with optical cavity forming a Fabry–Perot
(FP) interferometer measuring the deflection of the diaphragm. A back-etched, single-crystal
diaphragm on a silicon chip is covered with a thin metallic layer, and a glass plate with a metallic
layer on its backside. A detector chip contains three pn-junction photodiodes. Two of them are
covered with integrated optical FP filters of slightly different thicknesses. The detector chip
works as a demodulator and generates electrical signals representing the applied pressure.
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