The document outlines nursing theory as a framework to organize nursing knowledge, focusing on four key concepts: the person (patient), environment, health, and nursing. It details the nursing process, which consists of five steps: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation, emphasizing the importance of critical thinking and documentation throughout. Key nursing theorists and their contributions to nursing practice are also discussed, highlighting how theories guide patient care and promote health.

1. Nursing theory is a framework designed to organize
knowledge &explain phenomena in nursing , at a more
concrete &specific level.
Common concerts in nursing theories.
1. The person (patient)
2. The environment
3. Health
4. Nursing
Nursing Theories.

2. 1. Person
 Recipient of care ,including physical ,
spiritual , psychological & socio culture
components.
Ex; Individual , family or community
2. Environment
 All internal & external conditions ,
circumstances & influences affecting the
person.

3. 3. Health
 Health is a state of complete
physical ,mental, social well being and
not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.
4. Nursing
 Action , characteristics & attributes
of person giving care.

4.  1st
theorist.
 Unsanitary conditions posed health
hazard.
Virginia Henderson.
The nature of nursing need theory.
 she categorizes nursing activities into 14
components based on human needs.
Florence Nightingale
environment theory

5.  Basic human needs as the central focus of
nursing practice.
Dorathea Orem – self care
model theory.
 Patient baseline ability to provide adequate
self care is assessed.
Maintain a safe environment.
 Once a patient is admitted to ward until
discharge from the hospital he or she has
to stay in that particular ward.

6.  Patient has to engage in all sort of daily
activities in that place known as the
patient’s unit.
 Cleanliness of the ward is very much
important to prevent the spread of the
pathogenic microorganisms.
 We have to consider of two aspects of
environment.
1.Therapeutic environment.
2.psychosocial environment.

7.  Therapeutic environment as a safe
environment would include the
following .
1. Cleanliness
2. Lighting
3. Ventilation
4. Temperature
Specific objectives
Describe briefly the steps in the nursing
process.

8.  Lead to accomplishing some goal or
purpose.
 A systematic method for providing care
to clients.
 Provides individualized , holistic ,
effective & efficient client care.
 Clients of all ages & in any care setting.
-Includes steps-
 There is five steps.
-Nursing process-

9. 1. Assessment
2. Diagnosis
3. Planning
4. Implementation
5. Evolution
Assessment
 The first step in the nursing process.
 Includes systematic collection verification,
organization &documentation of date.

10. Purpose of Assessment
1. To organize a database regarding a
client’s physical , psychosocial &
emotional health.
2. To identify health promoting behaviors
& actual & or potential health problems.
Types of Assessment
3. Comprehensive- provides baseline
client data.
4. Focused-limited to a particular need or
health care concern.

11. 3. Ongoing- includes systemic monitoring
of specific monitoring of specific
problems.
Sources of Data
4. Primary source.
Client or the major provider of information
about a client.
2. Secondary source.
Sources of data other than client &include
family members , other health care
providers &medical records.

12. 1. Subjective data
Data from client’s point of view. And
include perception, feelings & concerns.
Collected by interview.
2. Objective data
observable &measurable obtained
through both physical examination & the
results of lab &diagnostic testing.
Types of data

13.  Second skip in the nursing process.
 Clinical judgment about individual, family
or community response to actual or
potential health problems/life process.
 Provides the basis for client care through
the remaining steps.
Nursing diagnosis

14.  Third step of the nursing process.
 Includes establishing guideline for the
proposed course of nursing action
&developing the client’s plan of care.
Planning phase
1. Initial planning.
developing a preliminary plan of care.
2. Ongoing planning
updating the client’s plan of care.
Planning

15. 3. Discharge planning
Anticipating &planning for the client’s
needs after discharge.
Planning involves
4. Prioritizing the nursing diagnoses.
5. Identifying &writing client – centered
long &short term goals &out comes.
6. Identifying – specific nursing
intervention.
7. Recording the entire nursing care plan
in the client’s record.

16. 1. Action performed by nurse to help client
achieve result specified by goals &
expected outcomes.
2. Refer directly to the related factors in
nursing diagnoses.
3. Are stated in specific terms.
4. May change.
Nursing interventions.

17.  Fourth step in the nursing process.
 The performance of the nursing interventions
identified during the planning phase.
Evaluation
 Fifth step in the nursing process.
 Determine whether client goals, have been
met partially met or not met.
 Ongoing evaluation is essential for the
nursing process to be implemented
appropriately.
Implementation

18.  Critical thinkers ask questions, identify
assumptions evaluate evidence , examine
alternatives & sq. to understand various
points of view.
Documentation
 Any printed or written record of activates.
 Recording & reporting are the major
ways health care providers communicate.
The nursing process &critical
thinking.

19.  The client’s medical record is a legal
document of all activities regarding client
care.
Purposes of documentation.
1. Communication
2. Practice & legal standards
3. Reimbursement
4. Education
5. Research
6. Nursing audit

20.  Documentation confirms the care provided
to the client & clearly outlines all important
information regarding the client.
Practice & legal standards
The legal aspects of documentation require.
1. Writing legible & near
2. Spelling & grammar properly used.
3. Authorizes abbreviations used.
4. Time-Sequenced (factual & descriptive entries.)
communication

21. 1. Document accurately , completely no
any errors.
2. Note date &time.
3. Use appropriate form.
4. Identify the client.
5. Write in ink.
6. Use standard abbreviation.
7. Spelling correctly.
8. Write legibly.
Principles of the
documentation

22. 9. Correct errors properly.
10.Write on every line.
11.Chart to be maintained correctly.
12.Sign each entry. Put your designation.