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UNISA AD
Symposium
Building student academic
resilience in a context of
diversity in Higher Education
(alan.cliff@uct.ac.za)
Towards understanding
“resilience”
 From Psychology:
 Attribution Theory
 Innate concept
 Individualistic
 Located in Western, Global North theory
 Typically associated with adaptation to adversity;
the development of persistence; stronger
likelihood of success (Meinert, 2013)
Towards understanding
“resilience”
 Psychoanalytic Theory:
 Useful distinctions made between resilience;
resistance; reluctance
 Resilience – located in the ego; the most
rational/adult dimension
 Resistance – located in the id; the most
‘childish’/reactive dimension
 Reluctance – also located in the id;
maladaptive/immobile dimension
Towards understanding
“resilience”
 Social Learning Theory
 Introduced the importance of context
 And the significance of the social into
understandings of resilience
 So, resilience can be both enabled and
constrained by context – a very significant idea in
the context of this keynote
New Literacies Studies
 Lea and Street
 Gee
 Digital literacies
 Multimodal literacies
Academic literacies as forms of
participation
 Lave and Wenger’s social learning theory and
Communities of Practice (CoP)
 Mary Lea’s work (and others): moving from a
skills-based to an assimilationist approach to
full ‘reading of’ the [D]discourses of higher
education
 Our own work: academic reading and writing,
based on theories of learning and reasoning
Lave and Wenger
 Meaning
 Participation
 Reification
 Community
 Joint enterprise
 Mutual engagement
 Shared repertoire
Storberg-Walker, J. (2008) Communities of
Practice Revisited. Advances in Developing
Human Resources, 10, 555-577.
Lave and Wenger (cont.)
 Identity
 Negotiated experience
 Membership
 Learning trajectory
 Multi-membership
 Global membership; local experience
Lave and Wenger (cont.)
 Learning
 Evolving mutual engagement
 Understanding and refining their enterprise
 Developing repertoire, styles and discourses
 Participation does NOT mean compliance or a
centralised positioning
Lea and others (1998; 2006;
2011)
 Contextualised, embedded literacies
 From literacy as skills acquisition
 To literacy as assimilation
 To literacies as socioculturally-situated
practices and Discourses
Lea et al (cont.)
 To literacies in technology spaces, which
imply:
 Multimodal engagements
 ‘Blurring’ of boundaries between forms of
knowledge
 Inequalities in the notions of the ‘digital native’
 Critical engagement with textual ‘authority’
 Overwhelming amounts of reading
‘Reading the academy’
 Participation as understanding and engaging with
the language of instruction
 Academic literacy here refers to the ability of
students to negotiate the grammatical and textual
structure of the language of instruction and to
understand its functional and sociolinguistic
bases.
In a higher education context, this means:
What is Academic Literacy?
 negotiate meaning at word, sentence, paragraph
and whole-text level;
 understand discourse and argument structure and
the text “signals” that underlie this structure;
 extrapolate and draw inferences beyond what has
been stated in text;
 separate essential from non-essential and super-
ordinate from sub-ordinate information;
What is Academic Literacy?
 understand and interpret visually encoded
information, such as graphs, diagrams and flow-
charts;
 understand and manipulate numerical information;
 understand the importance and authority of “own
voice”;
 understand and encode the metaphorical, non-
literal and idiomatic bases of language;
What is Academic Literacy?
 negotiate and analyse text genre.
 A contextualised focus on the cognitive
demand / reasoning required on a continuum
from reproduction to transformation
(production)
 A task which becomes more difficult as it
becomes more abstract
Literacies at the meso level
 Responsibility now shifts to include the academic
 And to curriculum literacies
 Literacy for the academic now also becomes a
‘reading’ of the academy
 Building resilience is dependent on academics
mediating: curriculum; knowledge; teaching;
learning; assessment; the social context of
learning (diversity; language; epistemology;
positionality; and so on)
Literacies at the macro level
 Whole systems literacies
 Curriculum as literacy (Walker 2012: 449):
Walker, M. 2012. Universities and a human development ethics: A Capabilities approach to
curriculum. European Journal of Education 47 (3): 448-461.
A curriculum encapsulates value judgements about what kinds of
knowledge are considered important, for example the ethical dimensions
of biotechnology advances, or the equal importance of exposure to arts
and science for all students, or the literatures that are studied. But a
curriculum further indicates with what attitudes and values students are
expected to emerge in respect of the knowledge and skills they have
acquired, e.g. the uses of scientific knowledge or historical
understanding. As such, curriculum is a statement of intent, but there
may be practical gaps between the aims of those constructing the
curriculum and implementing it and what is actually learned by the
students who experience the curriculum. Moreover, knowledge carried
by a curriculum has significant effects and projects into anticipating and
preparing for the future and future persons.
Literacies at the macro level
 Knowledge: Whose knowledge? What
knowledge(s)? The decentering and
recentering of the knowledge project and
knowledge systems (epistemologies)
 The roles played by teaching, learning and
assessment
 Diversity as an affordance
 Language systems
Implications for AD
 The building of academic resilience becomes
a whole-system focus
 We move beyond a deficit view of the student,
to a focus on agency
 Literacies are the responsibility of all
 Multiple communities of practice
 Resilience (resiliences) as a collectivist
formulation with psycho-social dimensions
Implications for AD
 A move away from the centering of skills-
based and assimilationist views of literacy
 To an engagement with literacies that are
imbued with dimensions of power, race, class,
contestation, gender, inequalities, language,
and so on

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UNISA keynote on building academic resilience in a context of diversity

  • 1. UNISA AD Symposium Building student academic resilience in a context of diversity in Higher Education (alan.cliff@uct.ac.za)
  • 2. Towards understanding “resilience”  From Psychology:  Attribution Theory  Innate concept  Individualistic  Located in Western, Global North theory  Typically associated with adaptation to adversity; the development of persistence; stronger likelihood of success (Meinert, 2013)
  • 3. Towards understanding “resilience”  Psychoanalytic Theory:  Useful distinctions made between resilience; resistance; reluctance  Resilience – located in the ego; the most rational/adult dimension  Resistance – located in the id; the most ‘childish’/reactive dimension  Reluctance – also located in the id; maladaptive/immobile dimension
  • 4. Towards understanding “resilience”  Social Learning Theory  Introduced the importance of context  And the significance of the social into understandings of resilience  So, resilience can be both enabled and constrained by context – a very significant idea in the context of this keynote
  • 5. New Literacies Studies  Lea and Street  Gee  Digital literacies  Multimodal literacies
  • 6. Academic literacies as forms of participation  Lave and Wenger’s social learning theory and Communities of Practice (CoP)  Mary Lea’s work (and others): moving from a skills-based to an assimilationist approach to full ‘reading of’ the [D]discourses of higher education  Our own work: academic reading and writing, based on theories of learning and reasoning
  • 7. Lave and Wenger  Meaning  Participation  Reification  Community  Joint enterprise  Mutual engagement  Shared repertoire Storberg-Walker, J. (2008) Communities of Practice Revisited. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 10, 555-577.
  • 8. Lave and Wenger (cont.)  Identity  Negotiated experience  Membership  Learning trajectory  Multi-membership  Global membership; local experience
  • 9. Lave and Wenger (cont.)  Learning  Evolving mutual engagement  Understanding and refining their enterprise  Developing repertoire, styles and discourses  Participation does NOT mean compliance or a centralised positioning
  • 10. Lea and others (1998; 2006; 2011)  Contextualised, embedded literacies  From literacy as skills acquisition  To literacy as assimilation  To literacies as socioculturally-situated practices and Discourses
  • 11. Lea et al (cont.)  To literacies in technology spaces, which imply:  Multimodal engagements  ‘Blurring’ of boundaries between forms of knowledge  Inequalities in the notions of the ‘digital native’  Critical engagement with textual ‘authority’  Overwhelming amounts of reading
  • 12. ‘Reading the academy’  Participation as understanding and engaging with the language of instruction  Academic literacy here refers to the ability of students to negotiate the grammatical and textual structure of the language of instruction and to understand its functional and sociolinguistic bases. In a higher education context, this means:
  • 13. What is Academic Literacy?  negotiate meaning at word, sentence, paragraph and whole-text level;  understand discourse and argument structure and the text “signals” that underlie this structure;  extrapolate and draw inferences beyond what has been stated in text;  separate essential from non-essential and super- ordinate from sub-ordinate information;
  • 14. What is Academic Literacy?  understand and interpret visually encoded information, such as graphs, diagrams and flow- charts;  understand and manipulate numerical information;  understand the importance and authority of “own voice”;  understand and encode the metaphorical, non- literal and idiomatic bases of language;
  • 15. What is Academic Literacy?  negotiate and analyse text genre.  A contextualised focus on the cognitive demand / reasoning required on a continuum from reproduction to transformation (production)  A task which becomes more difficult as it becomes more abstract
  • 16. Literacies at the meso level  Responsibility now shifts to include the academic  And to curriculum literacies  Literacy for the academic now also becomes a ‘reading’ of the academy  Building resilience is dependent on academics mediating: curriculum; knowledge; teaching; learning; assessment; the social context of learning (diversity; language; epistemology; positionality; and so on)
  • 17. Literacies at the macro level  Whole systems literacies  Curriculum as literacy (Walker 2012: 449): Walker, M. 2012. Universities and a human development ethics: A Capabilities approach to curriculum. European Journal of Education 47 (3): 448-461.
  • 18. A curriculum encapsulates value judgements about what kinds of knowledge are considered important, for example the ethical dimensions of biotechnology advances, or the equal importance of exposure to arts and science for all students, or the literatures that are studied. But a curriculum further indicates with what attitudes and values students are expected to emerge in respect of the knowledge and skills they have acquired, e.g. the uses of scientific knowledge or historical understanding. As such, curriculum is a statement of intent, but there may be practical gaps between the aims of those constructing the curriculum and implementing it and what is actually learned by the students who experience the curriculum. Moreover, knowledge carried by a curriculum has significant effects and projects into anticipating and preparing for the future and future persons.
  • 19. Literacies at the macro level  Knowledge: Whose knowledge? What knowledge(s)? The decentering and recentering of the knowledge project and knowledge systems (epistemologies)  The roles played by teaching, learning and assessment  Diversity as an affordance  Language systems
  • 20. Implications for AD  The building of academic resilience becomes a whole-system focus  We move beyond a deficit view of the student, to a focus on agency  Literacies are the responsibility of all  Multiple communities of practice  Resilience (resiliences) as a collectivist formulation with psycho-social dimensions
  • 21. Implications for AD  A move away from the centering of skills- based and assimilationist views of literacy  To an engagement with literacies that are imbued with dimensions of power, race, class, contestation, gender, inequalities, language, and so on