1) A dosimetry intercomparison was performed between the boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) groups at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA) in Argentina to enable combined analysis of patient data between centers.
2) In-air and depth dose measurements were made in a water phantom at the RA-6 reactor hyperthermal neutron beam facility in Bariloche, Argentina.
3) Calculated dose profiles from CNEA's treatment planning system required normalizations of 1.0 for thermal neutrons, 1.13 for photons, and 0.74 for fast neutrons to match dosimetry measurements made by
The document reports on a study investigating the geometrical optimization, spectroscopic analysis, electronic structure, and nuclear magnetic resonance of (S)-(−)-N-(5-Nitro-2-pyridyl) alaninol (SN5N2PLA) using density functional theory calculations. The Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectra were recorded and vibrational assignments were analyzed. Ultraviolet-visible spectra were also recorded and electronic properties like HOMO-LUMO energies were calculated. Nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts were calculated and compared to experimental data. The first hyperpolarizability and other properties were computed to investigate the compound's potential as a nonlinear optical material.
This document presents experimental and theoretical studies on the elastic properties of molybdenum up to 12 GPa. Compressional and shear wave velocities were measured using ultrasonic interferometry combined with synchrotron x-ray diffraction. Both velocities increased linearly with pressure and agreed well with density functional theory calculations. Elastic moduli were derived from the velocity and density data using finite strain equations of state. The results were consistent with previous studies and provided elastic properties of molybdenum to higher pressures than previously reported.
MSc Thesis-Analysing Radioactive Iodine in Fucus by ICP-MSPaul Robertson
This document describes a study analyzing radioactive iodine-129 in seaweed samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The author developed a methodology to analyze stable iodine-127 as a proxy for iodine-129 concentration. Seaweed and certified reference materials were digested and the iodine extracted and purified using chromatography. Iodine concentrations were measured using ICP-MS and interferences from xenon-129 were subtracted. Radioactive iodine-129 was detected in seven of eight seaweed samples from the northwest English coast. The iodine-129/iodine-127 ratios in certified reference materials agreed with previous analyses. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using I
33 Measurement of beam-recoil observables Ox, Oz and target asymmetry T for t...Cristian Randieri PhD
Measurement of beam-recoil observables Ox, Oz and target asymmetry T for the reaction γρ → K+Λ - The European Physical Journal A, Hadrons and Nuclei, February 2009, Vol. 39, N. 2, pp. 149–161, ISSN: 1434-6001, doi: 10.1140/epja/i2008-10713-4
di A. Lleres, O. Bartalini, V. Bellini, J. P. Bocquet, P. Calvat, M. Capogni, L. Casano, M. Castoldi, A. D’Angelo, J. P. Didelez, R. Di Salvo, A. Fantini, D. Franco, C. Gaulard, G. Gervino, F. Ghio, B. Girolami, A. Giusa, M. Guidal, E. Hourany, R. Kunne, V. Kuznetsov, A. Lapik, P. Levi Sandri, F. Mammoliti, G. Mandaglio, D. Moricciani, A. N. Mushkarenkov, V. Nedorezov, L. Nicoletti, C. Perrin, C. Randieri, D. Rebreyend, F. Renard, N. Rudnev, T. Russew, G. Russo, C. Schaerf, M. L. Sperduto, M. C. Sutera, A. Turinge, V. Vegna (2009)
Abstract
The double polarization (beam-recoil) observables Ox and Oz have been measured for the reac- tion γp → K+Λ from threshold production to E ∼ 1500MeV. The data were obtained with the linearly polarized beam of the GRAAL facility. Values for the target asymmetry T could also be extracted despite the use of an unpolarized target. Analyses of our results by two isobar models tend to confirm the necessity to include new or poorly known resonances in the 1900MeV mass region.
27 Double π0 photoproduction on the neutron at GRAAL - Physics Letters B, Jul...Cristian Randieri PhD
Double π0 photoproduction on the neutron at GRAAL - Physics Letters B, Elsevier, July 2007, Vol. 651, N. 2-3, pp. 108-113, ISSN: 0370-2693, doi: 10.1016/j.physletb.2007.06.009
di J. Ajaka, Y. Assafiri, O. Bartalini, V. Bellini, S. Bouchigny, M. Castoldi, A. D'Angelo, J. P. Didelez, R. Di Salvo, A. Fantini, L. Fichen, G. Gervino, F. Ghio, B. Girolami, A. Giusa, M. Guidal, E. Hourany, R. Kunne, A. Lapik, P. Levi Sandri, D. Moricciani, A. Mushkarenkov, V. Nedorezov, C. Randieri, N. Rudnev, G. Russo, C. Schaerf, M. L. Sperduto, M. C. Sutera, A. Turinge (2007)
Abstract
The photoproduction of double π0 on the neutron is studied in the beam energy range of 0.6 up to 1.5 GeV, using a liquid deuterium target. The cross section and the beam asymmetry are extracted and compared to those previously obtained on a proton target. The theoretical interpretation of these results is given using different models.
Quality and elemental characterization of common spices of Bangladesh using n...Mahfuzur Rahman Titu
This document summarizes a study that characterized the quality and elemental composition of common spices in Bangladesh using nuclear analysis techniques like neutron activation analysis and gamma irradiation. It analyzed 25 spice samples for 17 elemental concentrations and found some exceeded international limits. It also assessed the impact of gamma irradiation doses from 2-10 kGy on reducing bacterial and fungal loads in spices while having little effect on physicochemical properties. Key organisms like Pseudomonas, E. coli and Vibrio were not detected. The optimum irradiation dose was identified for inactivating foodborne pathogens in each spice.
The document discusses internal radiation dosimetry and methods for calculating radiation doses from radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine. It covers biokinetic models for radiopharmaceutical uptake and elimination, the MIRD method involving residence time, S-factors, and calculating absorbed dose to target organs. It also addresses models for doses to embryos, fetuses, and infants via breast milk, as well as recommendations and examples of calculating radiation doses. The key aspects covered are biokinetic models, the MIRD methodology, and applications to calculating internal radiation doses, especially for sensitive populations like pregnant patients.
28 Measurement of η photoproduction on the proton from threshold to 1500-MeV ...Cristian Randieri PhD
Measurement of η photoproduction on the proton from threshold to 1500-MeV - The European Physical Journal A, Hadrons and Nuclei, August 2007, Vol. 33, N. 2, pp. 169-184, ISSN: 1434-6001, doi: 10.1140/epja/i2007-10439-9
di O. Bartalini, V. Bellini, J. P. Bocquet, P. Calvat, M. Capogni, L. Casano, M. Castoldi, A. D'Angelo, J. P. Didelez, R. Di Salvo, A. Fantini, D. Franco, C. Gaulard, G. Gervino, F. Ghio, G. Giardina, B. Girolami, A. Giusa, M. Guidal, E. Hourany, R. Kunne, A. Lapik, P. Levi Sandri, A. Lleres, F. Mammoliti, G. Mandaglio, D. Moricciani, A. N. Mushkarenkov, V. Nedorezov, L. Nicoletti, C. Perrin, C. Randieri, D. Rebreyend, F. Renard, N. Rudnev, T. Russew, G. Russo, C. Schaerf, M. L. Sperduto, M. C. Sutera, A. Turinge, V. Vegna (2007).
Abstract
Beam asymmetry and differential cross section for the reaction gamma+p->eta+p were measured from production threshold to 1500 MeV photon laboratory energy. The two dominant neutral decay modes of the eta meson, eta->2g and eta->3pi0, were analyzed. The full set of measurements is in good agreement with previously published results. Our data were compared with three models. They all fit satisfactorily the results but their respective resonance contributions are quite different. The possible photoexcitation of a narrow state N(1670) was investigated and no evidence was found.
The document reports on a study investigating the geometrical optimization, spectroscopic analysis, electronic structure, and nuclear magnetic resonance of (S)-(−)-N-(5-Nitro-2-pyridyl) alaninol (SN5N2PLA) using density functional theory calculations. The Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectra were recorded and vibrational assignments were analyzed. Ultraviolet-visible spectra were also recorded and electronic properties like HOMO-LUMO energies were calculated. Nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts were calculated and compared to experimental data. The first hyperpolarizability and other properties were computed to investigate the compound's potential as a nonlinear optical material.
This document presents experimental and theoretical studies on the elastic properties of molybdenum up to 12 GPa. Compressional and shear wave velocities were measured using ultrasonic interferometry combined with synchrotron x-ray diffraction. Both velocities increased linearly with pressure and agreed well with density functional theory calculations. Elastic moduli were derived from the velocity and density data using finite strain equations of state. The results were consistent with previous studies and provided elastic properties of molybdenum to higher pressures than previously reported.
MSc Thesis-Analysing Radioactive Iodine in Fucus by ICP-MSPaul Robertson
This document describes a study analyzing radioactive iodine-129 in seaweed samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The author developed a methodology to analyze stable iodine-127 as a proxy for iodine-129 concentration. Seaweed and certified reference materials were digested and the iodine extracted and purified using chromatography. Iodine concentrations were measured using ICP-MS and interferences from xenon-129 were subtracted. Radioactive iodine-129 was detected in seven of eight seaweed samples from the northwest English coast. The iodine-129/iodine-127 ratios in certified reference materials agreed with previous analyses. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using I
33 Measurement of beam-recoil observables Ox, Oz and target asymmetry T for t...Cristian Randieri PhD
Measurement of beam-recoil observables Ox, Oz and target asymmetry T for the reaction γρ → K+Λ - The European Physical Journal A, Hadrons and Nuclei, February 2009, Vol. 39, N. 2, pp. 149–161, ISSN: 1434-6001, doi: 10.1140/epja/i2008-10713-4
di A. Lleres, O. Bartalini, V. Bellini, J. P. Bocquet, P. Calvat, M. Capogni, L. Casano, M. Castoldi, A. D’Angelo, J. P. Didelez, R. Di Salvo, A. Fantini, D. Franco, C. Gaulard, G. Gervino, F. Ghio, B. Girolami, A. Giusa, M. Guidal, E. Hourany, R. Kunne, V. Kuznetsov, A. Lapik, P. Levi Sandri, F. Mammoliti, G. Mandaglio, D. Moricciani, A. N. Mushkarenkov, V. Nedorezov, L. Nicoletti, C. Perrin, C. Randieri, D. Rebreyend, F. Renard, N. Rudnev, T. Russew, G. Russo, C. Schaerf, M. L. Sperduto, M. C. Sutera, A. Turinge, V. Vegna (2009)
Abstract
The double polarization (beam-recoil) observables Ox and Oz have been measured for the reac- tion γp → K+Λ from threshold production to E ∼ 1500MeV. The data were obtained with the linearly polarized beam of the GRAAL facility. Values for the target asymmetry T could also be extracted despite the use of an unpolarized target. Analyses of our results by two isobar models tend to confirm the necessity to include new or poorly known resonances in the 1900MeV mass region.
27 Double π0 photoproduction on the neutron at GRAAL - Physics Letters B, Jul...Cristian Randieri PhD
Double π0 photoproduction on the neutron at GRAAL - Physics Letters B, Elsevier, July 2007, Vol. 651, N. 2-3, pp. 108-113, ISSN: 0370-2693, doi: 10.1016/j.physletb.2007.06.009
di J. Ajaka, Y. Assafiri, O. Bartalini, V. Bellini, S. Bouchigny, M. Castoldi, A. D'Angelo, J. P. Didelez, R. Di Salvo, A. Fantini, L. Fichen, G. Gervino, F. Ghio, B. Girolami, A. Giusa, M. Guidal, E. Hourany, R. Kunne, A. Lapik, P. Levi Sandri, D. Moricciani, A. Mushkarenkov, V. Nedorezov, C. Randieri, N. Rudnev, G. Russo, C. Schaerf, M. L. Sperduto, M. C. Sutera, A. Turinge (2007)
Abstract
The photoproduction of double π0 on the neutron is studied in the beam energy range of 0.6 up to 1.5 GeV, using a liquid deuterium target. The cross section and the beam asymmetry are extracted and compared to those previously obtained on a proton target. The theoretical interpretation of these results is given using different models.
Quality and elemental characterization of common spices of Bangladesh using n...Mahfuzur Rahman Titu
This document summarizes a study that characterized the quality and elemental composition of common spices in Bangladesh using nuclear analysis techniques like neutron activation analysis and gamma irradiation. It analyzed 25 spice samples for 17 elemental concentrations and found some exceeded international limits. It also assessed the impact of gamma irradiation doses from 2-10 kGy on reducing bacterial and fungal loads in spices while having little effect on physicochemical properties. Key organisms like Pseudomonas, E. coli and Vibrio were not detected. The optimum irradiation dose was identified for inactivating foodborne pathogens in each spice.
The document discusses internal radiation dosimetry and methods for calculating radiation doses from radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine. It covers biokinetic models for radiopharmaceutical uptake and elimination, the MIRD method involving residence time, S-factors, and calculating absorbed dose to target organs. It also addresses models for doses to embryos, fetuses, and infants via breast milk, as well as recommendations and examples of calculating radiation doses. The key aspects covered are biokinetic models, the MIRD methodology, and applications to calculating internal radiation doses, especially for sensitive populations like pregnant patients.
28 Measurement of η photoproduction on the proton from threshold to 1500-MeV ...Cristian Randieri PhD
Measurement of η photoproduction on the proton from threshold to 1500-MeV - The European Physical Journal A, Hadrons and Nuclei, August 2007, Vol. 33, N. 2, pp. 169-184, ISSN: 1434-6001, doi: 10.1140/epja/i2007-10439-9
di O. Bartalini, V. Bellini, J. P. Bocquet, P. Calvat, M. Capogni, L. Casano, M. Castoldi, A. D'Angelo, J. P. Didelez, R. Di Salvo, A. Fantini, D. Franco, C. Gaulard, G. Gervino, F. Ghio, G. Giardina, B. Girolami, A. Giusa, M. Guidal, E. Hourany, R. Kunne, A. Lapik, P. Levi Sandri, A. Lleres, F. Mammoliti, G. Mandaglio, D. Moricciani, A. N. Mushkarenkov, V. Nedorezov, L. Nicoletti, C. Perrin, C. Randieri, D. Rebreyend, F. Renard, N. Rudnev, T. Russew, G. Russo, C. Schaerf, M. L. Sperduto, M. C. Sutera, A. Turinge, V. Vegna (2007).
Abstract
Beam asymmetry and differential cross section for the reaction gamma+p->eta+p were measured from production threshold to 1500 MeV photon laboratory energy. The two dominant neutral decay modes of the eta meson, eta->2g and eta->3pi0, were analyzed. The full set of measurements is in good agreement with previously published results. Our data were compared with three models. They all fit satisfactorily the results but their respective resonance contributions are quite different. The possible photoexcitation of a narrow state N(1670) was investigated and no evidence was found.
This document provides updates from Oak Ridge National Laboratory on their neutron scattering facilities, the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) and Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). It discusses progress made in restarting operations at HFIR and increasing power and reliability at SNS. Instruments are being commissioned at both facilities and general user programs are scheduled to begin in 2007 and 2008. It also announces a combined user meeting in October 2007 to increase awareness of research capabilities at ORNL.
The document discusses measuring prompt gamma emission during proton therapy to provide in situ range verification. Experiments were conducted using a 150 MeV proton beam on a PMMA phantom, measuring gamma rays at 90 degrees to the beam axis at different depths. Measurements showed a steady increase in gamma emission through the entrance region, followed by a sharp decline at the Bragg peak, consistent with other studies. Monte Carlo simulations were also performed and agreed with measurements, showing promise for using prompt gamma detection to characterize proton beam range during treatment.
24 Polarization observable measurements for γp → K+Λ and γp → K+Σ for energie...Cristian Randieri PhD
Polarization observable measurements for γp → K+Λ and γp → K+Σ for energies up to 1.5 GeV - The European Physical Journal A, Hadrons and Nuclei, January 2007, Vol. 31, N. 1, pp. 73-93, ISSN: 1434-6001, doi: 10.1140/epja/i2006-10167-8
di A. Lleres, O. Bartalini, V. Bellini, J. P. Bocquet, P. Calvat, M. Capogni, L. Casano, M. Castoldi, A. D'Angelo, J. P. Didelez, R. Di Salvo, A. Fantini, C. Gaulard, G. Gervino, F. Ghio, B. Girolami, A. Giusa, M. Guidal, E. Hourany, V. Kouznetsov, R. Kunne, A. Lapik, P. Levi Sandri, D. Moricciani, A. N. Mushkarenkov, V. Nedorezov, L. Nicoletti, C. Perrin, C. Randieri, D. Rebreyend, F. Renard, N. Rudnev, T. Russew, G. Russo, C. Schaerf, M. L. Sperduto, M. C. Sutera, A. Turinge (2007)
Abstract
Beam asymmetries and hyperon recoil polarizations for the reactions γ p → K +Λ and γ p → K +Σ0 have been measured from the threshold production to 1500MeV with the GRAAL facility located at the ESRF in Grenoble. These results complement the database for the beam asymmetry, covering for the first time the production threshold region. Recent theoretical analyses are presented for which the beam asymmetry data bring interesting new information and allow to better determine some resonance parameters. Most importantly, these results strengthen the need of a new D13 state around 1900MeV.
Neutron activation analysis is a nuclear analytical technique used to detect minor and trace elements in samples. It works by bombarding samples with neutrons, inducing radioactivity in the sample's elements. The radioactive emissions are then measured to identify and quantify the elemental composition of the sample. Some key applications of neutron activation analysis include forensic analysis, environmental studies, and quality control. It has advantages over other techniques in that the elemental analysis is unaffected by the sample's chemical or physical form.
Chemical sensors definitions and classificationVenkey Tagore
This document provides definitions and classifications for chemical sensors. It defines a chemical sensor as a device that transforms chemical information into an analytically useful signal, with the chemical information originating from either a chemical reaction or physical property of the system. The document then classifies chemical sensors based on the operating principle of the transducer, with categories including optical, electrochemical, electrical, mass sensitive, magnetic, and thermometric devices. It notes that sensors can be further classified in various ways and that this classification provides one possible approach.
42 Beam Asymmetry Σ of the π- Photoproduction off Neutron - International Jou...Cristian Randieri PhD
Beam Asymmetry Σ of the π- Photoproduction off Neutron - International Journal of Modern Physics E, June 2010, Vol. 19, N. 5-6, pp. 965-976, doi: 10.1142/S0218301310015412
di G. Mandaglio, V. Bellini, J. P. Bocquet, L. Casano, A. D'Angelo, R. Di Salvo, A. Fantini, D. Franco, G. Gervino, F. Ghio, G. Giardina, B. Girolami, A. Giusa, A. S. Ignatov, A. M. Lapik, P. Levi Sandri, A. Lleres, F. Mammoliti, M. Manganaro, D. Moricciani, A. N. Mushkarenkov, V. G. Nedorezov, C. Randieri, D. Rebreyend, N. V. Rudnev, G. Russo, C. Schaerf, M. L. Sperduto, M. C. Sutera, A. Turinge, V. Vegna (2010)
Abstract
We present the analysis of data performed in order to identify the events of the γ + n → π- + p reaction obtained by bombarding a liquid Deuterium target with a polarised γ beam of 0.55-1.5 GeV at the Graal-experiment. We show the effect of different kinematic and hardware constraints used to reduce the contamination coming from the concurrent reaction channels. By the simulation we estimate the contamination degree due to the other reaction channels so we can test the reliability of our method. We describe a new three-dimensional cut based on the Fermi momentum reconstruction and its effect on the suppression of the concurrent double charged pion photoproduction. We present the preliminary beam asymmetry Σ of the π- fotoproduction off quasi-free neutron up to about θc.m., π- = 165° together with some theoretical multipolar analysis. For a comparison we also report the data present in literature on the same reaction for Eγ =850-1740 MeV and θc.m., π- ≤105°.
This experiment tested the effect of strobing lights at different frequencies (2 Hz, 10 Hz, and 20 Hz) on visual reaction time and brainwave activity, as measured by EEG. Twelve subjects performed a visual reaction time test in ambient light, dark, and dark conditions with each strobe frequency. Their average reaction times and alpha wave RMS values were calculated for each condition. Results found that 10 Hz strobing tended to decrease reaction time compared to dark conditions, while responses to 2 Hz and 20 Hz strobing were mixed, with some subjects faster and some slower. EEG activity spiked larger in response to flashes compared to dark conditions. Improvements could include better electrode contact and consistent lighting across subjects.
This document presents a rapid radiochemical method for analyzing americium-241 in water samples following a homeland security event. The method uses separation techniques to detect americium-241 concentrations on the order of the Safe Drinking Water Act methods, but is not approved for regulatory compliance. It is designed to analyze samples where contamination origins are known or unknown. The method can achieve a required uncertainty of 1.9 picocuries per liter for americium-241 at an analytical action level of 15 picocuries per liter to meet measurement quality objectives for emergency response analysis.
The Double Chooz experiment measured the neutrino oscillation angle θ13 by observing the flux of antineutrinos produced in the Chooz nuclear power plant reactors via inverse beta decay interactions in the Double Chooz detectors. Two analyses were performed using neutron capture on gadolinium and hydrogen, giving consistent results of sin2 2θ13 = 0.109 ± 0.030 (stat) ± 0.025 (syst) and sin2 2θ13 = 0.097 ± 0.034 (stat) ± 0.034 (syst), respectively, excluding the no oscillation hypothesis at 99.8% confidence level and 2σ. The observation provides evidence for the disappearance of antineutrinos due to oscillations.
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co H...Anwarul Islam
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co HDR brachytherapy source: an EGSnrc Monte Carlo study
M. Anwarul Islam, Medical Physicist
SQUARE Hospitals Ltd, Bangladesh
anwar.amch@yahoo.com
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document describes a research project utilizing gold nanoparticles, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for influenza virus detection. The project involves three parts: 1) Stabilizing monoclonal antibody conjugation to gold nanoparticles by optimizing pH and antibody concentration. 2) Screening antibodies for specificity and affinity to influenza viruses using a DLS assay. 3) Developing a homogeneous SERS-based assay for multiplexed influenza virus detection. The goal is to create a fast, accurate, quantitative, multiplexed, and point-of-care detection method for influenza viruses.
The document describes a study that used the MCNP5 Monte Carlo code to determine dosimetric quantities surrounding a 103Pd radioactive stent, according to AAPM TG-60 recommendations. The stent was modeled as a hollow cylinder coated with 103Pd. MCNP5 was used to calculate the dose deposited per photon, relative dose, anisotropy function F(r,h), and radial dose function gL(r) at various distances from the stent surface. The relative dose values calculated by MCNP5 agreed well with values from TG-43 and previous EGS4 simulations, with errors of less than 3%. The dosimetric parameters determined can be used in future treatment planning for intravascular brachytherapy.
Neutron activation analysis is a nuclear analytical technique where samples are bombarded with neutrons, inducing radioactivity. It was discovered in 1936 and allows determination of elemental concentrations. The sample is irradiated, inducing radioisotopes that emit detectable gamma rays. It has high sensitivity and precision, requires small samples, and is nondestructive, but has detection limits and potential interferences from matrix effects.
Neutron Activation analysis is a nuclear process used for determining the concentrations of elements in a vast amount of materials. It is useful for precise identification and quantification
of the elements. There are two types of NAA.
It has a wide ranges of applications in chemistry , geology, archaeology, medicine, environmental monitoring and even in the forensic science.
This document summarizes two photoacoustic detection projects using photonic crystal substrates and gold nanoparticles. The first project showed enhanced photoacoustic detection of dyes and gold nanoparticles on a 1D photonic crystal substrate due to guided-mode resonance. The second project aims to use photoacoustic detection and gold nanoparticles conjugated with biotin to quantify the surface concentration of streptavidin molecules with potential for single molecule detection. Challenges and improvements discussed include simplifying the surface chemistry preparation.
The document discusses the use of high-energy protons in cancer therapy. It provides a history of proton beam therapy beginning in 1946 when Robert Wilson first suggested its use. It describes the first proton treatment centers and worldwide growth of proton therapy facilities. Key advantages of protons over photons discussed include lower entrance dose and maximum dose at tumor depth. Challenges and uncertainties in proton therapy planning and delivery are also summarized.
This document describes a new tissue-equivalent plastic called A-181 that accurately simulates the photon and neutron absorption properties of brain tissue. A-181 was formulated to match the recommended hydrogen and nitrogen content of brain tissue for applications using low-energy neutrons like boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Measurements using A-181 and the standard muscle tissue equivalent plastic A-150 in a BNCT beam show good agreement with Monte Carlo calculations and demonstrate A-181's suitability for neutron dosimetry in brain tissue.
Lithium Filtration for Improved Dose Penetration in BNCTkent.riley
This document summarizes research into adding an optional 6Li filter to an existing epithermal neutron beam used for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) to treat brain tumors. Monte Carlo simulations and measurements were used to design and test a removable 8mm thick 6Li filter. The filter improved penetration of thermal neutrons to depths of 9.9cm while maintaining tumor selectivity. Recalculating past treatment plans showed the filter could increase minimum deliverable tumor doses by up to 9% without increasing normal tissue doses. The filter provides an incremental enhancement to the clinical beam that may help establish a therapeutic window for treating deeper tumors.
This document provides updates from Oak Ridge National Laboratory on their neutron scattering facilities, the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) and Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). It discusses progress made in restarting operations at HFIR and increasing power and reliability at SNS. Instruments are being commissioned at both facilities and general user programs are scheduled to begin in 2007 and 2008. It also announces a combined user meeting in October 2007 to increase awareness of research capabilities at ORNL.
The document discusses measuring prompt gamma emission during proton therapy to provide in situ range verification. Experiments were conducted using a 150 MeV proton beam on a PMMA phantom, measuring gamma rays at 90 degrees to the beam axis at different depths. Measurements showed a steady increase in gamma emission through the entrance region, followed by a sharp decline at the Bragg peak, consistent with other studies. Monte Carlo simulations were also performed and agreed with measurements, showing promise for using prompt gamma detection to characterize proton beam range during treatment.
24 Polarization observable measurements for γp → K+Λ and γp → K+Σ for energie...Cristian Randieri PhD
Polarization observable measurements for γp → K+Λ and γp → K+Σ for energies up to 1.5 GeV - The European Physical Journal A, Hadrons and Nuclei, January 2007, Vol. 31, N. 1, pp. 73-93, ISSN: 1434-6001, doi: 10.1140/epja/i2006-10167-8
di A. Lleres, O. Bartalini, V. Bellini, J. P. Bocquet, P. Calvat, M. Capogni, L. Casano, M. Castoldi, A. D'Angelo, J. P. Didelez, R. Di Salvo, A. Fantini, C. Gaulard, G. Gervino, F. Ghio, B. Girolami, A. Giusa, M. Guidal, E. Hourany, V. Kouznetsov, R. Kunne, A. Lapik, P. Levi Sandri, D. Moricciani, A. N. Mushkarenkov, V. Nedorezov, L. Nicoletti, C. Perrin, C. Randieri, D. Rebreyend, F. Renard, N. Rudnev, T. Russew, G. Russo, C. Schaerf, M. L. Sperduto, M. C. Sutera, A. Turinge (2007)
Abstract
Beam asymmetries and hyperon recoil polarizations for the reactions γ p → K +Λ and γ p → K +Σ0 have been measured from the threshold production to 1500MeV with the GRAAL facility located at the ESRF in Grenoble. These results complement the database for the beam asymmetry, covering for the first time the production threshold region. Recent theoretical analyses are presented for which the beam asymmetry data bring interesting new information and allow to better determine some resonance parameters. Most importantly, these results strengthen the need of a new D13 state around 1900MeV.
Neutron activation analysis is a nuclear analytical technique used to detect minor and trace elements in samples. It works by bombarding samples with neutrons, inducing radioactivity in the sample's elements. The radioactive emissions are then measured to identify and quantify the elemental composition of the sample. Some key applications of neutron activation analysis include forensic analysis, environmental studies, and quality control. It has advantages over other techniques in that the elemental analysis is unaffected by the sample's chemical or physical form.
Chemical sensors definitions and classificationVenkey Tagore
This document provides definitions and classifications for chemical sensors. It defines a chemical sensor as a device that transforms chemical information into an analytically useful signal, with the chemical information originating from either a chemical reaction or physical property of the system. The document then classifies chemical sensors based on the operating principle of the transducer, with categories including optical, electrochemical, electrical, mass sensitive, magnetic, and thermometric devices. It notes that sensors can be further classified in various ways and that this classification provides one possible approach.
42 Beam Asymmetry Σ of the π- Photoproduction off Neutron - International Jou...Cristian Randieri PhD
Beam Asymmetry Σ of the π- Photoproduction off Neutron - International Journal of Modern Physics E, June 2010, Vol. 19, N. 5-6, pp. 965-976, doi: 10.1142/S0218301310015412
di G. Mandaglio, V. Bellini, J. P. Bocquet, L. Casano, A. D'Angelo, R. Di Salvo, A. Fantini, D. Franco, G. Gervino, F. Ghio, G. Giardina, B. Girolami, A. Giusa, A. S. Ignatov, A. M. Lapik, P. Levi Sandri, A. Lleres, F. Mammoliti, M. Manganaro, D. Moricciani, A. N. Mushkarenkov, V. G. Nedorezov, C. Randieri, D. Rebreyend, N. V. Rudnev, G. Russo, C. Schaerf, M. L. Sperduto, M. C. Sutera, A. Turinge, V. Vegna (2010)
Abstract
We present the analysis of data performed in order to identify the events of the γ + n → π- + p reaction obtained by bombarding a liquid Deuterium target with a polarised γ beam of 0.55-1.5 GeV at the Graal-experiment. We show the effect of different kinematic and hardware constraints used to reduce the contamination coming from the concurrent reaction channels. By the simulation we estimate the contamination degree due to the other reaction channels so we can test the reliability of our method. We describe a new three-dimensional cut based on the Fermi momentum reconstruction and its effect on the suppression of the concurrent double charged pion photoproduction. We present the preliminary beam asymmetry Σ of the π- fotoproduction off quasi-free neutron up to about θc.m., π- = 165° together with some theoretical multipolar analysis. For a comparison we also report the data present in literature on the same reaction for Eγ =850-1740 MeV and θc.m., π- ≤105°.
This experiment tested the effect of strobing lights at different frequencies (2 Hz, 10 Hz, and 20 Hz) on visual reaction time and brainwave activity, as measured by EEG. Twelve subjects performed a visual reaction time test in ambient light, dark, and dark conditions with each strobe frequency. Their average reaction times and alpha wave RMS values were calculated for each condition. Results found that 10 Hz strobing tended to decrease reaction time compared to dark conditions, while responses to 2 Hz and 20 Hz strobing were mixed, with some subjects faster and some slower. EEG activity spiked larger in response to flashes compared to dark conditions. Improvements could include better electrode contact and consistent lighting across subjects.
This document presents a rapid radiochemical method for analyzing americium-241 in water samples following a homeland security event. The method uses separation techniques to detect americium-241 concentrations on the order of the Safe Drinking Water Act methods, but is not approved for regulatory compliance. It is designed to analyze samples where contamination origins are known or unknown. The method can achieve a required uncertainty of 1.9 picocuries per liter for americium-241 at an analytical action level of 15 picocuries per liter to meet measurement quality objectives for emergency response analysis.
The Double Chooz experiment measured the neutrino oscillation angle θ13 by observing the flux of antineutrinos produced in the Chooz nuclear power plant reactors via inverse beta decay interactions in the Double Chooz detectors. Two analyses were performed using neutron capture on gadolinium and hydrogen, giving consistent results of sin2 2θ13 = 0.109 ± 0.030 (stat) ± 0.025 (syst) and sin2 2θ13 = 0.097 ± 0.034 (stat) ± 0.034 (syst), respectively, excluding the no oscillation hypothesis at 99.8% confidence level and 2σ. The observation provides evidence for the disappearance of antineutrinos due to oscillations.
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co H...Anwarul Islam
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co HDR brachytherapy source: an EGSnrc Monte Carlo study
M. Anwarul Islam, Medical Physicist
SQUARE Hospitals Ltd, Bangladesh
anwar.amch@yahoo.com
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document describes a research project utilizing gold nanoparticles, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for influenza virus detection. The project involves three parts: 1) Stabilizing monoclonal antibody conjugation to gold nanoparticles by optimizing pH and antibody concentration. 2) Screening antibodies for specificity and affinity to influenza viruses using a DLS assay. 3) Developing a homogeneous SERS-based assay for multiplexed influenza virus detection. The goal is to create a fast, accurate, quantitative, multiplexed, and point-of-care detection method for influenza viruses.
The document describes a study that used the MCNP5 Monte Carlo code to determine dosimetric quantities surrounding a 103Pd radioactive stent, according to AAPM TG-60 recommendations. The stent was modeled as a hollow cylinder coated with 103Pd. MCNP5 was used to calculate the dose deposited per photon, relative dose, anisotropy function F(r,h), and radial dose function gL(r) at various distances from the stent surface. The relative dose values calculated by MCNP5 agreed well with values from TG-43 and previous EGS4 simulations, with errors of less than 3%. The dosimetric parameters determined can be used in future treatment planning for intravascular brachytherapy.
Neutron activation analysis is a nuclear analytical technique where samples are bombarded with neutrons, inducing radioactivity. It was discovered in 1936 and allows determination of elemental concentrations. The sample is irradiated, inducing radioisotopes that emit detectable gamma rays. It has high sensitivity and precision, requires small samples, and is nondestructive, but has detection limits and potential interferences from matrix effects.
Neutron Activation analysis is a nuclear process used for determining the concentrations of elements in a vast amount of materials. It is useful for precise identification and quantification
of the elements. There are two types of NAA.
It has a wide ranges of applications in chemistry , geology, archaeology, medicine, environmental monitoring and even in the forensic science.
This document summarizes two photoacoustic detection projects using photonic crystal substrates and gold nanoparticles. The first project showed enhanced photoacoustic detection of dyes and gold nanoparticles on a 1D photonic crystal substrate due to guided-mode resonance. The second project aims to use photoacoustic detection and gold nanoparticles conjugated with biotin to quantify the surface concentration of streptavidin molecules with potential for single molecule detection. Challenges and improvements discussed include simplifying the surface chemistry preparation.
The document discusses the use of high-energy protons in cancer therapy. It provides a history of proton beam therapy beginning in 1946 when Robert Wilson first suggested its use. It describes the first proton treatment centers and worldwide growth of proton therapy facilities. Key advantages of protons over photons discussed include lower entrance dose and maximum dose at tumor depth. Challenges and uncertainties in proton therapy planning and delivery are also summarized.
This document describes a new tissue-equivalent plastic called A-181 that accurately simulates the photon and neutron absorption properties of brain tissue. A-181 was formulated to match the recommended hydrogen and nitrogen content of brain tissue for applications using low-energy neutrons like boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Measurements using A-181 and the standard muscle tissue equivalent plastic A-150 in a BNCT beam show good agreement with Monte Carlo calculations and demonstrate A-181's suitability for neutron dosimetry in brain tissue.
Lithium Filtration for Improved Dose Penetration in BNCTkent.riley
This document summarizes research into adding an optional 6Li filter to an existing epithermal neutron beam used for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) to treat brain tumors. Monte Carlo simulations and measurements were used to design and test a removable 8mm thick 6Li filter. The filter improved penetration of thermal neutrons to depths of 9.9cm while maintaining tumor selectivity. Recalculating past treatment plans showed the filter could increase minimum deliverable tumor doses by up to 9% without increasing normal tissue doses. The filter provides an incremental enhancement to the clinical beam that may help establish a therapeutic window for treating deeper tumors.
1) The study evaluated a boronated monoclonal antibody (BD-L8A4) that targets the EGFRvIII receptor for the treatment of rat glioma tumors expressing EGFRvIII using boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT).
2) Biodistribution studies found that BD-L8A4 accumulated more in EGFRvIII-positive tumors compared to EGFRvIII-negative tumors and boron levels in normal tissues remained low.
3) BNCT studies then found that rats receiving BD-L8A4 alone or with boronophenylalanine (BPA) had significantly longer survival times compared to controls, with some rats experiencing long-term survival or being
1) A variable collimator was designed, constructed, and tested for use in an epithermal neutron beam for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) at MIT.
2) The collimator was optimized using Monte Carlo simulations and constructed from a mixture of lead spheres cast in epoxy resin loaded with boron carbide or lithium fluoride to provide neutron shielding.
3) Beam profiles and collateral dose measurements in a half-body phantom demonstrated the collimator provides sufficient shielding and a well-defined, uniform beam suitable for BNCT clinical studies.
Selective Irradiation of the Mouse Gut Vasculaturekent.riley
This study investigated whether selective irradiation of vascular endothelial cells contributes to the loss of intestinal crypt stem cells and development of gastrointestinal syndrome. Mice received whole-body neutron irradiation, with or without boron-containing liposomes in the blood to selectively increase radiation dose to endothelial cells. Intestinal crypt regeneration was then assessed. The results showed that increasing the endothelial cell dose up to 3-fold did not further reduce crypt stem cell survival beyond the effects of whole-body irradiation alone. This indicates that endothelial cell damage is not causative for loss of intestinal crypt stem cells or development of gastrointestinal syndrome.
Boronated Cetuximab CCR tumor targeting in BNCTkent.riley
This document describes a study evaluating boronated cetuximab (BD-C225) for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) positive gliomas. In vitro, BD-C225 showed preferential uptake in EGFR positive glioma cells compared to EGFR negative cells. In vivo, rats with EGFR positive glioma tumors received intracerebral BD-C225, achieving high boron levels in the tumors. BNCT with BD-C225 alone or combined with boronophenylalanine extended survival compared to controls. The results provide support for using molecularly targeted boron delivery agents like BD-C225 for BNCT of brain tumors.
Comparison of 7 Epithermal Neutron Beamskent.riley
This document compares the dosimetric characteristics of seven epithermal neutron beams used for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) clinical trials in Sweden, Finland, Czech Republic, Netherlands, and United States. Measurements were taken of neutron fluence and absorbed dose in air and in a water phantom using standardized methods. Results showed the fast neutron and photon contamination levels varied between facilities, as did the epithermal neutron flux intensities available. However, penetration depth was sufficient (>8 cm) for treating brain lesions at the midline for all beams. The data provide the first consistent measurement of beam performance across centers and will help normalize calculated patient dosimetry between facilities.
This document describes procedures for measuring absorbed dose to water for photon and electron beams using an ionization chamber and following IAEA TRS-398 protocol. For photons, absorbed dose was measured at a depth of 10 cm for 6 MV and 15 MV beams. The absorbed dose was 34.33 cGy and 38.63 cGy respectively after applying corrections. For electrons, absorbed dose was measured at the reference depth for 6 MeV, 9 MeV and 12 MeV beams and determined to be 40.51 cGy, 39.81 cGy and 38.71 cGy respectively. The results provide absorbed dose measurements in a water phantom but cannot be used to verify maximum dose due to lack of percentage depth dose data.
Performance Characteristics of the MIT Epithermal Neutron Irradiation Facilitykent.riley
This document summarizes the performance characteristics of the first fission converter-based epithermal neutron beam (FCB) designed for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Key findings include:
1) The FCB provides an epithermal neutron flux of 4.6 × 109 n cm-2 s-1, making it the most intense BNCT source in the world. It achieves low specific photon and fast neutron absorbed doses.
2) Measurements confirm the beam achieves a therapeutic dose rate of 1.7 RBE Gy min-1 at a depth of 97 mm using boronated phenylalanine, with an average therapeutic ratio of
Variation of dose distribution with depth and incident energy using EGSnrc Mo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
RBE of the MIT clinical epithermal neutron beamkent.riley
This document summarizes a study that determined the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of an epithermal neutron beam at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) using intestinal crypt regeneration in mice. Mice were irradiated with the MIT neutron beam at depths of 2.5 cm and 9.7 cm, receiving absorbed doses between 2.6 and 12.3 Gy over 7 to 62 minutes. Control irradiations using 6 MV photons were also performed. Crypt survival curves were generated and fit using linear-quadratic models to estimate RBE values of 1.50 ± 0.04 at 2.5 cm and 1.03 ± 0.03 at 9.7 cm depth for the neutron beam relative to photons.
Validation of pediatric thyroid phantom using Single-Energy and Dual-Energy CTMOAYYAD ALSSABBAGH
1. The researcher fabricated a pediatric thyroid phantom and validated it using single-energy and dual-energy computed tomography (CT).
2. CT scans of the phantom in air and water were performed at various voltages. Mass attenuation coefficients calculated from the CT images matched closely with literature values from the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
3. Both single-energy and dual-energy CT can accurately determine the mass attenuation coefficients of materials in the thyroid phantom.
Nanobiosensors can be built via functionalization of atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips with
biomolecules capable of interacting with the analyte on a substrate, and the detection being
performed by measuring the force between the immobilized biomolecule and the analyte.
The optimization of such sensors may require multiple experiments to determine suitable
experimental conditions for the immobilization and detection. In this study we employ molecular
modeling techniques to assist in the design of nanobiosensors to detect herbicides. As a proof
of principle, the properties of acetyl co-enzyme A carboxylase (ACC) were obtained with
molecular dynamics simulations, from which the dimeric form in an aqueous solution was
found to be more suitable for immobilization owing to a smaller structural fluctuation than
the monomeric form. Upon solving the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation using a
finite-difference procedure, we found that the active sites of ACC exhibited a positive surface
potential while the remainder of the ACC surface was negatively charged. Therefore, optimized
biosensors should be prepared with electrostatic adsorption of ACC onto an AFM tip
functionalized with positively charged groups, leaving the active sites exposed to the analyte.
The preferential orientation for the herbicides diclofop and atrazine with the ACC active site
was determined by molecular docking calculations which displayed an inhibition coefficient
of 0.168 mM for diclofop, and 44.11 mM for atrazine. This binding selectivity for the herbicide
family of diclofop was confirmed by semiempirical PM6 quantum chemical calculations which
revealed that ACC interacts more strongly with the herbicide diclofop than with atrazine,
showing binding energies of 119.04 and +8.40 kcal mol1, respectively.
This document summarizes research on using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques with aluminum oxide (Al2O3:C) to measure beta radiation doses. Key findings include:
1) Al2O3:C detectors showed good reproducibility of 2.5% and a linear dose-response for doses from 0.1-10 mGy relevant for occupational monitoring.
2) However, the OSL response of Al2O3:C has a high dependence on beta radiation energy, varying by over a factor of 2 between 147Pm (0.06 MeV) and 90Sr+90Y (0.8 MeV).
3) While the material and OSL technique are
This document discusses a study that fabricated paraffin wax phantoms to measure absorbed radiation doses and compare them to other phantom materials like water, solid water, and PMMA. Two paraffin wax phantoms were made, one with bubbles and one without, and both were scanned using a CT scanner. Absorbed doses were measured in the phantoms using ionization chambers and a linear accelerator. Scaling factors were calculated to determine the absorbed dose in different phantoms relative to a water phantom. The results found paraffin wax phantoms had the lowest deviation from water, around 1%, while PMMA had the highest at over 5%. Paraffin wax phantoms were determined to be a suitable
In 2000 IAEA published another International Code of Practice.
“Absorbed Dose Determination in External Beam Radiotherapy” (Technical Report Series No. 398)
Recommending procedures to obtain the absorbed dose in water from measurements made with an ionisation chamber in external beam radiotherapy (EBRT).
The experiment tested two boron trifluoride proportional gas tube neutron detectors and a REM sphere dose meter. The gas tubes detected slow neutrons below 0.5 eV using the 10B(n,α)7Li reaction, while the REM sphere could detect fast neutrons above 0.5 eV after they were slowed. Count rate and pulse height data were taken for the gas tubes at varying voltages to determine optimal operating voltages. Spectral measurements found that gamma rays were effectively blocked. Neutron fluxes were significantly attenuated outside shielding containing boron and cadmium. REM sphere measurements from 1-16 feet from a californium source yielded experimental dose rates from 1.07-77.2 μSv/hr
The document summarizes a study that investigated the interaction between the Hfq protein from E. coli bacteria and DNA. Specifically, it examined the binding of two regions of Hfq - the carboxyl terminal region (CTR) and mutations in the amino terminal region (NTR) - to DNA using techniques like isothermal titration calorimetry and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. The results showed that both the CTR and mutated NTR proteins bound to DNA to some degree. Atomic force microscopy was also used to characterize the self-assembly behavior of CTR peptides in order to aid interpretation of the calorimetry data.
The document discusses a study that used LiF thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) to perform in vivo dosimetry measurements on radiotherapy patients. Measurements of entrance dose, exit dose, and midline dose were taken and used to determine water-equivalent depth and target dose. Monte Carlo simulations were also conducted to examine interactions of gamma rays with LiF and the resulting electron spectra. The results showed close agreement between measured midline dose and expected values based on water-equivalent depth, and supported the use of a compact gamma ray spectrometer for in vivo dosimetry measurements up to energies of around 20 MeV.
Novel composite electrodes:Preparation and application to the electroanalytic...Université de Dschang
M. Tchieno Melataguia Francis Merlin a soutenu une thèse de Doctorat/Phd en Chimie Inorganique ce 06 juin 2016 dans la salle des conférences de l'Université de Dschang. A l'issue de cette soutenance devant le jury présidé par le Prof. Emmanuel Ngameni lui a décerné la mention très honorable à l'unanimité de ses membres.
This document discusses methods for collecting and processing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data to analyze metabolic fluxes. Wild type E. coli cells were grown with 13C-labeled glucose and harvested. NMR experiments were performed on cell extracts and amino acid mixtures to obtain 1D and 2D spectra. MS data was also collected and analyzed using OpenFLUX software. Isotopomer ratios were calculated from the NMR data using MestReNova and MetaboMiner software. The results provide isotopomer fractions for metabolic flux analysis and demonstrate integrated NMR and MS capabilities for metabolomics.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy In Off Line Biomass Monitoring Of Candida Utilis C...bengreenman
The document summarizes a research project using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for offline biomass monitoring of Candida utilis cultures. The objectives were to culture C. utilis and establish correlations between biomass concentration measured by dry cell weight, haemocytometer, and dielectric spectroscopy with NIR spectra. A series of experiments tested different calibration models using NIRS and found air backgrounds generally produced better results than supernatant backgrounds. Calibration models showed potential for monitoring biomass concentration but further refinement is needed to develop successful online monitoring models.
This document discusses the establishment of Local Dose Reference Levels (LDRLs) for common radiology examinations at Nicosia General Hospital in Cyprus. The LDRLs were originally established in 2008 based on measurements of Dose Area Product and Entrance Surface Dose for four digital radiography systems. Four protocols (Chest PA, Lumbar Spine AP/Lat, Abdomen AP) were re-evaluated based on measurements from 10 patients weighing 70±10 kg. The original LDRLs were also compared to UK national reference levels. Image quality was evaluated by radiologists according to European criteria. Revised LDRLs showing improved entrance surface doses were established based on a compromise between lower dose and highest image quality
This document summarizes the results of unfolding neutron energy spectra from measured and simulated pulse height distributions of five plutonium oxide samples and a californium-252 source. Both the measured and simulated pulse height distributions were unfolded using a sequential least squares method with a detector response matrix generated through Monte Carlo simulations. The unfolded energy spectra are presented and compared to the reference energy distributions, showing good agreement between the unfolded and reference spectra.
This document summarizes research analyzing shifts in the bias of a scintillation detector over time using recoil spectra from neutron scattering and gamma rays. A Python program was developed to evaluate energy spectra and compare the channel corresponding to nominal neutron energy across different experimental runs and backups. The results show some minor deviations in detector bias but no significant influence on behavior. Further analysis is needed to identify the causes of occasional abnormalities observed.
Provides up to date information on DSC, recent developments and applicability. Recommended for those seeking up-to-date information on thermal analysis instruments.
Similar to Unifying Dose Prescriptions in the Americas (20)
This study evaluated the effectiveness of a 3-carboranyl thymidine analogue (3CTA), designated N5–2OH, as a boron delivery agent for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of brain tumors. Target validation studies using wild-type and mutant thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) L929 cell lines implanted in mice found higher boron levels and tumor cell kill in TK1-expressing tumors after BNCT with N5–2OH. Subsequent studies in rats with intracerebral RG2 gliomas found significantly increased survival times when tumors were treated with either N5–2OH alone or combined with boronophenylalanine compared to boronophenyl
Boronated Monoclonal Antibody LA84 for BNCTkent.riley
1) The study evaluated a boronated monoclonal antibody (BD-L8A4) that targets the EGFRvIII receptor for the treatment of EGFRvIII-positive rat glioma (F98npEGFRvIII) using boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT).
2) Biodistribution studies found higher retention of BD-L8A4 in EGFRvIII-positive tumors compared to negative tumors after 24 hours.
3) BNCT studies then showed that F98npEGFRvIII-bearing rats treated with BD-L8A4 alone or with boronophenylalanine (BPA) had significantly prolonged survival compared to controls, with some rats
MIT User Center for Neutron Capture Therapy Resarchkent.riley
The MIT User Center for Neutron Capture Therapy Research provides specialized facilities and capabilities to support preclinical and clinical research in neutron capture therapy (NCT). The Center has two neutron beam facilities located at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Reactor - a thermal neutron beam well-suited for small animal and cell culture studies, and an epithermal beam for clinical studies. Researchers can access these beams as well as capabilities like boron analysis, dosimetry, cell and animal research labs. The Center aims to support the widespread international effort to develop NCT as an effective cancer treatment.
Clinical Trials in BNCT at the MIT Research Reactorkent.riley
A phase I clinical trial was conducted to evaluate neutron capture therapy for brain tumors. 24 patients with glioblastoma or melanoma metastases to the brain received boronophenylalanine followed by neutron irradiation. Doses were escalated in cohorts from 8.8 to 14.2 RBE-Gy. The most common side effects were alopecia and temporary increased intracranial pressure. More serious adverse events included respiratory failure in two elderly patients and one treatment-related death. Two patients showed a complete response, and tumor volume decreased in most patients. The trial demonstrated neutron capture therapy can achieve a clinical response with acceptable toxicity.
This document provides a critical review of fission reactor neutron sources for neutron capture therapy (NCT). It summarizes that epithermal neutron beams, favored for treating deep tumors, have been constructed or are being constructed at several reactors worldwide, with some newer beams approaching theoretical optimum purity. At least one such high-quality beam is suitable for routine therapy. Reactor-based epithermal beams with near-optimum characteristics are currently available and more can be constructed. Suitable reactors include low-power reactors using the core directly or a fission converter as the neutron source. Thermal neutron beams have also been available for years with near-optimum properties for small animal studies or shallow tumors.
Radiation Resistance of Teflon as a Filter Moderator Materialkent.riley
This document summarizes the results of irradiating polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, also known as Teflon) samples with mixed fields of fast neutrons and gamma rays. Samples were irradiated to doses ranging from 0.3 to 50 million Gy for gamma rays and 0.13 to 80 thousand Gy for fast neutrons. The irradiated samples showed high levels of embrittlement but minimal changes (less than 1.5%) in properties like weight loss, fluorine loss, and swelling even at the highest doses. PTFE appears to have adequate physical and chemical stability for use in neutron filter applications in nuclear reactors.
A State of the Art Epithermal Neutron Irradiation Facility for BNCTkent.riley
This document summarizes a state-of-the-art epithermal neutron irradiation facility for neutron capture therapy located at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The facility uses a fission converter-based epithermal neutron beam (FCB) that provides a high intensity beam suitable for clinical trials of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). The FCB operates independently of other reactor experiments and can deliver irradiation in under 10 minutes with automated monitoring and safety controls. It is part of a larger BNCT program at MIT that also includes a prompt gamma neutron activation analysis facility to measure boron levels in tissues.
International Dosimetry Exchange for Boron Neutron Capture Therapykent.riley
The document discusses the potential for a more formal collaboration between BNCT clinical centers to collectively analyze clinical outcomes data. It proposes that a coordinated effort could help advance the field by increasing patient statistics, standardizing practices, and facilitating comparisons to other treatments. Previous informal cooperation between centers has been successful, and a more organized international initiative modeling existing efforts like the International Dosimetry Exchange could provide insights to optimize protocols and assess normal tissue tolerances.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
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Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
2. 1296 Riley et al.: Unifying dose specification between clinical BNCT centers 1296
TABLE I. Results of comparative measurements performed by the dosimetry groups from MIT and CAB in the
hyperthermal neutron beam facility at the RA-6 reactor. Measurements of the thermal neutron flux, photon, and
fast neutron dose rates were performed on central beam axis in air and in a 40 40 20 cm3 water phantom
positioned against the 15 cm diameter circular field aperture. The CAB dosimetry group specifies thermal
neutron flux using an absorption cross section in Au that is averaged over the energy spectrum of the beam and
varies between 82.4 barns in air and 86.0 barns at 5 cm depth in phantom. These data were adjusted using a
constant value of 98.8 barns for the absorption cross section to give the 2200 m s−1 neutron flux for direct
comparison with the MIT method of reporting. The results are scaled to a reactor operating power of 500 kW.
Thermal neutron
Depth 2200 ms−1 flux 108 Photon dose rate Fast neutron dose rate
cm cm−2 s−1 cGy min−1 cGy min−1
MIT CAB MIT CAB MIT CAB
In-air 2.4 0.1 2.3 0.2 3.8 0.2 3.6 0.1 2.2 0.4 1.4 0.4
1.2 7.5 0.3 7.9 0.5 7.9 0.4 7.3 0.2 1.1 0.4 1.4 0.4
2.0 6.6 0.3 6.7 0.4 7.4 0.3 6.9 0.1 0.78 0.39 1.1 0.3
3.0 5.2 0.2 5.1 0.3 6.4 0.3 6.1 0.1 0.53 0.36 0.84 0.25
4.0 3.6 0.2 3.8 0.2 5.5 0.2 5.3 0.1 0.44 0.35 0.62 0.20
5.0 2.6 0.1 2.7 0.2 4.6 0.2 4.5 0.1 0.38 0.34 0.46 0.14
capture reactions in tissue i.e., 14N n , p 14C that may also Although identical ionization chambers are employed, the
have a RBE different from those for fast neutrons or photons. two groups convert ionization response to absorbed dose dif-
The kerma resulting from the 14N n , p 14C reaction accounts ferently. The CAB group empirically determines the thermal
for approximately 98% of the thermal neutron dose to nor- neutron sensitivities of each chamber5,7 and subtracts a
mal tissue when no boron is present. This dose component is scaled response from each measurement based upon the mea-
also needed to correct the response of A-150 walled ioniza- sured thermal neutron fluence to then determine the photon
tion chambers in determining the fast and, hence, total neu- and fast neutron doses from the residual ionization currents
tron dose in tissues such as skin and brain that have mark- as initially proposed by Rogus et al.8 The MIT group, how-
edly different nitrogen concentrations. ever, now includes the thermal neutron response as part of
A series of measurements was performed to determine the the neutron sensitivity of each chamber and determines the
thermal neutron flux as well as photon and fast neutron dose from neutrons of all energies.9
kerma rates free in-air and the thermal neutron flux together To complete the intercomparison, CNEA computed a
with the photon and fast neutron absorbed dose rates in- treatment plan using the Monte Carlo based NCTPlan ordi-
phantom. Measurements of the separate thermal neutron, fast narily used for dose calculations in their clinical trials.10,11
neutron all neutrons with energies above the cadmium cut Calculations were performed pertinent to the measurement
off of approximately 0.5 eV and photon dose components conditions on central axis in the large water phantom for a
were performed on the central axis of the beam in a large, direct comparison.
water filled rectangular box 40 W 40 H 20 D cm3
that was aligned with the larger face against the 15 cm di-
ameter beam aperture. Identical graphite and A-150 walled III. RESULTS
ionization chambers IC-18s manufactured by Far West The results of the comparative measurements performed
Technology, Goleta, CA were used by both groups as well both in-air and in-phantom for the three principal dose com-
as bare and Cd covered Au activation foils to determine the ponents are given in Table I. Results are scaled to the maxi-
thermal neutron flux which is used to separately account for mum beam monitor voltage that therefore represent beam
the boron and thermal neutron dose. Activated foils were intensities realizable during therapy and are given with the
counted using a HPGe detector at Bariloche that was cross respective experimental uncertainties 1 determined by
checked with subsequent measurements at MIT. Certified each group. Agreement between the two groups is generally
mixtures of methane based tissue equivalent 64.4% CH4, satisfactory although the estimated uncertainties for the fast
32.4% CO2, and 3.2% N2 and research grade CO2 flush neutron component are large. The data measured by CAB in
gases were used with the A-150 and graphite walled cham- this phantom are used to benchmark the treatment planning
bers, respectively. Irradiations were performed with the software NCTPlan utilized by the CNEA for dose
RA-6 operating at nominal full power of 500 kW and were calculations.5 Examining the calibrated output from NCT-
normalized to a response of 320 mV from a compensated Plan enabled a quantitative comparison between the dose
ionization chamber beam monitor used for delivering beam prescribed by CNEA to that measured and so prescribed by
fluence during therapy. The ionization current from the beam MIT for the four individual dose components including that
monitor was collected across a RC circuit with a long time from thermal neutron capture in boron. A fourth-order poly-
constant so that the change in voltage across a charging ca- nomial was fit using the least-squares method to the MIT
pacitor was proportional to the integrated ionization charge. dose measurements and the CNEA NCTPlan calculation was
Medical Physics, Vol. 35, No. 4, April 2008
3. 1297 Riley et al.: Unifying dose specification between clinical BNCT centers 1297
FIG. 1. Thermal neutron circle and photon triangle absorbed dose rates
measured by the MIT dosimetry group as a function of depth on the central
axis of a 15 cm diameter circular field in a large 40 40 20 cm3 water FIG. 2. Fast neutron absorbed dose rates as a function of depth on the central
phantom at the hyperthermal neutron beam of the RA-6 reactor Bariloche. axis of a 15 cm diameter circular field in a large 40 40 20 cm3 water
Experimental uncertainties are illustrated when larger than the symbols. Cal- phantom at the hyperthermal neutron beam of the RA-6 reactor Bariloche.
culated curves from the BNCT treatment planning system NCTPlan used by Data measured by the visiting MIT dosimetry group are shown with experi-
CNEA are also shown scaled to match the MIT measurements. The scaling mental uncertainties that increase with depth in-phantom ranging from 32%
factors normalize the CNEA calculations to the MIT measurements and to 100%. The curve was calculated by CNEA with the treatment planning
enable a quantitative comparison between the CNEA and MIT prescription system NCTPlan routinely used for treatment prescriptions during BNCT
doses. and is shown normalized to the MIT measurements. The scaling factor re-
quired to normalize the CNEA calculations to the MIT measured data is
0.74.
scaled to this polynomial expression by a single factor to
yield the smallest sum in the squared residuals between the turn would be reported by MIT. This procedure improves
measured MIT results and the CNEA TPS calculation. The precision in the specification of absorbed dose between the
thermal neutron dose was determined from the measured two centers. The magnitude of these results for the individual
thermal flux. To enable this comparison for the thermal neu- dose components are similar to those from the earlier com-
tron dose the measured neutron flux was multiplied by the parisons performed in Europe.4
appropriate neutron kerma coefficient for soft muscle con- To examine the combined effect of the scaling factors on
taining 3.5% nitrogen.12 Figures 1 and 2 show the depth-dose the total biologically weighted dose, the scaling factors were
curves calculated by CNEA with NCTPlan, scaled to the applied to the prescription of a previously treated patient
MIT measurements. Scale factors of 1.0, 1.13, and 0.74 were from the CNEA melanoma trial. This dose conversion or
determined for the thermal neutron, photon and fast neutron adjustment reduced the total weighted dose to the patient by
dose components with uncertainties due principally to the less than 2%. However, to properly convert CNEA prescrip-
experimental uncertainties in the MIT measurements which tions to those from other clinical protocols will first require
are 4.0% thermal neutrons , 4.4% photons , and depending independent validation of the reported scaling factors and
upon depth 30%–100% fast neutrons . Multiplying each of then application of the biological weighting factors appropri-
the dose components calculated by the CNEA TPS with ate for each dose component as specified in those protocols.
these scale factors converts the CNEA specified dose to a Reanalyses will necessitate determining the dose parameters
MIT measured dose that is reproducible to within 2%–3% of clinical relevance such as dose volume histograms, maxi-
and facilitates a more precise and direct comparison of the mum delivered dose, maximum tolerable dose, etc. for the
administered doses between the two centers.4 particular dose response relationship or adverse events being
investigated. These will include data for normal tissue and
tumor as well as the dose to the various organs at risk.
IV. CONCLUSIONS The reported scale factors should enable dose prescrip-
The physical dosimetry pertinent to recent irradiations tions administered at RA-6 to be expressed in terms of dose
during the current BNCT clinical trials in Argentina com- specified at MIT and in turn to those from the previous clini-
pares well with that of MIT. Good agreement was found for cal programs at the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor
the in-phantom thermal neutron flux dose , fast neutron, and as well as those in Europe.
photon depth dose profiles obtained under reference irradia-
tion conditions that are needed to determine the total patient
dose. To normalize the individual dose components to those ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
measured by MIT requires that the CNEA data be multiplied The authors thank the staff of the RA-6 reactor Bariloche
by scale factors of 1.0 thermal neutrons , 1.13 photons , for their cooperation and assistance throughout the course of
and 0.74 fast neutrons . These adjustments effectively reca- this study. This work was supported in part by the Depart-
librate the treatment planning system used by CNEA, con- ment of Energy Grant Nos. DE-FG02-87ER-6060 and DE-
verting the output to doses that are measured and which in AC02-06CH11357.
Medical Physics, Vol. 35, No. 4, April 2008
4. 1298 Riley et al.: Unifying dose specification between clinical BNCT centers 1298
a
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