The Great Library of Alexandria attached small tags to scrolls containing the title, subject, and author, allowing users to identify contents without unrolling scrolls. This was similar to modern library card catalog systems. The first mention of metadata for computer systems came from MIT researchers in 1967, describing data about other data to help find, use, and preserve digital resources over time.

1. Civil service orientation quiz

2. 1. Moxie means courageous spirit; determination;
perseverance
2

3. 1. Moxie means courageous spirit; determination;
perseverance
It breathes like a tree
1

4. Mars Oxygen In-Situ Experiment (MOXIE)
first creation of oxygen from carbon dioxide in the thin Mars
atmosphere.

5. Using an instrument dubbed MOXIE (short for Mars Oxygen In-Situ
Resource Utilization Experiment), the rover successfully took carbon
dioxide from the Martian atmosphere and converted it into oxygen (6
grams). It’s a demonstration project which in future could be scaled up
to make oxygen for astronauts to breathe and also to make oxygen for
rocket fuel.
Mars' atmosphere is actually pretty thin and it's primarily composed of
carbon dioxide. On Mars, carbon dioxide makes up ~96% of the gas in
the planet’s atmosphere. On Mars, 0.13 percent of the atmosphere is
oxygen. On Earth, it's 21 percent.
An electrolyzer running at temperatures above 1,400 degrees
Fahrenheit creates an electric current that separates oxygen from
compressed carbon dioxide, leaving carbon monoxide waste.

6. 2.The Reserve Bank of India was conceptualised in
accordance with the guidelines presented by ---------------to
the Hilton Young Commission (also known as Royal
Commission on Indian Currency and Finance) based on his
book, The Problem of the Rupee – Its Origin and Its Solution.
2

7. 2.The Reserve Bank of India was conceptualised in accordance with
the guidelines presented by ---------------to the Hilton Young
Commission (also known as Royal Commission on Indian Currency
and Finance) based on his book, The Problem of the Rupee – Its
Origin and Its Solution.
His original surname was derived from his village’s name. It is
believed that his teacher Mahadev gave him his own surname as
he was his favourite student.
First double PhD holder in Economics in South Asia
Columbia University uses Waiting for a Visa, a book written by him
as a textbook.
1

8. AMBEDKAR

9. 3. This country was given 1.5 lakh doses by India in January, chose to
hold off the vaccination programme started till March 27 as religious
leaders had advised the government that the time before that was not
auspicious to start an inoculation drive.
But it used this delay to register all who needed to be vaccinated and
planned a drive that would be fast and effected.
They also told that a woman born in the Year of the Monkey was an
ideal first candidate.
Thirty-year-old Ninda Dema was the chosen one — given her first dose
at the perfect astrological time of 9:30am on March 27.
Around 1,200 vaccination centres inoculating over 64% of the
country’s adult population with the first shot of a Covid-19 vaccine.
Identify the country
2

10. 1

11. BHUTAN

13. 4. Where will you find this in India?

14. Baratang island (Andaman & Nicobar)

15. The island belongs to the Great Andaman Chain.
Ranchiwalas Island is another name for Baratang Island.
Baratang contains the only known examples of mud
volcanoes in India.
The locals call this mud volcano jalki.
There are other volcanoes in the area, the Barren Island
volcano which is the only active volcano in South Asia, and
the Narcondum volcano which has been classified as a
dormant volcano by the Geological Survey of India.
The place is also known for limestones caves.

16. 5. X's forest department wrote a letter
pointing out the mistake. The department
informed company that makes chocolates
that Keibul Lamjao National Park which
the company featured on the chocolate’s
package is located in X. The brand had
incorrectly written the park’s location as Y,
whereas the park is located in, X. Identify
the brand. ID X and Y
2

17. 5. X's forest department wrote a letter
pointing out the mistake. The department
informed company that makes chocolates
that Keibul Lamjao National Park which
the company featured on the chocolate’s
package is located in X. The brand had
incorrectly written the park’s location as Y,
whereas the park is located in, X. Identify
the brand. Identify X and Y
1

18. 5.
X – Manipur
Y - Meghalaya

20. The Keibul Lamjao National Park is a national park in the Bishnupur
district of the state of Manipur in India. It is 40 km2 (15.4 sq mi) in
area, the only floating park in the world, located in North East India,
and an integral part of Loktak Lake (Ramsar site).
The national park is characterized by floating decomposed plant
material locally called phumdi (morass of organic matter). It was
created in 1966 as a wildlife sanctuary to preserve the natural habitat
of the endangered Eld's or deerBrow-antlered deer or sangai or the
dancing deer (Cervus eldi eldi). Sangai is the state animal. Sangai
festival is an annual cultural festival organised by Manipur Tourism
Department every year. In 1977, it was gazetted as national park.
Construction of the Loktak Hydroelectric Project seems to be affecting
the lake.

21. 6. Identify the logo

22. 6. The logo of the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation shows a
20 ft high monolith of the three-headed Trimurti Sadashiva representing the
three aspects of Shiva: the right half-face signifying life and creativity; the
left half-face, its obverse — the deity as a destructive force that can reduce
the world to ashes; and the central face shows Shiva deep in meditation, as
the protector of humanity.
The silhouette of the iconic gateway looms behind the Shiva image in the
same logo.

23. About 70 per cent of all rock-cut caves in India are located in the Deccan. This is
because the rock here is more suitable for cutting. Elephanta Caves are a UNESCO
World Heritage Site and a collection of cave temples predominantly dedicated to the
Hindu god Shiva. The Elephanta Caves are located in Western India on Elephanta
Island (otherwise known as the Island of Gharapuri – from agraharapuri). It was
probably the capital of the Traikutakas, the Mauryas, and other dynasties that ruled
over the western Konkan coast. Archaeologically speaking, there are two types of
monuments at Elephanta: Buddhist caves and the caves built by the followers of
Pashupata cult (a Shaivite Hindu school). The rock-cut Elephanta Caves were
constructed about the mid-5th to 6th centuries AD. The most important among the
caves is the great Cave 1. The gigantic figures of 'dvarapalas' or doorkeepers are very
impressive.This cave in the western hill closely resembles Dumar Lena cave at Ellora.
The Elephanta island is located 10 km away from the Gateway of India at Mumbai in
Maharashtra. The cave temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, was excavated sometime in
the 8th century by the Rashtrakuta kings, who ruled the area between A.D. 757-973.
Originally known as Gharapuri, the island was renamed by Portuguese invaders after
a giant stone sculpture of an elephant. Some sources suggest that Pulkesin ll
(Chalukya dynastty) raised the shrine to celebrate his victory. Some historians also
suggest that the Kalchuri King Krishnaraja built these caves in 6th century AD.

24. 7. The Municipal Corporation of Gurugram (MCG)
and -----------------------Limited signed a memorandum
of understanding (MoU) for the ecological
restoration and conservation of the Aravalli
Biodiversity Park till 2031

25. 7. The Municipal Corporation of Gurugram (MCG) and HERO
MOTOCORP Limited signed a memorandum of
understanding (MoU) for the ecological restoration and
conservation of the Aravalli Biodiversity Park till 2031

26. Public-private partnerships for sustainable development have
been in operation for several decades from the local to the
international level. On the one hand they are a result of a
changing nature of public policy-making. This is captured by
the so-called shift from ‘government’ to ‘governance’,
signalling that governments are no longer the only providers
of public policy but increasingly engage private actors. With
the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
public-private partnerships have become even more
prominent. A crucial difference between the Millennium
Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals is
that the former were mainly targeted to governments while
the latter target many different stakeholders including the
private sector.

27. 8. The civil aviation ministry had
permitted government of Telangana to
deliver vaccines through

28. 8. The civil aviation ministry had permitted
government of Telangana to deliver
vaccines through drones
granted permission to operate drone
flights ‘Beyond Visual LINE OF SIGHT’
MEDICINE FROM SKY

29. From surveillance purposes during Covid lockdown to helping tackle locust attack,
the central government has been increasingly deploying drones to aid governance.
Individuals and companies are required to obtain approval from the Directorate
General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) to import, manufacture, trade, own or operate
drones. Drones are divided into five categories based on their weight — nano
unmanned aircraft, micro unmanned aircraft, small unmanned aircraft, medium
unmanned aircraft, and large unmanned aircraft.
Rules for each of these drones vary. All drones, except the nano unmanned aircraft,
require a licensed pilot and permit from the DGCA.
According to the Unmanned Aircraft System Rules, 2021, individuals and companies
are required to obtain approval from the DGCA to import, manufacture, trade, own
or operate drones. Drones cannot be operated within five kilometre of international
airports and 3 kms of any civil, private or defence airport.
Areas surrounding strategic locations notified by the Ministry of Home Affairs,
central secretariats in state capitals and eco-sensitive zones will now be off-limits
and attract a penalty of Rs 50,000 for individuals. The rules further state that the
drones cannot be flown within a distance of 25 km from international borders which
includes Line of Control, Line of Actual Control and Actual Ground Position Line.
Areas around military installations or where military activities take place are also
prohibited, unless clearance is obtained from the local military facility.

30. Any individual importing, manufacturing, trading, owning or operating
drones must be a citizen of India and above 18 years of age. In case of
a company, it must be registered and have its principal place of
business in India, and the chairperson and at least two-thirds of its
directors must be citizens of India.
Prior permission from the DGCA is needed to manufacture or import a
prototype unmanned aircraft system. No drone can be operated
without a valid certificate of manufacture and airworthiness issued by
the DGCA, the rules state.
To obtain a remote pilot licence, a person must be above 18 and below
65 years of age, and must have passed Class 10 or its equivalent
examination from a recognised Board. A certificate of medical fitness
and training and skill test report — where details of both must be
specified by the DGCA — is also required.

31. 9. Gogoro, co-founded by former HTC executive
Horace Luke…….
The idea behind Gogoro is simple: why waste time
…………
2

32. 9. Gogoro, co-founded by former HTC executive
Horace Luke…….
The idea behind Gogoro is simple: why waste time
…………
we are …………trying to bring some of this gas station
simplicity
1

33. Swappable batteries infrastructure

34. Range anxiety is the fear that the electric vehicle won’t have sufficient charge to
complete its duty, and it’s still perceived to be one of the greatest barriers preventing
large scale adoption of electric vehicles. Battery swapping is a strategy to avoid range
anxiety that allows electric cars or two wheelers to extend their range through a
battery switch station. At the station, the depleted battery is swapped for fully
charged battery in about the same time that it takes to fill up a car with gasoline.
World’s first nationwide network of fast chargers for electric vehicles (EVs) was
established in Estonia in 2013.
“Big Gulp theory of charging”: EV owners will plug in at Electric Avenue for 5 or 10
minutes, long enough to grab a coffee at a nearby café and to add 30 to 50 miles of
range to the battery, enough to make it home.
The range is being consistently improved by manufacturers while the cost is also
coming down due to newer technologies like improved lithium ion technologies,
aluminium ion technology and solid state batteries. Fast charging (even as less as 5
minutes) is possible in future. But for now swappable batteries can save lot of time
and encourage adoption of EVs.

35. 10. Faxian, the famous Chinese
monk wrote that, when X while
passing through Bajha jungle, X
was stopped at Mathla village by
the people. The villagers asked X to
give them ‘prasad’. X took the rice
he had taken in alms and gave it to
the people, asking them to sow it
in a marshy place. X told that the
rice thus produced “will have
typical aroma which will always
remind people of him. Identify the
GI tag rice that has a black
coloured husk.

36. 10. Faxian, the famous Chinese monk wrote that when Bhuddha while passing through Bajha
jungle, he was stopped at Mathla village by the people. The villagers asked Bhuddha to give
them ‘prasad’. Bhuddha took the rice he had taken in alms and gave it to the people, asking
them to sow it in a marshy place. Bhuddha told that the rice thus produced “will have typical
aroma which will always remind people of him.
Kala namak rice or Bhuddha rice (eastern terai region of Uttar
Pradesh)

37. Kalanamak Rice has been granted the Geographical Indication (GI) Tag in 2012 by the
Government of India and a geographical area has been defined where the Kalanamak rice can
be produced. Kalanamak rice has been granted the Geographical Indication (GI) Tag which was
applied to the Government of India by Kalanamak Scented Paddy Production & Conservation
Society. Kalanamak is grown widely in Tarai belt of Uttar Pradesh. It’s a scented rice like
basmati. Amylose content is close to 20% as compared to 24% and higher in Basmati. High
amylose levels tend to make the rice cook firm and dry. There are more than 300 non-basmati
scented rices in India.
kalanamak easily outclasses basmati type-3 for the primary trait of aroma . Its elongation after
cooking -- a trait that is the second major determinant of prices in the international market --
is also greater: kalanamak's elongation to pre-elongation ratio is 2.2 to 2.7; in different
basmati rice it is 1.8 to 2.0. In addition, great head rice recovery after polishing (unbroken
grains that can then be marketed) adds to its profitability. This recovery rate for Basmati is
usually 40 to 45 per cent; in kalanamak, it is more than 65 per cent. It's a successful adapter to
usar soils characterised by higher salt concentration and high p h. The name itself -- 'namak',
salt -- signifies this quality. Kalanamak is also highly resistant to notorious, and in India
common, rice diseases such as panicle blast, stem rot and brown spot. Bacterial blight is quite
rarely observed. The water requirement is quite low as compared to basmati. It doesn't need
standing water during transplantation; instead, it goes through a unique process of double
transplantation. Kalanamak is traditionally grown using no fertiliser, herbicide and pesticide,
which makes it suitable for organic cultivation

38. 11. In 280 BC, the Great Library of Alexandria attached a small,
dangling tag to the end of each individual scroll.
The tags gave the title, subject, and author, allowing library users to
assume the content, without having to unroll each scroll, and so the
scrolls could be returned to their proper location. (similar to card
catalogue system in libraries)
The first mention of -------- for computer systems comes from MIT’s
Stuart McIntosh and David Griffel, in 1967.
Identify the similar concept in digital resources.

39. META DATA
Metadata refers to the data describing other data. Metadata ensures that we will be
able find data, use data, and preserve and re-use data in the future. Apart from
document files on a hard drive, metadata is also used for spreadsheets, videos,
images, and web pages. One can trace the origin of a message using meta data.
Descriptive metadata is descriptive information about a resource. It is used for
discovery and identification. It includes elements such as title, abstract, author, and
keywords.
Structural metadata is metadata about containers of data and indicates how
compound objects are put together, for example, how pages are ordered to form
chapters. It describes the types, versions, relationships and other characteristics of
digital materials.
Administrative metadata is information to help manage a resource, like resource
type, permissions, and when and how it was created.
Reference metadata is information about the contents and quality of statistical data.
Statistical metadata, also called process data, may describe processes that collect,
process, or produce statistical data.
Legal metadata provides information about the creator, copyright holder, and public
licensing, if provided.

40. 12. IDENTIFY
2

41. 12.?
1

42. Bezwada wilson, founders and National Convenor of the Safai Karmachari
Andolan (SKA), an Indian human rights organization that has been
campaigning for the eradication of manual scavenging. In 2016, he was
honoured with the Ramon Magsaysay Award.
The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their
Rehabilitation Act, 2013, widened the definition of “manual scavenging”, the
act of sending human beings into sewers and septic tanks. The law now
categorises the cleansing of sewer- and septic-tank as “hazardous cleaning”.
Sending workers into sewers or septic tanks without “protective gear” and
adequate “safety precautions” is prohibited and a prosecutable offense.
In Hyderabad, Dalit sewer workers, were given loans to buy mini sewer-
jetting machines, the first initiative of this scale in an Indian city.

43. HYDERABAD MODEL

44. 13. These semi nomadic tribes live in harmony with a particular wild
animals. Identify the animals
2

45. 13. These semi nomadic tribes live in harmony with a particular wild
animals. Identify the animals 1

47. The Rabari, a tribal caste of semi-nomadic cattle herders and shepherds believed to
have migrated to Rajasthan/Gujarat from Iran via Afghanistan a thousand years ago.
They are worshippers of Shiva. According to one legend, Lord Shiva creates the first
camel for Parvati as an amusement. However it kept running away, Parvati created
the first Rabari to mind it. Keeping animals is therefore regarded as a near sacred
occupation by the Rabari who see themselves as their herds' custodians rather than
their owners. They are good at the traditional art of cloth embroidery.
The leopard has been declared an endangered species under Schedule I of Indian
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and also listed as “Near Threatened” in IUCN Red List
of Threatened Species
The Indian leopard is reclusive by nature. But of late it is increasingly venturing into
the human habitation because of dwindling prey base, habitat loss and poaching.
There it preys on dogs, sheep, goats and young ones of cattle. Occasionally, it attacks
humans.
Conflicts arising from leopards straying into human habitation are mounting in the
states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, tea
gardens of Assam, Western Ghats and in the suburbs of Bengaluru, Mumbai and
Guwahati.

48. 14. In periodic table, it is placed along with nitrogen, phosphorus,
antimony and bismuth. It has an atomic number of 33 and an
atomic mass of 74.91. It is 26th abundant element in the earth's
crust. This has led to cancer and skin lesions in many parts of India.
Identify the element.

49. 14. In periodic table, it is placed along with nitrogen, phosphorus,
antimony and bismuth. It has an atomic number of 33 and an
atomic mass of 74.91. It is 26th abundant element in the earth's
crust. This has led to cancer, hyperkeratosis and skin lesions in
many parts of India. Identify the element.

50. Arsenic contamination in groundwater in the Ganga- Brahmaputra
fluvial plains in India and Padma-Meghna fluvial plains in Bangladesh
and its consequences to the human health have been reported as one
of the world’s biggest natural groundwater calamities to the mankind.
In India, seven states namely- West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar
Pradesh in the flood plain of the Ganga River; Assam and Manipur in
the flood plain of the Brahamaputra and Imphal rivers and
Rajnandgaon village in Chhattisgarh state have so far been reported
affected by in organic Arsenic contamination in groundwater above
the permissible limit of 10 µg/L. Inorganic arsenic compounds (such as
those found in water) are highly toxic while organic arsenic
compounds (such as those found in seafood) are less harmful to
health.
Arsenic (As) is introduced into soil and groundwater during weathering
of rocks and minerals followed by subsequent leaching and runoff. It
can also be introduced into soil and groundwater from anthropogenic
sources. Water treatment is one of the solutions.

51. 15. The phrase “bullwhip effect” was coined by Stanford
business school professor Hau Lee, who was trying to
understand why the supply chain for diapers was experiencing
wild swings in order volumes even though consumers buy
diapers at a relatively constant rate. He found that even small
changes in demand for diapers triggered larger changes in
retailers’ wholesale orders. That set off even bigger swings in
manufacturers’ demand for the materials to manufacture
diapers. Recently this was said to be behind global shortage of
X. Id X

52. 15. Semiconductor shortage

53. 16.Identify 2

54. 16.Identify 1

55. 16. NON FUNGIBLE TOKEN

56. Digital artist Beeple (Mike Winkelmann) recently sold an artwork for nearly $70 million
Fungibility refers to an asset's ability to be exchanged with a similar asset without sacrificing
its value.
An NFT is a cryptographic token that represents something unique, and has an individual
characteristic that sets it apart. Owning an NFT is like owning a one-of-a-kind work of art or a
collectible antique. An NFT (non-fungible token) is a special cryptographically-generated token
that uses blockchain technology to link with a unique digital asset that cannot be replicated.
Unlike other cryptocurrencies, you cannot exchange NFTs but only buy and sell it on special
marketplaces. NFTs, on the other hand, are unique and not mutually interchangeable, which
means no two NFTs are the same.
A non-fungible token (NFT) is a unit of data stored on a digital ledger, called a blockchain, that
certifies a digital asset to be unique and therefore not interchangeable. Access to any copy of
the original file, however, is not restricted to the buyer of the NFT. While copies of these digital
items are available for anyone to obtain, NFTs are tracked on blockchains to provide the owner
with a proof of ownership that is separate from copyright.
NFTs are now being used to commodify digital assets in art, music, sports, and other popular
entertainment.

57. 17. ----- ---mahal is situated 16 miles south of Jalandhar. It was built on
a site measuring 551 square feet. It had octagonal towers at the
corners. The western gateway, called Lahore gate is double-storied and
built in red sandstone.

58. 17. Serai Nurmahal is situated 16 miles south of Jalandhar. was built
on a site measuring 551 square feet. It had octagonal towers at the
corners. The western gateway, called Lahore gate is double-storied and
built in red sandstone.
SERAI

59. The inland routes of the Silk Roads were dotted with caravanserais, large guest houses or
hostels designed to welcome travelling merchants and their caravans as they made their way
along these trade routes. Etymologically, the word is a compound of the Persian kārvān,
meaning caravan or group of travelers, and sara, a palace or enclosed building, with the
addition of the Turkish suffix -yi.
In the Middle East and parts of North Africa and Central Asia, a public building used for
sheltering caravans and other travellers is called caravanserais. The caravansary is usually
constructed outside the walls of a town or village.
Caravanserais were buildings designed to provide overnight housing to travelers. Merchants
and their caravans were the most frequent visitors. They were needed as safe havens—not
just from extreme climates and weather, but also from bandits. Khans are often confused with
caravanserais, but these places are analogous to inns and hotels, where not only lodging but
food and other comforts may be had for payment. Khans are generally located within the town
or village precincts, provide more elaborate lodgings, and are much smaller than
caravansaries. Rabats have fortified walls and doubled as military strongholds or outposts
positioned near frontiers or borders.
On average, there is a caravanserai every 30 to 40 kilometres in well-maintained areas, such as
along the Great Trunk Road that ran through northern India and into Pakistan. Caravanserais
played a role in communicating both regional and international news across Central Asia, and
for instance, under the Mughal emperors of the 16th century, the caravanserais of the Great
Trunk Road in northern India were supplied with messenger horses, ready to pass on any
important news carried by travellers.

60. A large ground-floor courtyard ringed with storerooms and
stables for camels, donkeys, and horses would often have a
corner for cook fires as well. Small, unfurnished rooms for
lodgers were found on the second floor. Some larger
caravanserais also featured a bathhouse and prayer room.
Serai Nurmahal is an inn of historical importance located at
Nurmahal, near Jalandhar.
The serai was constructed on the orders of Noor Jahan, wife
of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir under the supervision of
Zakariya Khan in 1618AD, then Governor of the Doab.
Nurmahal got its name from Noor Jahan, who is said to have
been brought up here.

61. 18. CONNECT
No drivers, says BJP’s Rajiv Pratap Rudy after Pappu Yadav targets him
for idle ambulance fleet
Madurai MP seeks permission to vaccinate 33,333 youths
Kirron Corrects Herself From Donate To Allocate
2

62. 18. CONNECT
No drivers, says BJP’s Rajiv Pratap Rudy after Pappu Yadav targets him
for idle ambulance fleet
Madurai MP seeks permission to vaccinate 33,333 youths
Kirron Corrects Herself From Donate To Allocate
BSP MP Danish Ali seeks restoration
My last ------------- money was successfully spent today –Sashi Tharoor
1

63. 18. MPLADS scheme
No drivers, says BJP’s Rajiv Pratap Rudy after Pappu Yadav targets him
for idle ambulance fleet
Madurai MP seeks permission to vaccinate 33,333 youths
Kirron Corrects Herself From Donate To Allocate
BSP MP Danish Ali seeks restoration
My last ------------- money was successfully spent today –Sashi Tharoor

64. The MPLAD Scheme was announced in December 1993. MPLAD is a central government
scheme, under which MPs can recommend development programmes involving spending of Rs
5 crore every year in their respective constituencies. MPs from both Lok Sabha and Rajya
Sabha, including nominated ones, can do so.
The Member of Parliament Local Area Development (MPLAD) Scheme has been suspended
recently so that these funds would be available for its COVID-19 management efforts.
Suspension of the MPLAD Scheme will make Rs 7,800 crore available to the government (goes
to consolidated fund of India).
MPs and MLAs do not receive any money under these schemes. The government transfers it
directly to the respective local authorities. The legislators can only recommend works in their
constituencies based on a set of guidelines. For the MPLAD Scheme, the guidelines focus on
the creation of durable community assets like roads, school buildings etc. Recommendations
for non-durable assets can be made only under limited circumstances. For example, last
month, the government allowed use of MPLAD funds for the purchase of personal protection
equipment, coronavirus testing kits etc.
States have their version of this scheme with varying amounts per MLA. Delhi has the highest
allocation under MLALAD; each MLA can recommend works for up to Rs 10 crore each year. In
Punjab and Kerala, the amount is Rs 5 crore per MLA per year; in Assam, Chhattisgarh,
Maharashtra and Karnataka, it is Rs 2 crore; in Uttar Pradesh, it was recently increased from Rs
2 crore to Rs 3 crore.
The criticism has been on two broad grounds. First, that it is inconsistent with the spirit of the
Constitution as it co-opts legislators into executive functioning. The second criticism stems
from allegations of corruption associated with allocation of works.

65. 19. Although they often receive little
attention, they are one of the most
productive ecosystems in the world.
They provide shelter and food to an
incredibly diverse community of
animals. Identify the only flowering
plants which grow in marine
environments.

66. SEA GRASS
Because they depend on light for photosynthesis, they are most commonly found in shallow
depths where light levels are high. Antarctica is the only continent without seagrasses.
Seagrasses are often called foundation plant species or ecosystem engineers because they
modify their environments to create unique habitats. Seagrasses help maintain water quality.
They trap fine sediments and suspended particles in the water column and increase water
clarity.Seagrasses are known as the "lungs of the sea" because one square meter of seagrass
can generate 10 liters of oxygen every day through photosynthesis. Seagrasses are capable of
capturing and storing a large amount of carbon from the atmosphere. The carbon stored in
sediments from coastal ecosystems including seagrass meadows, mangrove forests and salt
marshes is known as "blue carbon" because it is stored in the sea. Seagrass beds are important
feeding grounds for thousands of species around the world. Some endangered marine
organisms like dugong, green turtle, etc, graze directly on seagrass leaves. Seagrasses occur all
along the coastal areas of India. They are abundant in the Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar in
Tamil Nadu.

67. SEA WEED & SEA GRASS (monocotyledons)
Algae on the seafloor have a holdfast and transport nutrients through the body by diffusion,
while seagrasses are flowering vascular plants with roots and an internal transport system.
The entire genome of one seagrass, the eelgrass Zostera marina, was sequenced in 2016.

68. 20. Identify this organization?

69. 20. Asian infrastructure investment bank
200-ton boulder from China's sacred Taishan mountain

70. The AIIB is a multilateral development institution that was formally established with
the lead of China with world-wide membership. Headquartered in Beijing, it brings
together both developed and developing economies together, while offering an
additional platform as an infrastructure financing institution to the already existing
global financial institutions such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The AIIB follows a
structured mechanism with China possessing the largest voting rights including an
effective veto power. The bank allows co-financing of projects with other leading
financial institutions such as the ADB, World Bank and the European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). The lending pattern within AIIB is in US
dollars. The bank currently has 103 members as well as 21 prospective members
from around the world. Japan and USA have not yet joined.
The NDB of the BRICS is a multilateral financing institution of only the BRICS
members, primarily facilitating the economic and social interests of emerging
economies and developing countries. Headquartered in Shanghai, its main purpose
is to offer an additional financial platform to the emerging market and developing
countries (EMDCs) to seek developmental funds, loans and financial assistance
outside the scope of the existing regional and global financial institutions. The NDB
functions more on a consultative mechanism among the BRICS members with all the
member countries possessing equal rights. Unlike the AIIB, the NDB has started
lending loans in Chinese Yuan.

71. THANK YOU