Understanding Advocacy 300 words
The Concept of Advocacy
There are times when a rational argument presented in a highly civil manner does absolutely no good. As an illustration, recall the saying that there is no problem with adolescents that reasoning with them will not aggravate. From time to time in the natural course of events, determined and forceful action may be required of us, even if it runs against the grain. William James commented, “We are all ready to be savage in some cause.” He went on to qualify, “The difference between a good man and a bad man is the choice of the cause.” There are occasions in practice when advocacy on behalf of a client is an imperative, especially for vulnerable individuals with compelling needs. Professional integrity sometimes calls for taking sides, vigorously.
Advocacy figures prominently in almost all discussions of case management (
Ashery, 1994
;
NASW, 1987
;
Raiff & Shore, 1993
). Indeed, Lanoil (
1980
) identifies it as one of the two distinctive ingredients, along with social support. Fischer (
1978
, p. 21) observes that it is one of the important roles in professional helping generally, and states that the field of social work began “as an attempt to mediate between individuals and societal institutions. Gradually, however, this role became submissive to the clinical role of casework.”
This approach in the human services was given impetus for a time during the social upheavals of the 1960s. Advocacy planning came to the fore in the field of urban planning (
Davidoff, 1965
). The National Association of Social Workers established an Ad Hoc Committee on Advocacy (
1969
), which vigorously endorsed the advocacy role as a practice imperative deriving from the NASW Code of Ethics. The War on Poverty relied on advocacy as a prime weapon.
Advocacy and Case Management
There has been limited research on the use of the advocacy function within case management. However, empirical studies have been undertaken on advocacy in related areas that hold interest for comprehensive enhancement practice.
In the UCLA study, most of the practitioners said they engage in some form of advocacy—only seven of the forty-eight did not. The matter of internal agency advocacy was examined by Patti (
1980
). Most of the fifty-nine human service professionals he studied reported engaging in some form of internal advocacy during a recent two-year period—only six indicated no such involvement. The highest percentage of responses (29%) related to seeking improvement in client well-being through new or modified service and programs. Efforts of this nature were also directed at changing procedures for processing clients and obtaining new facilities and resources. Some of the efforts were more intraprofessional or career oriented, such as dealing with work flow, personal practices, and communication.
External advocacy
was examined in another study. In a survey of 105 professionals in Michigan (
Epstein, 1981
), more than two thir.
Here is a draft patient advocacy essay:
The Importance of Patient Advocacy in Nursing
Patient advocacy is a core component of the nursing profession. Nurses are in a unique position to serve as the voice for patients and ensure their needs, values, and preferences are respected. As the healthcare providers who spend the most time with patients, nurses gain invaluable insights that allow them to effectively advocate. This essay will explore the reasons why patient advocacy is so important for nurses and provide examples of advocacy in practice.
There are several key reasons why patient advocacy is such an important role for nurses. First, patients are often vulnerable or unable to clearly communicate their needs due to illness, disability, or other factors. As advocates, nurses can
Social advocacy promotes social justice, equality, and inclusion. It empowers disadvantaged groups to have their voices heard and influence decisions that affect them. Social advocacy has three goals: promoting social change through challenging injustice and inequality; solving problems by providing support and services; and empowering people through education and enabling them to deal with difficult situations. Effective social advocacy involves listening to individuals, using their experiences to inform advocacy for systemic change, and promoting participation in decisions. It is a crucial tool for social workers to achieve social justice.
Virtue Theory related to medical practice.pdfsdfghj21
This document discusses virtue theory and its relationship to medical practice. It provides an outline for how virtue theory justifies whistleblowing in healthcare. The outline includes two points: 1) Kantian and virtue ethics require integrity and courage to stand up for patients' well-being, and 2) Utilitarian ethics says whistleblowing prevents harm and maximizes benefit to society. The document then discusses what whistleblowing is, examples of whistleblowers in healthcare, and the negative consequences whistleblowers often face.
R E A D I N G 7 . 2The Management of Organizational Justic.docxaudeleypearl
This document discusses organizational justice and how managers can promote fairness in the workplace. It defines the three components of organizational justice: distributive justice (fairness of outcomes), procedural justice (fairness of decision-making processes), and interactional justice (fairness of interpersonal treatment). Managing for organizational justice can create benefits like increased trust, commitment, performance and customer satisfaction for organizations. The document provides suggestions for incorporating fairness into common managerial activities such as hiring, performance reviews, rewards systems, conflict management and downsizing.
A Study of Perceived Organizational Justice, Trust, and Organisational Citize...IOSR Journals
The present organizations in which cut throat competition is there among employees, organizational justice and trust become more important to develop organizational citizenship behavior. organisation citizenship behavior is voluntary behavior on the part of employee which does not bring any reward to them. An employee who feels like citizen of organization does something extra for organization and coworkers which is not described in job description. Many previous researches proved impact of trust on organizational citizenship behavior and impact of organizational justice on organizational citizenship behavior. This study attempts to find out impact of trust and justice on OCB separately as well as combined impact of both the variables on OCB in service industry of Gwalior (MP, India).various statistical tools like reliability analysis and regression analysis was applied to the gathered data to fulfill the objective of the study.
Read each of the posts bellow A, B and C and respond to each with .docxcatheryncouper
Read each of the posts bellow A, B and C and respond to each with 100 words.1 reference each
DISCUSSION A 100 words 1 reference
Class, might the same method be used effectively to create a policy decision for the public-sector as in the private-sector?
DISCUSSION B 100 words 1 reference
Policy analysts are often faced with multiple advocacy choices when developing a policy recommendation. These choices are known as advocative claims. What are the characteristics of an advocative claim?
Advocative claims have four different main characteristics that are actionable, prospective, value laden, and ethically complex (Dunn, 2008). The claims below are described by Dunn as:
· Actionable.Advocative claims focus on actions that may be taken to resolve a policy problem. Although advocative claims require prior information about what will occur and what is valuable, they go beyond questions of "fact" and "value" and include arguments about what should be done to solve a problem (Dunn, 2008).
· Prospective.Advocative claims are prospective, because they occur prior to the time that actions are taken (ex ante). While policy-analytic procedures of monitoring and evaluation are retrospective, because they are applied after actions are taken (ex post), forecasting and recommendation are both applied prospectively (ex ante) (Dunn, 2008).
· Value laden.Advocative claims depend as much on "facts" as they do on "values." To claim that a particular policy alternative should be adopted requires not only that the action being recommended will have the predicted consequences; it also requires that the predicted consequences are valued by individuals, groups, or society as a whole (Dunn, 2008).
· Ethically complex.The values underlying advocative claims are ethically complex. A given value (e.g., health) may be regarded as both intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic values are those that are valued as ends in themselves; extrinsic values are those that are valued because they will produce some other value. Health may be regarded as an end in itself and as a condition necessary for the attainment of other values, including security, freedom, and self-actualization. Similarly, democratic participation may be valued as an end in itself (intrinsic value) and a means to political stability (extrinsic value) (Dunn, 2008).
Each claim focuses on some sort of action or value that is perceived or occurred. The claims further describe the different choices that may occur when further developing policy recommendation.
What methods of advocative claims affect a public policy recommendation?
Public choice and the multiple legitimate stakeholders is one of the methods that affect public policy recommendations that I see more than others. With the numerous people that feel that their stake in the policy is the most important can cause the policy to be skewed towards whom benefits the most from the policy (Dunn, 2008). This can be problematic when it pertains to safety and people's fr ...
Advocacy is defined as any action that speaks out in favor of or supports another person or group. There are different types of advocacy such as self-advocacy, individual advocacy, and systems advocacy. Self-advocacy involves advocating for oneself, which can be difficult but gets easier with practice. Nurses must unite and collaborate through group advocacy to influence healthcare structures and policies in order to provide safe care. Systems advocacy typically involves government agencies and can impact nurses' scope of practice and standards of care. The author's goal is to elevate their issue regarding nurse practitioners and liposuction to the level of systems advocacy in order to change laws and regulations on this topic.
Advocacy is defined as any action that speaks out in favor of or supports another person or group. There are different types of advocacy such as self-advocacy, individual advocacy, and systems advocacy. Self-advocacy involves advocating for oneself, which can be difficult but gets easier with practice. Nurses must unite and collaborate through group advocacy to influence healthcare structures and policies in order to provide safe care. Systems advocacy typically involves government agencies and can impact nurses' scope of practice and standards of care. The author's goal is to elevate their issue regarding nurse practitioners and liposuction to the level of systems advocacy in order to change laws and regulations on this topic.
Here is a draft patient advocacy essay:
The Importance of Patient Advocacy in Nursing
Patient advocacy is a core component of the nursing profession. Nurses are in a unique position to serve as the voice for patients and ensure their needs, values, and preferences are respected. As the healthcare providers who spend the most time with patients, nurses gain invaluable insights that allow them to effectively advocate. This essay will explore the reasons why patient advocacy is so important for nurses and provide examples of advocacy in practice.
There are several key reasons why patient advocacy is such an important role for nurses. First, patients are often vulnerable or unable to clearly communicate their needs due to illness, disability, or other factors. As advocates, nurses can
Social advocacy promotes social justice, equality, and inclusion. It empowers disadvantaged groups to have their voices heard and influence decisions that affect them. Social advocacy has three goals: promoting social change through challenging injustice and inequality; solving problems by providing support and services; and empowering people through education and enabling them to deal with difficult situations. Effective social advocacy involves listening to individuals, using their experiences to inform advocacy for systemic change, and promoting participation in decisions. It is a crucial tool for social workers to achieve social justice.
Virtue Theory related to medical practice.pdfsdfghj21
This document discusses virtue theory and its relationship to medical practice. It provides an outline for how virtue theory justifies whistleblowing in healthcare. The outline includes two points: 1) Kantian and virtue ethics require integrity and courage to stand up for patients' well-being, and 2) Utilitarian ethics says whistleblowing prevents harm and maximizes benefit to society. The document then discusses what whistleblowing is, examples of whistleblowers in healthcare, and the negative consequences whistleblowers often face.
R E A D I N G 7 . 2The Management of Organizational Justic.docxaudeleypearl
This document discusses organizational justice and how managers can promote fairness in the workplace. It defines the three components of organizational justice: distributive justice (fairness of outcomes), procedural justice (fairness of decision-making processes), and interactional justice (fairness of interpersonal treatment). Managing for organizational justice can create benefits like increased trust, commitment, performance and customer satisfaction for organizations. The document provides suggestions for incorporating fairness into common managerial activities such as hiring, performance reviews, rewards systems, conflict management and downsizing.
A Study of Perceived Organizational Justice, Trust, and Organisational Citize...IOSR Journals
The present organizations in which cut throat competition is there among employees, organizational justice and trust become more important to develop organizational citizenship behavior. organisation citizenship behavior is voluntary behavior on the part of employee which does not bring any reward to them. An employee who feels like citizen of organization does something extra for organization and coworkers which is not described in job description. Many previous researches proved impact of trust on organizational citizenship behavior and impact of organizational justice on organizational citizenship behavior. This study attempts to find out impact of trust and justice on OCB separately as well as combined impact of both the variables on OCB in service industry of Gwalior (MP, India).various statistical tools like reliability analysis and regression analysis was applied to the gathered data to fulfill the objective of the study.
Read each of the posts bellow A, B and C and respond to each with .docxcatheryncouper
Read each of the posts bellow A, B and C and respond to each with 100 words.1 reference each
DISCUSSION A 100 words 1 reference
Class, might the same method be used effectively to create a policy decision for the public-sector as in the private-sector?
DISCUSSION B 100 words 1 reference
Policy analysts are often faced with multiple advocacy choices when developing a policy recommendation. These choices are known as advocative claims. What are the characteristics of an advocative claim?
Advocative claims have four different main characteristics that are actionable, prospective, value laden, and ethically complex (Dunn, 2008). The claims below are described by Dunn as:
· Actionable.Advocative claims focus on actions that may be taken to resolve a policy problem. Although advocative claims require prior information about what will occur and what is valuable, they go beyond questions of "fact" and "value" and include arguments about what should be done to solve a problem (Dunn, 2008).
· Prospective.Advocative claims are prospective, because they occur prior to the time that actions are taken (ex ante). While policy-analytic procedures of monitoring and evaluation are retrospective, because they are applied after actions are taken (ex post), forecasting and recommendation are both applied prospectively (ex ante) (Dunn, 2008).
· Value laden.Advocative claims depend as much on "facts" as they do on "values." To claim that a particular policy alternative should be adopted requires not only that the action being recommended will have the predicted consequences; it also requires that the predicted consequences are valued by individuals, groups, or society as a whole (Dunn, 2008).
· Ethically complex.The values underlying advocative claims are ethically complex. A given value (e.g., health) may be regarded as both intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic values are those that are valued as ends in themselves; extrinsic values are those that are valued because they will produce some other value. Health may be regarded as an end in itself and as a condition necessary for the attainment of other values, including security, freedom, and self-actualization. Similarly, democratic participation may be valued as an end in itself (intrinsic value) and a means to political stability (extrinsic value) (Dunn, 2008).
Each claim focuses on some sort of action or value that is perceived or occurred. The claims further describe the different choices that may occur when further developing policy recommendation.
What methods of advocative claims affect a public policy recommendation?
Public choice and the multiple legitimate stakeholders is one of the methods that affect public policy recommendations that I see more than others. With the numerous people that feel that their stake in the policy is the most important can cause the policy to be skewed towards whom benefits the most from the policy (Dunn, 2008). This can be problematic when it pertains to safety and people's fr ...
Advocacy is defined as any action that speaks out in favor of or supports another person or group. There are different types of advocacy such as self-advocacy, individual advocacy, and systems advocacy. Self-advocacy involves advocating for oneself, which can be difficult but gets easier with practice. Nurses must unite and collaborate through group advocacy to influence healthcare structures and policies in order to provide safe care. Systems advocacy typically involves government agencies and can impact nurses' scope of practice and standards of care. The author's goal is to elevate their issue regarding nurse practitioners and liposuction to the level of systems advocacy in order to change laws and regulations on this topic.
Advocacy is defined as any action that speaks out in favor of or supports another person or group. There are different types of advocacy such as self-advocacy, individual advocacy, and systems advocacy. Self-advocacy involves advocating for oneself, which can be difficult but gets easier with practice. Nurses must unite and collaborate through group advocacy to influence healthcare structures and policies in order to provide safe care. Systems advocacy typically involves government agencies and can impact nurses' scope of practice and standards of care. The author's goal is to elevate their issue regarding nurse practitioners and liposuction to the level of systems advocacy in order to change laws and regulations on this topic.
Patient Empowerment in Nursing Sample Paper.docx4934bk
1) The document discusses patient empowerment in nursing, defining it as a process that fosters patients' power over their own lives and health by respecting their preferences and autonomy in treatment decisions.
2) Patient empowerment has many definitions but generally refers to enhancing patients' ability to understand and influence their own health status through greater information, education, and involvement in care decisions.
3) Key antecedents of patient empowerment discussed are trust, respect, commitment, education, and staff empowerment to successfully apply the empowerment concept in healthcare settings.
The document discusses Timmermans' views on evidence-based medicine (EBM) and its effects on the medical profession. It outlines Timmermans' criticisms of four theories of medical professionalization and states that EBM shifts medicine from pathophysiology to epidemiology through clinical guidelines. This limits practitioner autonomy. The document also discusses limitations of EBM, including time constraints that depersonalize interactions, lack of representation of complex real-world patients, and inability to predict individual treatment responses.
There are three main types of organizational justice discussed in the document:
1. Distributive justice, which concerns the perceived fairness of outcomes and reward allocation. It involves comparisons between what employees receive versus what they expect or feel they deserve.
2. Procedural justice, which involves the perceived fairness of decision-making procedures that determine reward distribution. It includes the ability for employees to have input or "voice" in processes.
3. Interactional justice, which concerns the sensitivity and respect with which employees feel they are treated by the employer. It involves both interpersonal justice and informational justice around explanations for procedures. Perceptions of all three types of justice can impact important work attitudes and behaviors.
Senior High School Reading and Writing Skillsqueenpressman14
The document discusses five types of claims that are commonly used in arguments: claims of fact, definition, cause, value, and policy. It provides examples and descriptions of each type of claim. Claims of fact address whether something happened or is true. Definition claims focus on how something should be defined. Cause claims examine what caused something or what the effects will be. Value claims establish whether something is good or bad. Policy claims suggest solutions to problems or future courses of action. Arguments can contain a mix of these different claim types, but usually one type will predominate. Identifying the predominant claim helps determine the main purpose of the argument.
The document discusses empowerment and advocacy in community development, defining empowerment as a process where people gain greater access and control over resources. It explains that empowerment and advocacy aim to shift power towards marginalized groups and lists elements of empowerment like personal action, small interest groups, community organizations, partnerships, and social/political action. The document also defines advocacy and discusses forms like self-advocacy, peer advocacy, citizen advocacy, and professional advocacy.
What do you mean by advocacy? Discuss the importance and types of advocacy. ...Md. Sajjat Hossain
What do you mean by advocacy? Discuss the importance and types of
advocacy. Write the steps of an advocacy plan. What are the tools of
advocacy?
Introduction
People advocate for a large number and variety of topics. Some of these are clear-
cut social issues that are universally agreed to be problematic and worth solving,
such as human trafficking. Advocacy can include many activities that a person or
organization undertakes including media campaigns, public speaking,
commissioning and publishing research. Lobbying (often by lobby groups) is a
form of advocacy where a direct approach is made to legislators on a specific issue
or specific piece of legislation.
Advocacy
Generally we can say that Advocacy is an activity by an individual or group that
aims to influence decisions within political, economic, and social systems and
institutions.
Ritu R. Sharma from the Academy for Educational Development describes
advocacy as a tool for “putting a problem on the agenda, providing a solution to
that problem and building support for acting on both the problem and the solution”.
[https://www.culturepartnership.eu/en/publishing/advocacy-course/what-is-
advocacy]
So Advocacy means taking action to create change.
Importance of advocacy
Advocacy includes many different types of activities. It has many importances. It
can mean researching new solutions, creating coalitions of like-minded people,
public campaigning to raise awareness and much more. The main importance of
advocacy is to create change. Given below some importance of advocacy:
To raise awareness
To influence and change policies
To represent individuals who may not be able to speak for themselves
· Describe strategies to build rapport with inmates and offenders .docxgerardkortney
· Describe strategies to build rapport with inmates and offenders in a correctional treatment or supervision program.
· Describe the effect of group dynamics on facilitating programs.
· Describe techniques for establishing a therapeutic environment.
Generalist Case Management
Woodside and McClam
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/books/9781483342047/pageid/44
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781323128800
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483342047
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781133795247
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/1259760413
Use book and two outside sources.
At least 100 words per question
THANKS
1 The Role of the Correctional Counselor CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Identify the functions and parameters of the counseling process. 2. Discuss the competing interests between security and counseling in the correctional counseling process. 3. Know common terms and concerns associated with custodial corrections. 4. Understand the role of the counselor as facilitator. 5. Identify the various personal characteristics associated with effective counselors. 6. Be aware of the impact that burnout can have on a counselor’s professional performance. 7. Identify the various means of training and supervision associated with counseling. PART ONE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND CORRECTIONS There are many myths concerning the concept of counseling. Although the image of the counseling field has changed dramatically over the past two or three decades, much of society still views counseling and therapy as a mystic process reserved for those who lack the ability to handle life issues effectively. While the concept of counseling is often misunderstood, the problem is exacerbated when attempting to introduce the idea of correctional counseling. Therefore, the primary goal of this chapter is to provide a working definition of correctional counseling that includes descriptions of how and when it is carried out. In order to understand the concept of correctional counseling, however, the two words that derive the concept must first be defined: “corrections” and “counseling.” In addition, a concerted effort is made to identify the myriad of legal and ethical issues that pertain to counselors working with offenders. It is very difficult to identify a single starting point for the counseling profession. In essence, there were various movements occurring simultaneously that later evolved into what we now describe as counseling. One of the earliest connections to the origins of counseling took place in Europe during the Middle Ages (Brown & Srebalus, 2003). The primary objective was assisting individuals with career choices. This type of counseling service is usually described by the concept of “guidance.” In the late 1800s Wilhelm Wundt and G. Stanley Hall created two of the first known psychological laboratories aimed at studying and treating individuals with psychological and e.
Critical Theories In Social Work PracticeMonica Rivera
I apologize for the confusion, but I am an AI assistant created by Anthropic to be helpful, harmless, and honest. I do not actually have a master's degree in social work or any other field.
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This document provides an introduction to theoretical frameworks for social work and the law, including therapeutic jurisprudence, preventive law, procedural justice, and restorative justice. It discusses how these frameworks can help social workers understand their role within the legal system. The document also outlines the objectives of social work and law, provides examples of how theoretical frameworks apply, and describes the roles of social workers in relation to the legal system such as when appointed by the court or working for an agency. Finally, it defines jurisdiction and outlines the structure of the federal and Texas state judicial systems.
Lakisha Phillips
Ashford University
SOC 120 Introduction to Ethics & Social Responsibility
7/18/2015
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
Classical ethical theories and different ethical perspectives have a great application in the way affirmative action is viewed in the society. Other theories differ with these issue while others give a close relation to affirmative action and the way it has been taken by many organizations and institutions worldwide.
Affirmative action refers to a policy that involves institutions or organizations engaging in active efforts in order to improve the opportunities for a specific group of individuals that appear to be excluded from the society (Mosser, 2013). Some of these groups are excluded in terms of race, color, religion or also national origin and this action always targets to increase a number of individuals from a particular groups within institutions, businesses not forgetting other areas in the society where there has been historically low representation by these groups.
Affirmative action has been known to give the so called minorities an advantage the moment it comes to applying for employment opportunities, higher institution of learnings and other organizations in societies. It goes a step far by giving extra points when a test results where organizations are financially motivated to come out racially diverse. The effects of the outcome is always enables these candidates that appear less qualified to get a position, to be chosen and achieve minority quotas. This action was made a bill in order to prevent racism after a period where segregation was declared unconstitutional with the motive of employers to give opportunities to minorities but it has been said to be molded with a lot of issues.
Utilitarianism theory
For one to understand the way an ethical theory deals with affirmative action, the main important thing is understanding the perspective or theory first. Utilitarianism is one of the ethical theory which talks about focusing on expected outcome of a particular act instead of morality of that specific act itself. It can be summarized with the saying that “the end justifies the means” (Fluker, 2009). The other best way to describe this particular theory is that an individual choose an act which produces best outcome for high number of persons while giving room to least possible harm. Utilitarianism theory considers actions that give rise to the reverse of the feeling of happiness which can be termed as harm, however any harm that is created is able to be outweighed in case sufficient utility has been created in the result. For instance, when a life one individual needs to be taken for a purpose of saving two or more lives, utilitarianism theory suggests that it is the right action since there is creation of more utility compared to harm.
Applying this theory to affirmative action can take many ways to approach the subject. In this case I will focus on why utilitarianism can be against practicin ...
This document provides an overview of restorative justice and restorative practices. It discusses:
1. The differences between restorative practice, which aims to build relationships proactively, and restorative justice, which repairs relationships reactively following harm.
2. A range of restorative practices like circles, questions, and conferences that can be used proactively or reactively.
3. The development of restorative justice as an alternative to punitive criminal justice systems that view crimes as offenses against society rather than individuals. Restorative approaches seek to involve victims and negotiate restitution.
Although supportive psychotherapy and interpersonal psMadonnaJacobsenfp
Although supportive psychotherapy and interpersonal psychotherapy share some similarities, these therapeutic approaches have many differences. When assessing clients and selecting therapies, it is important to recognize these differences and how they may impact your clients. For this Assignment, as you compare supportive and interpersonal psychotherapy, consider which therapeutic approach you might use with your clients.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy: A Case of Postpartum Depression with Scott Stuart MD.
Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories in Context and Practice. Psychotherapy.net
· Briefly describe how supportive and interpersonal psychotherapies are similar.
· Explain at least three differences between these therapies. Include how these differences might impact your practice as a mental health counselor.
· Explain which therapeutic approach you might use with clients and why. Support your approach with evidence-based literature.
Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
· Chapter 5, “Supportive and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy” (pp. 238–242)
· Chapter 9, “Interpersonal Psychotherapy” (pp. 347–368)
Negotiation and Confrontation
Negotiation
The skills of negotiation are imperative in the business world. Negotiations are a necessary part of many enterprise relations. People are unsettled through the negotiation process because they think that it is a personal matter; however, negotiation is about eradicating problems as well as arriving at the win solutions for all the parties. The Harvard project developed an inventive method for the negotiations. This so-called principled negotiation that outlines the strategies, as well as techniques, anticipate shifting the method to exchange permanent positions to the more flexible method that are relied on the interest of every party. Cognitive biases, as well as culture valued scopes, influence the choice making that limits the variation of this kind of innovative approach within the administrations. These biases define the unreasonable choices that individuals make, which affect the adaptation of the principled negotiations as well as the evidence-based management within the organizations (Sanders & Hak, 2018).
Confrontation
Confrontation is the procedure of describing another individual behavior so that the person can see the results of the behavior and possibly change. It is normal as well as the natural feature of the organization; moreover, it occurs in every organization. The few studies inspected the goal coping has established that targets use a variety of plans to covenant with the mistreatment of the organization's. Both confrontations, as well as avoidance, will be unproductive strategies for stopping the recurrence of the rudeness. It arises the objectives to be more probable to forgive as well as the psychology of the mistreatment. In a ...
Developing a Progressive AdvocacyProgram Within a HumanS.docxhcheryl1
This document discusses developing a progressive advocacy program within a human services agency. It defines progressive advocacy as advocacy that seeks social change to address underlying structural inequities and meaningfully engages agency clients in the advocacy process.
The document provides a rationale for advocacy within human services agencies, noting their role in social change movements and expertise regarding social problems. It also discusses the policy cycle and need for dedicated advocacy efforts.
Core principles for developing an advocacy program include starting where the agency currently is, leveraging the knowledge of service staff and clients, working in coalitions, and only advocating within the agency's areas of expertise. The document concludes with a case study of developing advocacy in a homeless services agency.
1) Workplace policies and procedures for handling bullying complaints need to balance a no-blame approach with clear sanctions. They should allow for multiple access points and types of interventions to resolve issues in a cooperative manner.
2) Organizational cultures that clearly communicate expectations of respectful behavior and demonstrate fairness in handling complaints can help prevent and address bullying.
3) Effective policies address the needs of targets, bystanders, and alleged perpetrators to encourage resilience and recovery from bullying incidents.
Unit IV OutlineFor your second submission, you will need to subm.docxshanaeacklam
Unit IV Outline
For your second submission, you will need to submit a draft of your research paper with several components to ensure you are on the right track:
an outline of your research and the intended direction of your argument,
at least five scholarly resources you have found that contribute to your topic, and
an abstract outlining your topic and your subsequent findings.
This research draft should be at least two pages, double spaced, with Times New Roman 12 point font, and use appropriate APA style writing. You should be thorough in your research so your professor (or a colleague) could adequately determine your intended research and the direction you are going with your paper. Information about accessing the Blackboard Grading Rubric for this assignment is provided below
.
Unit IV Essay Researchthe Kelley model of followership. Write an e.docxshanaeacklam
Unit IV Essay Research
the Kelley model of followership. Write an essay describing how a leader might utilize the Kelley model of followership to assess follower effectiveness, and discuss how this leader might develop this individual into a more effective follower.
Be sure to include the following in your paper:
Describe the importance of organizational climate and motivation.
Describe Kelley’s model of effective followership (moving between roles).
Explain how knowledge of effective followership can help one’s leadership perspective. Be sure to follow the guidelines below:
Writing should include proper grammar, sentence structure, and writing mechanics.
Organization should be logical, clear, and appropriate.
Provide strong evidence of critical thinking.
Make use of logical transitions.
Paragraphs should contain strong topic sentences.
Your paper should be at
least two pages in length.
All sources used must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations in APA format.
.
Unit IV Case StudyThe relationship between an agency and the media.docxshanaeacklam
Unit IV Case Study
The relationship between an agency and the media is important to ensure that a strong flow of information is maintained
during a crisis. However, an agency must maintain control over the information released and the methods used to provide
a consistent and effective message. This is important in ensuring that the public maintains their trust and faith in the
agency. One of the best ways to make sure this occurs is through a strong standard operating procedure that focuses on
information release and media relations.
Develop a two- to three-page standard operating procedure regarding media interaction and information sharing. At a
minimum, ensure that the following items are addressed in a professional manner (not just bulleted items):
1. Who will serve as the public information officer? Address any secondary points of contact.
2. What information can and cannot be released? Consider the implications of HIPAA and potential ongoing
investigations.
3. What methods of media will be used? If social media is used, what information will be shared and who is
responsible for the content?
.
Unit IV AssignmentFor this assignment, you will practice calcu.docxshanaeacklam
Unit IV Assignment
For this assignment, you will practice calculating exchange rates and examine some of the key factors that have an impact on foreign exchange.
Click here to access the Unit IV Assignment worksheet.
Click here to access some exchange-rate examples and practice questions.
Information about accessing the grading rubric for this assignment is provided below.
.
Unit IV Essay Write a two-page essay that explains why in perfect.docxshanaeacklam
Unit IV Essay
Write a two-page essay that explains why in perfect competition, there are no economic profits or losses in the long run. Use a minimum of two academic journal articles from the CSU Online Library. Your essay must be formatted in APA style.
All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. All references and citations used must be in APA style.
Course Textbook
McEachern, W. A. (2015). ECON microeconomics (4th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
.
Unit IV discussed judges. To learn more about these individuals who .docxshanaeacklam
Unit IV discussed judges. To learn more about these individuals who are involved in the court system, select and research a judge who is currently serving on the courts in your state or local area. You are required to use at least four sources for this assignment (at least one should be from the CSU Online Library). Other sources could include newspapers, magazines, or professional journals.
Your research could include:
the background and education of the judge,
how the judge was selected for the court in which he or she presides,
the training of the judge,
challenges the judge has faced in his or her career (this could involve a particular case that was a challenge),
recent cases, or
your opinion whether this judge was adequately prepared for the position.
Present your research in a PowerPoint Presentation of at least 10 slides (not including the title and references slides). All sources used, including the textbook, must be cited and referenced according to APA style.
.
Unit III Scholarly Activity ( Minimum 2 PAGES not including the refe.docxshanaeacklam
Unit III Scholarly Activity ( Minimum 2 PAGES not including the references that needs to also be included)
THIS JUST IN: You work for a national radio broadcasting company and it is your job to create the typed broadcast for the evening news, recapping the experiences of Americans from before WWI all the way to their experiences after the war. For your story to be valid and accepted by a wide audience, it must include the home front experiences of many groups and cover the topics below. You are to choose only one of the two options below to complete for this assignment to highlight all seven key points below.
Examine the experiences of the local populations and varied demographics, including African Americans, women, and lower classes.
What changed because of the movement from isolationism to expansionism?
Assess the relevance of people’s concerns about the war’s impact on the international community.
Assess the war’s economic impact, including the expansion of factories (big business) due to wartime production.
Compare and contrast pre-war and post-war experiences.
Include at least two key domestic figures and at least two key international figures.
Include how the United States in the post-war era is positioned to become a superpower.
**With any good news story, you must utilize multiple sources. Your story must be a minimum of two pages. A minimum of two reputable sources must be used, cited, and referenced**
.
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1) The document discusses patient empowerment in nursing, defining it as a process that fosters patients' power over their own lives and health by respecting their preferences and autonomy in treatment decisions.
2) Patient empowerment has many definitions but generally refers to enhancing patients' ability to understand and influence their own health status through greater information, education, and involvement in care decisions.
3) Key antecedents of patient empowerment discussed are trust, respect, commitment, education, and staff empowerment to successfully apply the empowerment concept in healthcare settings.
The document discusses Timmermans' views on evidence-based medicine (EBM) and its effects on the medical profession. It outlines Timmermans' criticisms of four theories of medical professionalization and states that EBM shifts medicine from pathophysiology to epidemiology through clinical guidelines. This limits practitioner autonomy. The document also discusses limitations of EBM, including time constraints that depersonalize interactions, lack of representation of complex real-world patients, and inability to predict individual treatment responses.
There are three main types of organizational justice discussed in the document:
1. Distributive justice, which concerns the perceived fairness of outcomes and reward allocation. It involves comparisons between what employees receive versus what they expect or feel they deserve.
2. Procedural justice, which involves the perceived fairness of decision-making procedures that determine reward distribution. It includes the ability for employees to have input or "voice" in processes.
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Senior High School Reading and Writing Skillsqueenpressman14
The document discusses five types of claims that are commonly used in arguments: claims of fact, definition, cause, value, and policy. It provides examples and descriptions of each type of claim. Claims of fact address whether something happened or is true. Definition claims focus on how something should be defined. Cause claims examine what caused something or what the effects will be. Value claims establish whether something is good or bad. Policy claims suggest solutions to problems or future courses of action. Arguments can contain a mix of these different claim types, but usually one type will predominate. Identifying the predominant claim helps determine the main purpose of the argument.
The document discusses empowerment and advocacy in community development, defining empowerment as a process where people gain greater access and control over resources. It explains that empowerment and advocacy aim to shift power towards marginalized groups and lists elements of empowerment like personal action, small interest groups, community organizations, partnerships, and social/political action. The document also defines advocacy and discusses forms like self-advocacy, peer advocacy, citizen advocacy, and professional advocacy.
What do you mean by advocacy? Discuss the importance and types of advocacy. ...Md. Sajjat Hossain
What do you mean by advocacy? Discuss the importance and types of
advocacy. Write the steps of an advocacy plan. What are the tools of
advocacy?
Introduction
People advocate for a large number and variety of topics. Some of these are clear-
cut social issues that are universally agreed to be problematic and worth solving,
such as human trafficking. Advocacy can include many activities that a person or
organization undertakes including media campaigns, public speaking,
commissioning and publishing research. Lobbying (often by lobby groups) is a
form of advocacy where a direct approach is made to legislators on a specific issue
or specific piece of legislation.
Advocacy
Generally we can say that Advocacy is an activity by an individual or group that
aims to influence decisions within political, economic, and social systems and
institutions.
Ritu R. Sharma from the Academy for Educational Development describes
advocacy as a tool for “putting a problem on the agenda, providing a solution to
that problem and building support for acting on both the problem and the solution”.
[https://www.culturepartnership.eu/en/publishing/advocacy-course/what-is-
advocacy]
So Advocacy means taking action to create change.
Importance of advocacy
Advocacy includes many different types of activities. It has many importances. It
can mean researching new solutions, creating coalitions of like-minded people,
public campaigning to raise awareness and much more. The main importance of
advocacy is to create change. Given below some importance of advocacy:
To raise awareness
To influence and change policies
To represent individuals who may not be able to speak for themselves
· Describe strategies to build rapport with inmates and offenders .docxgerardkortney
· Describe strategies to build rapport with inmates and offenders in a correctional treatment or supervision program.
· Describe the effect of group dynamics on facilitating programs.
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Generalist Case Management
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https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/books/9781483342047/pageid/44
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781323128800
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483342047
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https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/1259760413
Use book and two outside sources.
At least 100 words per question
THANKS
1 The Role of the Correctional Counselor CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Identify the functions and parameters of the counseling process. 2. Discuss the competing interests between security and counseling in the correctional counseling process. 3. Know common terms and concerns associated with custodial corrections. 4. Understand the role of the counselor as facilitator. 5. Identify the various personal characteristics associated with effective counselors. 6. Be aware of the impact that burnout can have on a counselor’s professional performance. 7. Identify the various means of training and supervision associated with counseling. PART ONE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND CORRECTIONS There are many myths concerning the concept of counseling. Although the image of the counseling field has changed dramatically over the past two or three decades, much of society still views counseling and therapy as a mystic process reserved for those who lack the ability to handle life issues effectively. While the concept of counseling is often misunderstood, the problem is exacerbated when attempting to introduce the idea of correctional counseling. Therefore, the primary goal of this chapter is to provide a working definition of correctional counseling that includes descriptions of how and when it is carried out. In order to understand the concept of correctional counseling, however, the two words that derive the concept must first be defined: “corrections” and “counseling.” In addition, a concerted effort is made to identify the myriad of legal and ethical issues that pertain to counselors working with offenders. It is very difficult to identify a single starting point for the counseling profession. In essence, there were various movements occurring simultaneously that later evolved into what we now describe as counseling. One of the earliest connections to the origins of counseling took place in Europe during the Middle Ages (Brown & Srebalus, 2003). The primary objective was assisting individuals with career choices. This type of counseling service is usually described by the concept of “guidance.” In the late 1800s Wilhelm Wundt and G. Stanley Hall created two of the first known psychological laboratories aimed at studying and treating individuals with psychological and e.
Critical Theories In Social Work PracticeMonica Rivera
I apologize for the confusion, but I am an AI assistant created by Anthropic to be helpful, harmless, and honest. I do not actually have a master's degree in social work or any other field.
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This document provides an introduction to theoretical frameworks for social work and the law, including therapeutic jurisprudence, preventive law, procedural justice, and restorative justice. It discusses how these frameworks can help social workers understand their role within the legal system. The document also outlines the objectives of social work and law, provides examples of how theoretical frameworks apply, and describes the roles of social workers in relation to the legal system such as when appointed by the court or working for an agency. Finally, it defines jurisdiction and outlines the structure of the federal and Texas state judicial systems.
Lakisha Phillips
Ashford University
SOC 120 Introduction to Ethics & Social Responsibility
7/18/2015
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
Classical ethical theories and different ethical perspectives have a great application in the way affirmative action is viewed in the society. Other theories differ with these issue while others give a close relation to affirmative action and the way it has been taken by many organizations and institutions worldwide.
Affirmative action refers to a policy that involves institutions or organizations engaging in active efforts in order to improve the opportunities for a specific group of individuals that appear to be excluded from the society (Mosser, 2013). Some of these groups are excluded in terms of race, color, religion or also national origin and this action always targets to increase a number of individuals from a particular groups within institutions, businesses not forgetting other areas in the society where there has been historically low representation by these groups.
Affirmative action has been known to give the so called minorities an advantage the moment it comes to applying for employment opportunities, higher institution of learnings and other organizations in societies. It goes a step far by giving extra points when a test results where organizations are financially motivated to come out racially diverse. The effects of the outcome is always enables these candidates that appear less qualified to get a position, to be chosen and achieve minority quotas. This action was made a bill in order to prevent racism after a period where segregation was declared unconstitutional with the motive of employers to give opportunities to minorities but it has been said to be molded with a lot of issues.
Utilitarianism theory
For one to understand the way an ethical theory deals with affirmative action, the main important thing is understanding the perspective or theory first. Utilitarianism is one of the ethical theory which talks about focusing on expected outcome of a particular act instead of morality of that specific act itself. It can be summarized with the saying that “the end justifies the means” (Fluker, 2009). The other best way to describe this particular theory is that an individual choose an act which produces best outcome for high number of persons while giving room to least possible harm. Utilitarianism theory considers actions that give rise to the reverse of the feeling of happiness which can be termed as harm, however any harm that is created is able to be outweighed in case sufficient utility has been created in the result. For instance, when a life one individual needs to be taken for a purpose of saving two or more lives, utilitarianism theory suggests that it is the right action since there is creation of more utility compared to harm.
Applying this theory to affirmative action can take many ways to approach the subject. In this case I will focus on why utilitarianism can be against practicin ...
This document provides an overview of restorative justice and restorative practices. It discusses:
1. The differences between restorative practice, which aims to build relationships proactively, and restorative justice, which repairs relationships reactively following harm.
2. A range of restorative practices like circles, questions, and conferences that can be used proactively or reactively.
3. The development of restorative justice as an alternative to punitive criminal justice systems that view crimes as offenses against society rather than individuals. Restorative approaches seek to involve victims and negotiate restitution.
Although supportive psychotherapy and interpersonal psMadonnaJacobsenfp
Although supportive psychotherapy and interpersonal psychotherapy share some similarities, these therapeutic approaches have many differences. When assessing clients and selecting therapies, it is important to recognize these differences and how they may impact your clients. For this Assignment, as you compare supportive and interpersonal psychotherapy, consider which therapeutic approach you might use with your clients.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy: A Case of Postpartum Depression with Scott Stuart MD.
Counseling and Psychotherapy Theories in Context and Practice. Psychotherapy.net
· Briefly describe how supportive and interpersonal psychotherapies are similar.
· Explain at least three differences between these therapies. Include how these differences might impact your practice as a mental health counselor.
· Explain which therapeutic approach you might use with clients and why. Support your approach with evidence-based literature.
Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
· Chapter 5, “Supportive and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy” (pp. 238–242)
· Chapter 9, “Interpersonal Psychotherapy” (pp. 347–368)
Negotiation and Confrontation
Negotiation
The skills of negotiation are imperative in the business world. Negotiations are a necessary part of many enterprise relations. People are unsettled through the negotiation process because they think that it is a personal matter; however, negotiation is about eradicating problems as well as arriving at the win solutions for all the parties. The Harvard project developed an inventive method for the negotiations. This so-called principled negotiation that outlines the strategies, as well as techniques, anticipate shifting the method to exchange permanent positions to the more flexible method that are relied on the interest of every party. Cognitive biases, as well as culture valued scopes, influence the choice making that limits the variation of this kind of innovative approach within the administrations. These biases define the unreasonable choices that individuals make, which affect the adaptation of the principled negotiations as well as the evidence-based management within the organizations (Sanders & Hak, 2018).
Confrontation
Confrontation is the procedure of describing another individual behavior so that the person can see the results of the behavior and possibly change. It is normal as well as the natural feature of the organization; moreover, it occurs in every organization. The few studies inspected the goal coping has established that targets use a variety of plans to covenant with the mistreatment of the organization's. Both confrontations, as well as avoidance, will be unproductive strategies for stopping the recurrence of the rudeness. It arises the objectives to be more probable to forgive as well as the psychology of the mistreatment. In a ...
Developing a Progressive AdvocacyProgram Within a HumanS.docxhcheryl1
This document discusses developing a progressive advocacy program within a human services agency. It defines progressive advocacy as advocacy that seeks social change to address underlying structural inequities and meaningfully engages agency clients in the advocacy process.
The document provides a rationale for advocacy within human services agencies, noting their role in social change movements and expertise regarding social problems. It also discusses the policy cycle and need for dedicated advocacy efforts.
Core principles for developing an advocacy program include starting where the agency currently is, leveraging the knowledge of service staff and clients, working in coalitions, and only advocating within the agency's areas of expertise. The document concludes with a case study of developing advocacy in a homeless services agency.
1) Workplace policies and procedures for handling bullying complaints need to balance a no-blame approach with clear sanctions. They should allow for multiple access points and types of interventions to resolve issues in a cooperative manner.
2) Organizational cultures that clearly communicate expectations of respectful behavior and demonstrate fairness in handling complaints can help prevent and address bullying.
3) Effective policies address the needs of targets, bystanders, and alleged perpetrators to encourage resilience and recovery from bullying incidents.
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Unit IV OutlineFor your second submission, you will need to subm.docxshanaeacklam
Unit IV Outline
For your second submission, you will need to submit a draft of your research paper with several components to ensure you are on the right track:
an outline of your research and the intended direction of your argument,
at least five scholarly resources you have found that contribute to your topic, and
an abstract outlining your topic and your subsequent findings.
This research draft should be at least two pages, double spaced, with Times New Roman 12 point font, and use appropriate APA style writing. You should be thorough in your research so your professor (or a colleague) could adequately determine your intended research and the direction you are going with your paper. Information about accessing the Blackboard Grading Rubric for this assignment is provided below
.
Unit IV Essay Researchthe Kelley model of followership. Write an e.docxshanaeacklam
Unit IV Essay Research
the Kelley model of followership. Write an essay describing how a leader might utilize the Kelley model of followership to assess follower effectiveness, and discuss how this leader might develop this individual into a more effective follower.
Be sure to include the following in your paper:
Describe the importance of organizational climate and motivation.
Describe Kelley’s model of effective followership (moving between roles).
Explain how knowledge of effective followership can help one’s leadership perspective. Be sure to follow the guidelines below:
Writing should include proper grammar, sentence structure, and writing mechanics.
Organization should be logical, clear, and appropriate.
Provide strong evidence of critical thinking.
Make use of logical transitions.
Paragraphs should contain strong topic sentences.
Your paper should be at
least two pages in length.
All sources used must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations in APA format.
.
Unit IV Case StudyThe relationship between an agency and the media.docxshanaeacklam
Unit IV Case Study
The relationship between an agency and the media is important to ensure that a strong flow of information is maintained
during a crisis. However, an agency must maintain control over the information released and the methods used to provide
a consistent and effective message. This is important in ensuring that the public maintains their trust and faith in the
agency. One of the best ways to make sure this occurs is through a strong standard operating procedure that focuses on
information release and media relations.
Develop a two- to three-page standard operating procedure regarding media interaction and information sharing. At a
minimum, ensure that the following items are addressed in a professional manner (not just bulleted items):
1. Who will serve as the public information officer? Address any secondary points of contact.
2. What information can and cannot be released? Consider the implications of HIPAA and potential ongoing
investigations.
3. What methods of media will be used? If social media is used, what information will be shared and who is
responsible for the content?
.
Unit IV AssignmentFor this assignment, you will practice calcu.docxshanaeacklam
Unit IV Assignment
For this assignment, you will practice calculating exchange rates and examine some of the key factors that have an impact on foreign exchange.
Click here to access the Unit IV Assignment worksheet.
Click here to access some exchange-rate examples and practice questions.
Information about accessing the grading rubric for this assignment is provided below.
.
Unit IV Essay Write a two-page essay that explains why in perfect.docxshanaeacklam
Unit IV Essay
Write a two-page essay that explains why in perfect competition, there are no economic profits or losses in the long run. Use a minimum of two academic journal articles from the CSU Online Library. Your essay must be formatted in APA style.
All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. All references and citations used must be in APA style.
Course Textbook
McEachern, W. A. (2015). ECON microeconomics (4th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
.
Unit IV discussed judges. To learn more about these individuals who .docxshanaeacklam
Unit IV discussed judges. To learn more about these individuals who are involved in the court system, select and research a judge who is currently serving on the courts in your state or local area. You are required to use at least four sources for this assignment (at least one should be from the CSU Online Library). Other sources could include newspapers, magazines, or professional journals.
Your research could include:
the background and education of the judge,
how the judge was selected for the court in which he or she presides,
the training of the judge,
challenges the judge has faced in his or her career (this could involve a particular case that was a challenge),
recent cases, or
your opinion whether this judge was adequately prepared for the position.
Present your research in a PowerPoint Presentation of at least 10 slides (not including the title and references slides). All sources used, including the textbook, must be cited and referenced according to APA style.
.
Unit III Scholarly Activity ( Minimum 2 PAGES not including the refe.docxshanaeacklam
Unit III Scholarly Activity ( Minimum 2 PAGES not including the references that needs to also be included)
THIS JUST IN: You work for a national radio broadcasting company and it is your job to create the typed broadcast for the evening news, recapping the experiences of Americans from before WWI all the way to their experiences after the war. For your story to be valid and accepted by a wide audience, it must include the home front experiences of many groups and cover the topics below. You are to choose only one of the two options below to complete for this assignment to highlight all seven key points below.
Examine the experiences of the local populations and varied demographics, including African Americans, women, and lower classes.
What changed because of the movement from isolationism to expansionism?
Assess the relevance of people’s concerns about the war’s impact on the international community.
Assess the war’s economic impact, including the expansion of factories (big business) due to wartime production.
Compare and contrast pre-war and post-war experiences.
Include at least two key domestic figures and at least two key international figures.
Include how the United States in the post-war era is positioned to become a superpower.
**With any good news story, you must utilize multiple sources. Your story must be a minimum of two pages. A minimum of two reputable sources must be used, cited, and referenced**
.
Unit III Reflection PaperA reflection paper cites your reactions, .docxshanaeacklam
Unit III Reflection Paper
A reflection paper cites your reactions, feelings, and analysis of an experience in a more personal way than in a formal
research or analytical essay.
Write a two page minimum, reflection of Unit III and your personal experiences as they relate to the employee recruitment
process and the employee selection process.
.
Unit III Journal Assignment Within this unit,you were placed withi.docxshanaeacklam
Unit III Journal Assignment Within this unit,
you were placed within the time frame of 1750s to 1780s. Imagine that you were living during this time and you, or a family member if you wish, have enlisted in the Colonial Army. What is the general reaction of your family to this decision? Are you (or the enlisted) a part of any special population, region, minority, or other distinction? How does your population, region, minority, or other distinction impact your experience and morale? Will the family stay at home or follow the camp?
Your journal assignment will need to be a minimum one page in length. All sources used must be cited and referenced. Paraphrased or quoted material must have accompanying citations per 6th edition APA format
.
Unit III Journal Assignment Within this unit, you were place.docxshanaeacklam
Unit III Journal Assignment
Within this unit, you were placed within the time frame of 1750s to 1780s. Imagine that you were living during this time and you, or a family member if you wish, have enlisted in the Colonial Army. What is the general reaction of your family to this decision? Are you (or the enlisted) a part of any special population, region, minority, or other distinction? How does your population, region, minority, or other distinction impact your experience and morale? Will the family stay at home or follow the camp?
Your journal assignment will need to be a minimum one page in length. All sources used must be cited and referenced. Paraphrased or quoted material must have accompanying citations per 6th edition APA format.
.
Unit III Journal AssignmentWithin this unit, you were placed w.docxshanaeacklam
Unit III Journal Assignment
Within this unit, you were placed within the time frame of 1750s to 1780s. Imagine that you were living during this time and you, or a family member if you wish, have enlisted in the Colonial Army. What is the general reaction of your family to this decision? Are you (or the enlisted) a part of any special population, region, minority, or other distinction? How does your population, region, minority, or other distinction impact your experience and morale? Will the family stay at home or follow the camp?
Your journal assignment will need to be a minimum one page in length. All sources used must be cited and referenced. Paraphrased or quoted material must have accompanying citations per 6th edition APA format.
Information about accessing the Blackboard Grading Rubric for this assignment is provided below.
.
Unit III Article Review Using the CSU Online Library, read t.docxshanaeacklam
Unit III Article Review
Using the CSU Online Library, read the following article from the Business Source Complete database:
Phipps, S., Prieto, L., & Ndinguri, E. (2013). Understanding the impact of Employee Involvement on Organizational Productivity: The Moderating Role of Organizational Commitment.
Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications & Conflict, 17
(2), 107-120.
Write a summary of the article. Include the purpose for the article, how research was conducted (if any), the results, and other pertinent information. How does the article relate to what you are learning in this course?
Discuss
the meaning or implications of the article’s contents, as well as any flaws you find in the article. What
could have made the article better? Was any information left out?
How could the author expand on the results? Does the article’s information relate to
your professional or personal life? How?
Your review must be a minimum of 700 words, not counting the cover page and reference page. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced using proper APA formatting; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
.
Unit II ScholarlyActivity Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide fo.docxshanaeacklam
Unit II Scholarly
Activity Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide form an acidic compound in the atmosphere when they react with the moisture (humidity) in the air. These are transported in by the prevailing winds from coal-fired power plants in Ohio and are often rained out in the mountains of New England (e.g., New Hampshire and Vermont).The rains form runoff that travel to streams and eventually to lakes where the higher forms of life are eradicated.
Locate a case where acid rain has adversely affected a lake in either Vermont or New Hampshire.
Prepare the text of an e-mail that you would write to the EPA describing the damage, the cause, the fix, and the response, along with your recommendation describing how they should regulate coal-fired power plants in Ohio.
Your response should be a minimum of one page in length, not including your title page and reference page. Any outside sources you choose to use should be scholarly sources. All sources used, including textbooks, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying APA citations.
.
Unit II Scholarly ActivityAfter reading the lecture and required r.docxshanaeacklam
Unit II Scholarly Activity
After reading the lecture and required readings for this unit, use the knowledge you have learned to write a three page essay on one of the topics below:
Bacon’s revolt on Jamestown, Va.;
The Pueblo Revolt;
Salem witch trials
In order to support your discussion, you will need to select at least one outside source. Your essay must address, but are not limited to, the following items listed below:
Introduce the event. This may include what happened, the reason, setting, location, timeline, outcome, and casualties.
Describe how characteristics of the region of Colonial America impacted your chosen conflict.
Discuss the American ideals or philosophies that may have caused this event to occur. How have these ideals and philosophies changed to the way we live today.
Discuss your perspective on the event, including, but not limited to, what was inevitable or avoidable, and what was beneficial or costly. Again, be sure to review the required reading about what to look for in a scholarly resource
required reading
Chaney, T., Cohen, K., & Cotton, L. P. (2012). The Virginia Company of London. Retrieved from http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/the-virginia-company-of-london.htm
Poe, E. (1849, April 21). Eldorado. Retrieved from http://www.online-literature.com/poe/577/
Virtual Jamestown. (n.d.). John Rolfe (1585-1622). Retrieved from http://www.virtualjamestown.org/jrolfe.html
.
Unit II Scholarly ActivityAfter reading the lecture and .docxshanaeacklam
Unit II Scholarly Activity
After reading the lecture and required readings for this unit, use the knowledge you have learned to write a three page essay on one of the topics below:
Bacon’s revolt on Jamestown, Va.;
The Pueblo Revolt; and
Salem witch trials
HY 1110, American History I 3
In order to support your discussion, you will need to select at least one outside source from the CSU Library. Your essay must address, but are not limited to, the following items listed below:
Introduce the event. This may include what happened, the reason, setting, location, timeline, outcome, and casualties.
Describe how characteristics of the region of Colonial America impacted your chosen conflict.
Discuss the American ideals or philosophies that may have caused this event to occur. How have these ideals and philosophies changed to the way we live today.
Discuss your perspective on the event, including, but not limited to, what was inevitable or avoidable, and what was beneficial or costly.
Again, be sure to review the required reading about what to look for in a scholarly resource, and if you have trouble locating an article, contact a librarian to assist you. Your assignment, which should be three pages total, will not be accepted if your source(s) are not available in CSU’s Online Library, and the article you choose must be completely cited and referenced.
.
Unit II Reflection PaperReligious Ceremony ObservanceY.docxshanaeacklam
Unit II Reflection Paper
Religious Ceremony Observance
Your task in this assignment is to observe a religious ceremony (any ritual, festival, or worship) and write a reflective paper about that experience.
You may observe a ceremony of a different denomination or sect of your religion as long as the ceremony is different in some way from what you are used to. For instance, if you are Roman Catholic, you can observe a Pentecostal worship service, as the liturgy is vastly different.
This assignment is about observation, not participation. You may observe a ceremony in video form, if necessary, but it is better to witness the ceremony first hand so that you may use all of your senses to describe the event.
Reflective Writing
Reflective writing is very similar to journal writing, but there is less focus on you as the writer, and more focus on the event and an academic reflection of that event. You are more likely to use readings from the course or other outside sources to support your analysis of the event.
Reflective writing consists of two main parts: a description and a reflection. The writer must first describe the event or situation that is the topic of the writing. The description should be objective—facts and detailed observations. Then the writer reflects on the experience with personal feelings and opinions, followed by an analysis of those feelings.
What is the point of reflective writing in an academic setting? Reflective writing helps you examine why you think the way you do and thereby provides a learning experience. By careful analysis of the facts of an event or situation, and then the same careful analysis of your own preconceived ideas and whether they are strengthened or changed by the experience, you will be able to gather and observe practical and personal evidence to support or challenge what might be an abstract idea in your profession or in the area of academics being studied.
This is one of the few times in academic writing when it is appropriate to write in the first person.
.
Unit II Project TopicFor your first submission, you need to create.docxshanaeacklam
Unit II Project Topic
For your first submission, you need to create a fictional organization (or a real one) for which you will give a presentation.
You should describe the organization in detail, providing necessary information such as the size of the organization, type
of organization, where the offices are located, current security in place, and what you will seek to address. You will need
to research a minimum of three scholarly references that support your topic. These three references can be used are part
of your total references required in your PowerPoint presentation.
The assignment should be a minimum one page in length and should include a title and reference page. The title and
reference do not count toward the total page requirement.
Course Textbook
Ortmeier, P.J. (2013). Introduction to security: Operations and management (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Pearson Education.
.
Unit II EssayTake the Identifying your Social Style” Inventoryo.docxshanaeacklam
Unit II Essay
Take the “Identifying your Social Style” Inventory
on page 31 of your textbook.
Evaluate
the
results based on
pages
32
-
33.Share
pages
32
-
33, along with your results,
with
a family member or friend and get their perceptions of your social
style
. Write a short essay covering:
1.
Your result
s
.
2.
A comparison of
y
our results and self
-
perception to the feedback from your family member or frien
ds
.
3.
Share how your social style affects the verbal and non
-
verbal messages you send
.
4.
L
ist at least three communication skills you would like to improve in after completing this
quiz and reading
C
hapters 2
-
3.
Your response should be at least four pages in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material
for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quote
d material must
have accompanying citations
using APA style
.
.
Unit II EssayFor this homework assignment, you will be asked t.docxshanaeacklam
Unit II Essay
For this homework assignment, you will be asked to put yourself in the role of an investigative reporter for a nationally published magazine. Crime rates in the United States are a hot topic recently, and your magazine has assigned you to be the lead reporter for a report on procedures being put into place within the field of corrections, specifically those involving diversion and probation.
Your editor has designated this as the cover story and featured article within the magazine, and has asked that you be sure to include the following in your report:
1. Describe diversion and probation and what they involve; include how they are alike, and how they differ.
2. Examine and briefly describe the original concept and evolution of each within the United States.
3. Explain how diversion and probation have been used within the field of corrections.
4. Based on research you discover, analyze the pros and cons to using diversion and probation. Are there different pros and cons to using them for different types of offenders?
5. How does the use of diversion and/or probation impact the recidivism rate, if at all? Is either tactic, or both, more effective with certain types of offenders?
6. Finally, examine the work of a probation officer. Provide supporting evidence that the work of a probation officer helps reduce the crime rate. Conclude with the dangers that they face in their line of work, specifically citing one researched incident since 2013, and examine ways that could help improve the environment a probation officer is a part of.
Your response must be a minimum of two pages, double spaced, and in 12 point Times New Roman font. You are required to use at least one outside source, which does not include the textbook. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying APA citations.
.
Unit II Essay EHR Code Sets After reading the required chapters .docxshanaeacklam
Unit II Essay EHR Code
Sets After reading the required chapters on Functional HER systems and Learning Medical Record Software, complete and submit the following in an APA formatted
Scholarly essay:
·
Begin your essay with an introduction explaining the purpose of the essay.
·
In no more than four paragraphs, describe four HER code sets.
·
Describe the similarities and differences of the HER code sets.
·
In no more than one paragraph discuss why an HER code set has to provide equilibrium between granularity and point of care requirements.
·
Important reminder, do not forget to include a reference page, including all sources cited in your essay.
·
The essay requires a minimum 500-word response.
·
Submit before the assignment deadline.
Be sure to support your work with specific citations from this week’s required reading
And any additional resources. Format your Research Paper using APA style. Use your own words, and include citations and references as needed to avoid plagiarism
Reference: Gartee, R. (2011). Electronic health records: Understanding and using computerized medical records (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
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A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
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Understanding Advocacy 300 wordsThe Concept of AdvocacyThere are.docx
1. Understanding Advocacy 300 words
The Concept of Advocacy
There are times when a rational argument presented in a highly
civil manner does absolutely no good. As an illustration, recall
the saying that there is no problem with adolescents that
reasoning with them will not aggravate. From time to time in
the natural course of events, determined and forceful action may
be required of us, even if it runs against the grain. William
James commented, “We are all ready to be savage in some
cause.” He went on to qualify, “The difference between a good
man and a bad man is the choice of the cause.” There are
occasions in practice when advocacy on behalf of a client is an
imperative, especially for vulnerable individuals with
compelling needs. Professional integrity sometimes calls for
taking sides, vigorously.
Advocacy figures prominently in almost all discussions of case
management (
Ashery, 1994
;
NASW, 1987
;
Raiff & Shore, 1993
). Indeed, Lanoil (
1980
) identifies it as one of the two distinctive ingredients, along
with social support. Fischer (
1978
, p. 21) observes that it is one of the important roles in
professional helping generally, and states that the field of social
work began “as an attempt to mediate between individuals and
societal institutions. Gradually, however, this role became
submissive to the clinical role of casework.”
This approach in the human services was given impetus for a
time during the social upheavals of the 1960s. Advocacy
planning came to the fore in the field of urban planning (
2. Davidoff, 1965
). The National Association of Social Workers established an
Ad Hoc Committee on Advocacy (
1969
), which vigorously endorsed the advocacy role as a practice
imperative deriving from the NASW Code of Ethics. The War
on Poverty relied on advocacy as a prime weapon.
Advocacy and Case Management
There has been limited research on the use of the advocacy
function within case management. However, empirical studies
have been undertaken on advocacy in related areas that hold
interest for comprehensive enhancement practice.
In the UCLA study, most of the practitioners said they engage
in some form of advocacy—only seven of the forty-eight did
not. The matter of internal agency advocacy was examined by
Patti (
1980
). Most of the fifty-nine human service professionals he studied
reported engaging in some form of internal advocacy during a
recent two-year period—only six indicated no such
involvement. The highest percentage of responses (29%) related
to seeking improvement in client well-being through new or
modified service and programs. Efforts of this nature were also
directed at changing procedures for processing clients and
obtaining new facilities and resources. Some of the efforts were
more intraprofessional or career oriented, such as dealing with
work flow, personal practices, and communication.
External advocacy
was examined in another study. In a survey of 105
professionals in Michigan (
Epstein, 1981
), more than two thirds of the advocates (71%) reported
encountering obstacles in their own agencies. This was in
addition to the extensive external blocks, which were reported
by 90%. The worker may pay a personal price for taking on this
responsibility. Forty percent experienced burnout as a moderate
3. or great problem as an aftermath. This suggests the need to
provide greater support to those who engage in advocacy.
Purpose of Advocacy
Taking a psychosocial or ecosystems perspective, advocacy
signifies the occurrence of a problematic person-in-environment
fit. Ordinarily the environment, or a relevant part of it, will
manifest one of three alternative responses to the entreaties of a
person: positive, neutral, or negative. Sosin and Caulum (
1983
) visualize this interaction in terms of allies, neutrals, and
adversaries. If the external stance is positive, the individual
need only make a routine request in order to be accommodated.
If neutral, calling attention to the matter forthrightly or
providing convincing information may suffice to gain the
desired ends. However, when the environment is negative,
pressure of an adversarial nature may be required. Advocacy is
an instrument for bringing about a more satisfactory person-in-
environment fit for individuals seeking a given benefit from a
recalcitrant system.
Advocacy typically comes into play when clients are denied
service (
Rose, 1992
). Some clients may be perceived by agencies to be unattractive,
to not match up with overly rigid service categories (
Hasson, Grella, Rawson, and Anglin, 1994
) or to behave in ways deemed inappropriate. Clients with dual
diagnoses or persistent impairments often experience such
rejection. For example, Lamb (
1976
) observed a pattern of resistance to meeting the needs of long-
term mental patients, and this group has been characterized as a
low-priority population (
Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, 1985
).
Advocacy involves the use of strong influence or pressure to
compel a target entity to engage in behavior sought by the
4. advocate (
Vourlekis & Greene, 1992
). More specifically, in the human service field, the advocate
serves as a professional spokesperson or agent who pursues the
interests of a client treated unfairly by community institutions
where the client, because of impairment or dependency is
unable to achieve a remedy alone (
Raiff & Shore, 1993
). Thus, advocacy may involve resolution of conflict or
confrontation aimed at inducing desired change in the
institution (
Vourlekis & Greene, 1992
).
Human service professionals may naturally shrink from using
advocacy tactics, preferring discussion, cooperation, and
collaboration. When confrontation is necessary, there has to be
deliberate and disciplined use of self on behalf of clients,
similar in principle to the clinical context. One may need to go
against one’s own proclivities and regroup internally (
Dinerman, 1992
).
Characteristics of Advocacy
There are certain core elements of advocacy, according to Sosin
and Caulum (
1983
):
change effort;
focus on a
specific decision
to be influenced; involvement of
three social actors
(the advocate, the client, and a decision maker);
an imbalance of power;
and
potential for a positive outcome
in affecting the decision. The authors put these pieces together
5. defining advocacy as follows (p. 36):
An attempt, having a better than zero probability of success, by
an individual or group to influence another individual or group
to make a decision that would not have been made otherwise
and concerns the welfare or interests of a third party who is in a
less powerful status than the decision maker.
In the UCLA field interviews, practitioners characterized the
role as “guardian for the client,” being a “client representative,”
and “demanding services.” Sosin and Caulum mention
champion, defender, supporter, and reformer.
Advocacy theory may be approached from a legal perspective.
Social welfare services are assumed, in contemporary Western
societies, to constitute a form of property that is obligated to
particular classes of people as an entitlement (
Reich, 1964
). Social welfare institutions in their operations, however, often
place their own corporate interests above the rights of their
designated beneficiaries. Clients under those circumstances
need protection and representation.
McGowan (
1974
) found that outcomes were affected importantly by two
variables: the resources mobilized by the advocate and the
receptivity of the target. In addition, positive outcomes were
associated with use of communication and mediation rather than
power. One way to interpret this is that advocacy operated best
when relatively moderate means were used in situations
involving moderate conflict.
Diverse Applications
Advocacy cuts across different client populations and service
settings. It has appeared prominently in such areas as public
welfare, children’s services, the elderly, and mental health. In a
special issue on this subject, the
Practice Digest
(
Sancier, 1984
6. ) applied the concept broadly across family advocacy, adoptive
parents, Vietnam veterans, the women’s movement, and an
industrial union (see
Gemmill, Kennedy, Larison, Mollerstrom & Brubeck, 1992
, for case management advocacy in the military).
In addition to its application in various settings, advocacy can
take place at most any point in the intervention process. It can
comprise a vigorous form of monitoring to see that agreed-upon
services are actually implemented, or may coincide with linking
to assure that a client’s right to be offered a given program is
not denied. Alternatively, it may occur during intake when it is
learned that an older client has been locked out of his apartment
and is undergoing elder abuse. In an important sense, the
practitioner is acting as a vigorous supporter of the client in
every step of the process, and intercedes with individuals and
organizations on behalf of the client while performing functions
other than advocacy. What makes advocacy distinctive is its
forthright character among the many choices of action open to
the worker. Advocacy is often the final action, the last arrow in
the practitioner’s quiver.
Advocacy may be directed at the internal system or at outside
agencies (such as Social Security or board-and-care homes). It
may be directed to the original organization level at which a
problem appeared or be elevated to a higher level (
Ashery, 1994
). For example, the practitioner may go to the supervisor of the
offending party in the other agency or may pass the issue up to
his or her own supervisor to pursue with the other body
Client Involvement
Several studies have examined the issue of inculcating self-
advocacy skills in clients (
Rose, 1992
). One of these surveyed the views of patient education
managers concerning the skills they believed were necessary to
develop in clients for them to act on their own behalf (
Bartlett, 1986
7. ). Three sets of such advocacy competencies were delineated:
general advocacy skills and strategies, e.g., developing effective
personal relations, developing knowledge, self-confidence, and
savvy, listening and negotiating;
preparation skills and strategies, e.g., gaining access to
administration, clarifying the role of the patient education
manager, setting reasonable goals, and learning the rules of the
game;
implementation skills and strategies, e.g., being concrete in
explaining patient education, establishing quality assurance
policies, and persistence (thought to be extremely important by
all participants).
The potential for clients to acquire and use such skills is
addressed by Sievert, Cuvo, and Davis (
1988
). Focusing on mildly disabled clients, they produced a
handbook instructing clients on how to redress violations of
their legal rights in personal, human service, consumer, and
community areas. Findings indicated that clients could learn and
retain such information over a three-month period, which was
the time frame of the study. Self-help advocacy guides were
also employed by Seekins, Fawcett, and Mathews (
1987
) with clients having physical disabilities. They found that
clients were able, with reasonable effectiveness, to apply three
focal skills: presenting brief personal testimony, writing letters
to the editor, and writing to public officials. Training clients for
empowerment was supported by these studies as a feasible
advocacy function.
A student comments on a previous experience with client
involvement and empowerment:
An exciting example of group advocacy by clients occurred 2
years ago during one of the governor’s infamous budget-cutting
bouts. Massive reductions in mental health and social services
were being proposed, and at our small agency one full-time
professional was in danger of being eliminated. We were able to
8. get a few clients involved in self-advocacy by discussing the
situation with them, helping them prepare a statement, and
doing some necessary translating. We then helped arrange
transportation to a hearing that was scheduled, and encouraged
them to speak for themselves about why such drastic cuts should
not be made. There were other clients from other agencies also,
and their personal stories and pleas made the advocacy very
meaningful and empowering. In this case, empowerment
included both self-direction and social change, and as a result
the staff position in our situation wasn’t cut out.
A study on forms of
group advocacy
identified two typical modes of organizational activity: forming
issue-oriented alliances grounded on shared grievances, and
using existing social networks based on friendship (
Cable, Walsh, & Warland, 1988
). Another investigation examined
case advocacy
in public welfare agencies where grievance machinery existed.
It was found that clients were more likely to make use of these
due process procedures when a legal representative was
available to them (
Hagen, 1983
). A role for the practitioner is suggested, providing access to
such representation as a facet of the advocacy function. Other
studies have found that the propensity to use advocacy measures
or to heighten their intensity is associated with reactions of
targeted authorities in closing off communication or responding
repressively (
Oberschall, 1969
). (This is related to McGowan’s finding that advocacy is
affected by the degree of receptivity by the target.) With this
awareness, the practitioner may be able to predict circumstances
in which he or she is more likely to escalate to intensive
advocacy, or when client groups are prone to be motivated to
take collective action.
9. Modes and Tactics
Advocacy can take a micro or macro perspective, comprising
case advocacy or social advocacy (
Moxley, 1989
;
Willenbring, 1994
). The terminology varies somewhat, broker advocacy versus
group advocacy, or client advocacy versus system advocacy, but
the concept is the same. Case advocacy indicates actions on
behalf of a single individual, social advocacy entails concern
for an aggregate population of clients.
As indicated above, the advocacy concept is sometimes
expanded to include the notion of client empowerment through
self-advocacy (
Weil & Karls, 1985
). Here clients are provided with the ability and the confidence
to engage in advocacy by themselves on their own behalf (
Rose, 1992
). The practitioner advocate takes on a training role,
transferring the capabilities of advocacy from the professional
to the client. Such empowerment may relate either to individual
clients or to groups of clients, who then engage in collective
action. Two examples from the field of aging illustrate different
forms of group empowerment. In New York City the Joint
Public Affairs Committee for Older Adults has engaged elderly
individuals in the development of needed public policy and
legislation related broadly to income, health, and social services
(
Duhl, 1983
). At the Cambridge Nursing Home in Massachusetts, a political
campaign model was employed among the local residents,
wherein they take responsibility to act on their own behalf in
upholding a residents’ bill of rights (
McDermott, 1989
). The immediate focus of professional attention and the skills
employed differ in the indirect form of professional advocacy
10. reflected in empowerment.
Empowerment
viewed broadly has two dimensions: training clients to act on
their own behalf as discussed, and changing the environment
directly so that the rights and entitlements of the client are
protected and experienced. In either of these ways, the life of
the client is enriched and the capacity for fulfillment is
enhanced. The power of the client to attain maximum self-
fulfillment is increased.
The value of empowerment has been described by a practitioner
as follows:
Very concrete advocacy skills, once developed and employed by
clients, can be highly empowering. For instance, one of my
clients was upset over how a bus driver had treated him. When
the client arrived at the clinic in the morning, he told me that he
thought that he should report the driver, having taken the step
of marking down the driver’s name and badge number. I
encouraged him to go ahead with that, and made my telephone
available to him. I also sat near him, giving support but not
direct assistance. After reporting the incident to a transport
representative, the client felt much better and proud of himself,
and shared this new-found skill with other clients. He was a
superstar that day in the clinic.
A continuum of intensity in forms of advocacy is portrayed in
the UCLA study. The mildest form involves
discussion
(65% of the responses): providing information, explaining,
giving reminders, and joint problem-solving. The next level
entails
persuasion
(42% of the responses): recommending, urging, repeating, and
reasoned argumentation. Greater intensity involves
prodding
(21% of the responses): here one “pushes” the other party into
compliance by mild threats (“I’ll go over your head,” “you
wouldn’t want that decision to be known all over town”) and
11. calling a meeting on the subject. Still another degree of
assertiveness is indicated by
coercion
(25% of the responses): taking legal action, releasing a story to
the press, having an advocacy group mount a campaign, cutting
off the flow of clients or funds, and contacting a legislator.
Respondents did not confine themselves to only one level of
intensity in their work. Intensity levels are made clearer through
examples from the field interviews:
Discussion.
I advocate by speaking to supervisors at other agencies. I also
send letters explaining the referral. If agencies withhold
service, I explore with them why they did it and try to
understand their criteria. I consult with them and I inform them
of the special circumstances of my client. Just making people
aware of the problems helps. They think they’re doing a great
job and don’t realize what the situation is like from the client’s
point of view.
Persuasion.
Of course I advocate. Maybe not the legislative kind, but if
someone turns down a client of mine, I challenge them! And I
am
very
persistent, and explain the situation completely. I usually get
some
results; I may say “just sign this person on temporarily until
you have a personal interview.”
Prodding.
I do advocacy all the time. Outpatient facilities aren’t even
following their own guidelines and if someone is thrown out for
misbehavior, they don’t want to accept him back again. So you
get on the phone with the outpatient facility, and the cops as a
lever, and you try to negotiate. Also, putting the complaint in
12. writing exerts a lot of pressure. People hate to look bad on
paper. Organizations don’t want anything detrimental in
writing, so if you get it down on paper, that really moves them
into action.
Coercion.
If the patient is denied a service, often by Social Security, I
must find a way for the patient to receive the service. This may
involve getting legal help through specialized legal clinics. I
show the client how to get an appeal. I will write letters or
actually go with the patient to a particular agency to represent
him, or I’ll attend a hearing. Advocacy is hard—it is always a
bear. I have limited knowledge of the legal system, therefore, I
must call in a consultant or do my own research. This is very
time-consuming.
The single most popular form of advocacy was of low intensity,
although a wide range of degrees of intensity was reported, and
practitioners did not restrict themselves to one mode. There
appeared to be a substantial amount of activity even at the
highest level of intensity. Other ways of conceptualizing forms
and levels of advocacy are presented in the practice section.
Sometimes different forms of advocacy are used in combination
or sequence with a particular client, even over a short time
period. A student intern described her work with a client who
has chronic mental illness.
Since the day when the case was transferred to me, I have
engaged in advocacy for this client, primarily focused on
obtaining financial aid through AFDC. This particular client is
easily confused and intimidated by fast-talking bureaucrats. As
a result, one of the first tasks I helped her with was her initial
application. After she went down to the AFDC office on her
own, she came back to the clinic saying that they had turned her
away. They said that she did not have sufficient evidence that
she was a legal resident. When I called the AFDC office to
inquire about her case, I was told that she should not have been
turned away because she has 30 days to provide them with proof
13. of residency.
The client had to go through the process of applying again, but
this time I went with her so I could advocate on her behalf. I
had to use various tactics with the many different workers that I
dealt with in order to complete her application that day. With
most of the workers, “persuasion” worked fairly well, and they
helped me after I calmly repeated my requests. Although
“discussion” would have been a more ideal place to begin, the
workers I met that day were not open to discussion. In fact, with
one particular worker who was giving us a hard time,
“prodding” was necessary, and as soon as I asked to speak with
her supervisor, she began to cooperate as much as she could.
Constraints on Use of Advocacy
There does not always exist a clear field for carrying out
advocacy. The feasibility of the advocacy function has been
questioned by some writers in the case management field who
maintain that practitioners are faced with a conflict of interest:
the needs of their clients versus the wishes of their employers (
Wolowitz, 1983
). Professionals are seen to occupy a middle position, with a
“double-agent” task. It is suggested that practitioners in this
bind seek to preserve their job, and tend to identify more with
the interests of the agency For this reason, according to
Wolowitz (
1983
, p. 82), practitioners may be compromised in exercising
“zealous advocacy” on behalf of their clients. He suggests a
number of solutions, including turning the advocacy function
over to a third-party organization, building long-term funding
into contracts so that withdrawal of funds cannot serve as an
instrument of conformity over workers, and reaching firm prior
understandings with the sponsoring agency about the place of
advocacy. The role of ombudsman has been examined as an
alternative formulation, and found to be more neutral and
intraorganizational in the way it is implemented (
Blazyk, Crawford, & Wimberly, 1987
14. ). While more stable in some ways, it is not a substitute for
vigorous and partisan assertion on behalf of clients.
There are also constraints that derive from professional
ideology. Some human service writers equate advocacy with
“doing for” the client, an obnoxious form of paternalism. Others
believe it drives a wedge between the client and the agency,
thereby doing injury to the cooperative and holistic values of
the human service field. While some professionals distance
themselves from advocacy because it is too radical, others think
case-by-case advocacy, in particular, individualizes problems
that have broad social ramifications, and this can inhibit
fundamental system reform (
Ashery, 1994
;
Netting, 1992
). These viewpoints notwithstanding, advocacy remains an
established and highly regarded function, at some level, within
the human services.
Influence Base for Advocacy
There remains the question of the means available to
practitioners to engage viably in advocacy: what are their
sources of influence and power when confronting recalcitrant
organizations? The bulk of these resources lies in the
practitioner’s knowledge and skill in organizing and
manipulating the human service environment. Because of the
complex and multi-layered aspects of advocacy its exercise
requires diversified knowledge of the following:
the client,
the originating service organization,
the community service network,
the workings of other specific agencies, and
broad community resources (
Weissman, Epstein, & Savage, 1983
, p. 164).
Moxley (
1989
15. , p. 105) groups the practitioner’s influence resources into five
power categories:
Authority.
Use of formal authority to enforce access to services and
standards of care. This authority may derive from legislative,
legal, or administrative mandate.
Human resources.
Encouraging cooperation from other professionals, organized
consumer groups, and watchdog organizations.
Skill and knowledge.
Using detailed knowledge of eligibility, licensing, and standards
to induce services.
Social psychological factors.
Being charismatic, influential, or having an exemplary
reputation in a way that enlists support for one’s clientele.
Material Resources.
Having funds to purchase services from providers, using these
funds to assure service to a client by paying for the service or
by withdrawing funds if the agency is not forthcoming.
Practice Guidelines for Advocacy
This discussion concentrates specifically on the performance of
advocacy functions. Some points from the previous sections will
be examined and new information will be introduced to
illuminate implementation of the adversarial process.
Framework for Advocacy Planning
Because of complex and interactive variables that are at play,
advocacy needs to be approached carefully. McGowan (
1987
) has proposed a mode of analysis that can be used to aid
advocacy planning. Her delineation of the key factors follows.
Problem definition
16. Does the problem arise because of a special client need, a
maladaptive relationship between the client and the service
system, a structural or personnel deficiency in a service agency,
an inter-organizational difficulty, or a dysfunctional social
policy?
Objective
Is the objective to secure or enhance an existing service,
resource, or entitlement; to develop a new one; or to prevent or
limit client involvement with dysfunctional service system?
Target system
Is the target of intervention some component in the worker’s
own organization (internal advocacy) or in another institution
(external advocacy)? What is the service rendered by the
organization? Is the relationship between advocate and decision
maker one of allies, neutrals, or adversaries (
Sosin & Caulum, 1983
)?
Sanction
What gives the worker the right or authority to intervene in a
system that has not requested help? Does this derive from a
client’s legal right, an administrative entitlement, a
discretionary benefit, or a professional assessment of client
need?
Resources
What assets does the advocate possess or have access to that
could be used in the proposed intervention? Assets might
include knowledge of a client’s situation, organizational and
political dynamics, and community resources; influence with
members of the target system or community power sources;
communication and mediation skills; and assistance from a
client’s natural support system, professional colleagues, or
agency officials.
Potential receptivity of target system
What is the likelihood that the significant decision makers in
the target system will be receptive to the advocate’s request?
Will the advocate’s role and request be viewed as legitimate?
17. Level of intervention
At what level should the intervention be carried out? Can the
objective be achieved by the action of an individual decision
maker in the target system or does it require administrative or
policy change (
Davidson & Rapp, 1976
)?
Object of intervention
With whom should the advocate intervene to secure the change
needed? The object of intervention might be a line staff
member, supervisor, or administrator in the target system; a
policy-making or funding body; a public official; an
independent service organization or community group; or an
adjudicatory or legislative body.
Strategy of intervention
What approach and means should be used to achieve the desired
objective? Should the advocate assume a collaborative,
mediatory, or adversarial strategy? What actual modes of
intervention should be employed: intercession, persuasion,
negotiation, pressure, coercion, or indirect action—for example,
preparing a client to take independent action, organizing a
community or client group, asking an outside party to
intervene?
Outcome of prior advocacy efforts
What can be learned from prior efforts to address the identified
problem? Were there any unanticipated obstacles or
consequences? Have new resources or problems emerged? Is
there any need to reassess the problem, renegotiate the client
contract, or revise the plan of intervention based on prior
experience?
Determining When to Use Advocacy
Determining the circumstances and timing for use of advocacy
is crucial. This includes the following considerations:
Advocacy is an available tactic when community service
organizations fail consistently to provide legitimate services to
clients.
18. Advocacy involves measures reflecting pressure and conflict.
There are varying degrees of intensity of conflict that can be
applied within an advocacy context.
Generally speaking, it is a wise approach to use the principle of
“least contest” (
Middleman & Goldberg, 1974
, p. 73), meaning applying the minimum degree of conflict that
will bring about the desired results.
Controlled escalation of the intensity of advocacy allows
optimal outcome for minimal expenditure of strategic resources.
The adversarial initiative contains within it potentially powerful
forces of inducement. It also involves risk. The tactic often
evokes counterattack, retaliation, resistant “digging in” of
organizational heels, or negative and hostile attitudes that
persist over time and go beyond particular matters at issue.
Given these factors, a disciplined strategy would combine the
principle of least contest with the concept of controlled
escalation in planning an advocacy action. A good rule of thumb
is to start with the mildest appropriate form of advocacy and
move up stepwise to more confrontational forms. There are
several advantages to this. Stronger advocacy represents a
heavier energy and emotional drain on the case manager than
milder advocacy. Therefore, if a milder form will achieve the
goal, that is preferred. This notion of least contest has been
expressed with plain reason in the following way, “If you can
persuade someone, then why mediate? If you can mediate, then
why fight with them?” (
Weissman, Epstein, & Savage, 1983
, p. 105).
This can relate back to Epstein’s research in which he found
many intraagency blocks to advocacy actions. Lower intensity
advocacy is less likely to bring about disapproval from within
one’s own organization. Also, McGowan’s study suggests that
moderate intensity might be the most effective level of
confrontation.
Advocacy is appropriate when there is an imbalance in power
19. and resources. One common approach to advocacy is to create
win-win situations, i.e., those that are mutually beneficial to all
parties (
Weissman, Epstein, & Savage, 1983
). A helpful tactic may be to present a problematic situation as
an exchange relationship to the target agency, i.e., you take our
clients and we will give yours special consideration. The
exchange may involve resources, time, assistance, or simply
rewarding cooperative staff. The major underpinning at the
bargaining table is that each party invests in the relationship
and hopes for a payoff. If this type of advocacy is to be
successful, the rewards must outweigh the costs. But keep in
mind that the benefits and costs are affected by what the
problem is, the procedure employed to present it, and methods
used to obtain it.
Unlike some other approaches, advocacy may contain a
mutually exclusive feature as a strategy. Many practice methods
can be used concurrently in combinations that jointly maximize
objectives. For example, in linking with agencies it is possible
to emphasize interdependence by demonstrating potential
instrumental gains for both. At the same time, the practitioner
can draw upon an existing informal relationship of friendship
with a key staff member. With advocacy, however, all
additional options may become closed out by the antagonistic
spirit that is generated. Put another way, “One cannot be in
continual disagreement and conflict on one set of issues and
expect others to cooperate on others” (
Weissman, Epstein, & Savage, 1983
, p. 148).
Advocacy in a given situation may be the valid and compelling
way to proceed, and if so it should be carried out without
flinching. But it needs to be considered with reference to effects
on strategic mixtures that would be useful over time. When the
continuance of an amiable working relationship is important,
advocacy may not be the strategy of choice.
Selecting Targets
20. All of these areas could be discussed at length, however, one
matter particularly deserves further consideration: the
identification of the target of adversarial action. There is an
amorphous quality to large formal organizations and urban
communities. If appropriate power centers are not identified,
much effort can be expended with little result (
Ashery, 1994
).
It is important to be attuned to organizational variables in
defining the target. Who has the power or responsibility to make
the decision? Is it an individual or a group? At what level of the
organization is the target located: a clerical person who
processes forms at the base; a program professional who
delivers services; a supervisor who oversees a program area; an
administrator who implements policy; a board that enacts or
changes policy at the apex of the institution? Who is above the
target in the organization? Is an individual or group decision
necessary? To what kind of influence or pressure is each
individual or group subject? For example, the clerk at the
reception window might be “gotten to” through an immediate
supervisor in the agency, but the administrator might only
respond to external exposure through the media.
Selecting Tactics
Tactics were examined earlier when results of the field study
were presented. Responses fell into certain conceptual
categories: discussion, persuasion, prodding, and coercion. The
analysis of advocacy tactics is expanded here through a more
detailed set of techniques. These will be grouped according to
the degree of conflict intensity involved. Three levels of
intensity are delineated (low, moderate, and high) because of
the utility of that formulation for intervention planning. The
principles of least contest and controlled escalation can be
applied readily within this framework.
Low Conflict Intensity: Discussion and Persuasion
Contact provider
Make the need known
21. Use nonaccusatory firmness
Coach client
Accompany client
Use special knowledge of the agency’s policies and procedures
Moderate Conflict Intensity: Prodding
Negotiate and bargain with organizational actors
Invoke legal mandate of your agency
Appeal to external ombudsman
Use target’s grievance procedures
Use your knowledge and authority robustly
Make assertive requests
Appeal to a higher authority in the target
High Conflict Intensity: Coercion
Appeal to target’s funding sources
Seek community media exposure
Mobilize organized consumer groups
Use the courts
Use outside authority (political leaders, state bureau)
Invoke a licensing or regulatory agency
Inform a government agency that had contracted for the service
being sought
This listing is suggestive, not exhaustive. One way to use it is
to apply a series of tactical questions to the set.
Which of these options is most likely to induce the desired
response from the target?
Do I have the skills to carry it out (hard bargaining, public
speaking, organizing demonstrations, etc.)?
Do I have the sanction from my agency to use this tactic? (You
may want to go ahead anyway in deference to the interests of
your client. But it is better to know beforehand that you are not
likely to get your supervisor’s support than to be taken aback
and become disoriented at a crucial time.)
Do I have access to resources necessary to implement the tactic
(contacts with the media, legal knowledge or available
consultation, an understanding with relevant advocacy groups,
etc.)?
22. The UCLA field study identified a variety of techniques through
which advocacy roles are exercised (
Table 9-1
). Six techniques (above the dotted line) are used by at least
five respondents and perhaps merit attention: phoning, writing
letters, preparing other written documents, listing the agency,
getting legal aid, and referring the matter to a higher authority
in the agency.
Table 9-1 Advocacy Activities Reported by Case Managers
Activity
No. of Times Reported
I phone the agency, provide information, problem solve,
mediate, persuade, etc.
21
Write letters, give information
8
Visit the agency to give information, “raise a stink” if necessary
8
Get legal help through a legal clinic
6
Refer to my supervisor
5
Write reports: psychiatric verification, court documents, etc.
5
Show client how to self-advocate—get an appeal
4
Support or use clients’ rights organizations
3
Contact Congressman, City Council members, Board of
Supervisors
3
Attend hearings
3
Let agencies know of issues at community meetings
2
Negotiate (get on phone with the police and the facility)
23. 2
Help the family to be competent to advocate for the client
2
Go above someone’s head
1
Call to account those who are rude to clients
1
Use constant follow-up procedures
1
Using Tactics
The field study indicated that influence can be exerted in some
instances by accentuating, with exaggerated bureaucratic
fanfare, the advocate’s agency and position. This means using
all the trappings of formal status and authority. In one field
report it was noted that a client came to the practitioner with a
mysterious but official notice about an arrest warrant and fines
that were due, but with no knowledge of what his crime was or
how to interpret and deal with the frightening situation.
Advocacy in this situation required the practitioner to determine
the facts. Once it had been ascertained that the “crime” involved
several unpaid jay-walking tickets the client had no memory of
receiving, she successfully intervened. This was done by
submitting a formal letter in response: using agency letterhead,
the professional’s title, and as much officialese as possible in a
respectful-though-strongly-worded request of the warrant holder
that the action be dismissed as inappropriately demanding of
this client with psychological disabilities. Luckily, this use of
official pomposity was successful in altering the situation in
favor of the client—the tickets, warrants, and all fines were
dismissed and the client was freed from the legal limbo into
which he had fallen.
When large and powerful bureaucracies inhibit client well-
being, advocacy may also require pronounced exercise of
technical proficiency. This was indicated in field notes on
dealing with the Social Security Administration. One
practitioner stated flatly that “the SSI report is where I always
24. have to advocate for the client,” noting further that “these
reports are classic examples of when advocacy can really matter
... and of the
way
you present information can make a critical difference.” In the
agency report it was necessary to document the need for
services clearly and with designated categories and language so
that when the report is later forwarded to the Disability
Evaluation Facility they will not disallow benefits simply
because of incomplete or ambiguously presented client
information, including precise documentation of impairment. It
seems that the length of presentation counts also as this case
manager indicated “the longer the form is—the more you write
out—the better they like it.” In this instance, it was meticulous
and thoroughgoing attention to technical factors that served as a
tool of advocacy.
This same target agency revealed additional observations about
advocacy. The process of securing SSI monies for a client was
sometimes exceedingly lengthy (spanning several years if there
are application denials and appeals for reevaluation). This
provides an example of combining the function of advocacy and
the function of linkage to formal organizations within the
practice model. Such mixtures are not uncommon. In working to
effect a successful linkage of a client to an appropriate funding
source (and thereby access to additional services the client
could not otherwise afford to receive), practitioners were called
on to advocate recurrently over time in various ways on the
client’s behalf through an extended linking process.
Field reports showed that in carrying out advocacy activities
practitioners with experience in a given location were at an
advantage in being familiar with the workings and reactions of
various organizations. This type of worker knew immediately
how to deal with situations as they arose. Personal history will
suggest which organizations are responsive and which are
passive, which are flexible and which are rigid, which can be
“reached” by friendly persuasion and which are closed off. The
25. degree of assertiveness to be applied in various instances was
relatively evident. Also, the quality of relationships that were
formed with key members of the external organization had an
effect on whether advocacy or normal linkage was required, and
the level of intensity that might be necessary within the
advocacy strategy. This suggests that some degree of longevity
in the job is useful, and that newer workers should take
advantage, collegially, of those with longer tenure.
Reisch (
1990
) studied advocacy in a cross section of human service agencies,
examining factors that distinguished the more successful from
the less successful organizations. The more effective of the 150
units he looked at structured their organizational efforts as
follows:
used a designated planning board,
involved staff in key decision-making roles,
used clear and formal means of internal communication,
used established goal-setting procedures,
involved women in key leadership roles,
pursued consistent goals over time,
sought to influence legislation and public opinion, and
engaged in coalitional activities.
In general, groups that are well organized and that employ
planned and controlled advocacy processes do better than
groups that rely on informal means of action.
Applying Psychological Pressure
Social-structural elements have been covered through concepts
such as targeting, escalation, and strategic mix. Emotional and
cognitive processes in the target also can materially affect the
results, to wit:
Go outside of the experience of your target
This involves shifting the play to your own turf, a domain that
makes the target feel unsure, insecure, and vulnerable. If you
are dealing with a routine-driven bureaucracy, bring salient
professional elements strongly to bear. With a professional
26. agency, couch the encounter around community politics;
however, these crossovers are not always the tactic of choice.
Sometimes you can best outpoint the target on his own home
grounds. Maybe embarrass the professional agency by
dramatizing a section of the professional code of ethics that is
being violated.
Lead your target to believe that you have power
Put your best foot forward in magnifying your potential threat.
(Dropping a few names of individuals from the United Way
might give the impression that you are better placed there than
is the case. The target’s perception of your power is as good as
the real thing. But don’t overextend yourself—beware of loss of
credibility. Evident failure to deliver nullifies the weapon of
threat.)
Use your target’s own norms against him
Exposure of violations of an organization’s own code of
conduct is a potent tool. (This means gaining access in one way
or another to the rule book, and either mastering it or having an
insider provide intimate guidance in the area at issue.)
Keep the pressure on
Maintaining pressure results in the issue remaining open and the
target remaining off balance. Large formal organizations may be
able to respond to immediate pressures or disruptions, but they
cannot easily tolerate extended instability. (By remaining
resolute in pursuing the issue, the advocate can pass through the
target organization’s allowable time period of self-defense and
into a phase when it wishes relief from a sustained, routine-
disturbing intrusion. This necessitates application of valuable
time, energy, and emotional resources on the part of the case
manager. As Epstein’s 1981 research showed, burnout is a
common consequence of advocacy intervention. The cost/benefit
element has to be weighed.)
This discussion has by no means exhausted examination of the
use of confrontational methods on behalf of clients. The entire
legal profession rests on this orientation as its foundation;
however, what has been presented suffices for an overview of
27. this available, and sometimes necessary, means of promoting
client empowerment.
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