Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a form of kidney disease where scarring (sclerosis) occurs in some parts (focal) of the tiny filters (glomeruli) in the kidneys. Under a microscope, healthy glomeruli appear normal while those affected by FSGS show scarred segments. The causes of FSGS are often unknown but can be secondary to other conditions. Symptoms include swelling, high blood pressure, and protein in the urine. A kidney biopsy is required for diagnosis and can identify different variants of FSGS that provide clues about causes and prognosis.
This document summarizes two case reports of solitary simple renal cysts observed during routine cadaver dissection. In the first case, a 3x2cm cyst was found on the anterior surface of the left kidney near the upper pole in a 70-year old female cadaver. In the second case, a smaller 0.5x0.2cm cyst was located at the lower pole of the right kidney in a 55-year old male cadaver. Solitary simple renal cysts are usually asymptomatic fluid-filled sacs that are often incidentally discovered in the elderly through medical imaging. While asymptomatic, cysts can potentially cause problems if they rupture, bleed, or become infected.
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a type of glomerulonephritis characterized by thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. It accounts for 7-10% of biopsy-confirmed glomerulonephritis cases. MPGN is classified into three main types based on electron microscopy findings of immune complex deposition. Type I has subendothelial deposits, Type II has dense deposits in the glomerular basement membrane, and Type III has both subendothelial and subepithelial deposits. Treatment involves addressing any underlying causes and may include immunosuppressive agents like corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs. A randomized control trial found alternate-day pred
This document provides information on membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN). It discusses the histological characteristics of MPGN including thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and increased mesangial and endocapillary cellularity. It presents a new classification system for MPGN that is based on pathogenesis, categorizing it as immune complex-mediated, complement-mediated, or other rare causes. Immune complex-mediated MPGN can result from infections, autoimmune diseases, or monoclonal gammopathies. Complement-mediated MPGN includes dense deposit disease and C3 glomerulonephritis, which are caused by dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease where organs and cells are damaged by autoantibodies and immune complexes. It predominantly affects women aged 15-45 and can involve any organ. Renal involvement, known as lupus nephritis, ranges from mild mesangial proliferation to severe necrotizing glomerulonephritis. A renal biopsy is needed to classify lupus nephritis based on immune deposits and patterns of injury, which guides treatment and prognosis.
This document summarizes a case of spastic quadriparesis in an 18-year-old male. Imaging revealed complex craniovertebral junction anomalies including basilar invagination, platybasia, os odontoideum, and atlantoaxial subluxation causing spinal cord compression. The patient was diagnosed with Klippel-Feil syndrome based on clinical features including short stature, low hairline, and restricted neck movement. Treatment options discussed include medical management, traction, and posterior fusion surgery to stabilize and decompress the craniocervical junction.
Glomerular diseases refer to conditions that damage the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units in the kidneys. This damage reduces the kidneys' ability to filter waste from the blood, which can cause protein and blood to appear in the urine. Glomerular diseases have various genetic and environmental causes and include glomerulonephritis, which is glomerular inflammation, and glomerulosclerosis, which is glomerular scarring. Symptoms include proteinuria, hematuria, edema, and low blood protein levels. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, blood tests, and potentially a kidney biopsy. Treatment depends on the specific disease but aims to slow kidney damage progression in early stage chronic kidney disease.
Molecular diagnosis of genetic disease ppt for studentsthirupathiSathya
DEFINITION:
Dna analysis can be used for the identification of carriers of hereditary disorders.
For prenatal diagnosis of serious genetic conditions yearly diagnosis before the onset of symptoms is done MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF GENETIC DISEASE
CYSTIC FIBROSIS:
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that affect mostly lungs and also the pancreas.
Screening test:
It is a complex process
Large number of genetic alterations have to be done.
For eg : It is the one of the most common lethal autosomal recessive disorder in Europe.
It is caused by mutations to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator(CFTR) gene .
Screening individuals who may be at risk for cystic fibrosis for 500 different mutations is a daunting task.
Diagnosis test that screen for a large number of mutations of a single gene in one assay being developed.
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA:
It is a disorder where red blood cells become rigid and sticky and are shaped like “sickle”.
This irregularly shaped cells stucks in small blood vessels which can slow and block the blood flow and oxygen to all the parts of the body.
There’s no cure for sickle cell anemia.
Screening for sickle cell anemia:
SCA is a genetic disease that is the result of a single nucleotide change in the codon for the sixth aminoacid of the β- chain of the hemoglobin molecule.
The anemia is caused by the inability of the mutated hemoglobin to carry sufficient oxygen.
Target – probe hybridasation is done.
Hereditary spherocytosis is a genetic blood disorder that causes red blood cells to assume a spherical shape rather than the normal disc shape. This makes it difficult for the spleen to filter the misshapen red blood cells from the bloodstream. Symptoms include anemia, jaundice, and an enlarged spleen. Treatment options depend on severity but may include spleen removal, folic acid supplements, blood transfusions, or light therapy for jaundice in infants. The condition is usually diagnosed based on family history, symptoms, and blood tests showing abnormal red blood cell shape and size.
This document summarizes two case reports of solitary simple renal cysts observed during routine cadaver dissection. In the first case, a 3x2cm cyst was found on the anterior surface of the left kidney near the upper pole in a 70-year old female cadaver. In the second case, a smaller 0.5x0.2cm cyst was located at the lower pole of the right kidney in a 55-year old male cadaver. Solitary simple renal cysts are usually asymptomatic fluid-filled sacs that are often incidentally discovered in the elderly through medical imaging. While asymptomatic, cysts can potentially cause problems if they rupture, bleed, or become infected.
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a type of glomerulonephritis characterized by thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. It accounts for 7-10% of biopsy-confirmed glomerulonephritis cases. MPGN is classified into three main types based on electron microscopy findings of immune complex deposition. Type I has subendothelial deposits, Type II has dense deposits in the glomerular basement membrane, and Type III has both subendothelial and subepithelial deposits. Treatment involves addressing any underlying causes and may include immunosuppressive agents like corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs. A randomized control trial found alternate-day pred
This document provides information on membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN). It discusses the histological characteristics of MPGN including thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and increased mesangial and endocapillary cellularity. It presents a new classification system for MPGN that is based on pathogenesis, categorizing it as immune complex-mediated, complement-mediated, or other rare causes. Immune complex-mediated MPGN can result from infections, autoimmune diseases, or monoclonal gammopathies. Complement-mediated MPGN includes dense deposit disease and C3 glomerulonephritis, which are caused by dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease where organs and cells are damaged by autoantibodies and immune complexes. It predominantly affects women aged 15-45 and can involve any organ. Renal involvement, known as lupus nephritis, ranges from mild mesangial proliferation to severe necrotizing glomerulonephritis. A renal biopsy is needed to classify lupus nephritis based on immune deposits and patterns of injury, which guides treatment and prognosis.
This document summarizes a case of spastic quadriparesis in an 18-year-old male. Imaging revealed complex craniovertebral junction anomalies including basilar invagination, platybasia, os odontoideum, and atlantoaxial subluxation causing spinal cord compression. The patient was diagnosed with Klippel-Feil syndrome based on clinical features including short stature, low hairline, and restricted neck movement. Treatment options discussed include medical management, traction, and posterior fusion surgery to stabilize and decompress the craniocervical junction.
Glomerular diseases refer to conditions that damage the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units in the kidneys. This damage reduces the kidneys' ability to filter waste from the blood, which can cause protein and blood to appear in the urine. Glomerular diseases have various genetic and environmental causes and include glomerulonephritis, which is glomerular inflammation, and glomerulosclerosis, which is glomerular scarring. Symptoms include proteinuria, hematuria, edema, and low blood protein levels. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, blood tests, and potentially a kidney biopsy. Treatment depends on the specific disease but aims to slow kidney damage progression in early stage chronic kidney disease.
Molecular diagnosis of genetic disease ppt for studentsthirupathiSathya
DEFINITION:
Dna analysis can be used for the identification of carriers of hereditary disorders.
For prenatal diagnosis of serious genetic conditions yearly diagnosis before the onset of symptoms is done MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF GENETIC DISEASE
CYSTIC FIBROSIS:
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that affect mostly lungs and also the pancreas.
Screening test:
It is a complex process
Large number of genetic alterations have to be done.
For eg : It is the one of the most common lethal autosomal recessive disorder in Europe.
It is caused by mutations to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator(CFTR) gene .
Screening individuals who may be at risk for cystic fibrosis for 500 different mutations is a daunting task.
Diagnosis test that screen for a large number of mutations of a single gene in one assay being developed.
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA:
It is a disorder where red blood cells become rigid and sticky and are shaped like “sickle”.
This irregularly shaped cells stucks in small blood vessels which can slow and block the blood flow and oxygen to all the parts of the body.
There’s no cure for sickle cell anemia.
Screening for sickle cell anemia:
SCA is a genetic disease that is the result of a single nucleotide change in the codon for the sixth aminoacid of the β- chain of the hemoglobin molecule.
The anemia is caused by the inability of the mutated hemoglobin to carry sufficient oxygen.
Target – probe hybridasation is done.
Hereditary spherocytosis is a genetic blood disorder that causes red blood cells to assume a spherical shape rather than the normal disc shape. This makes it difficult for the spleen to filter the misshapen red blood cells from the bloodstream. Symptoms include anemia, jaundice, and an enlarged spleen. Treatment options depend on severity but may include spleen removal, folic acid supplements, blood transfusions, or light therapy for jaundice in infants. The condition is usually diagnosed based on family history, symptoms, and blood tests showing abnormal red blood cell shape and size.
Global Medical Cures™ | Kidney Disease in Children
Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & more.
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Simple kidney cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can form in one or both kidneys. They are usually harmless and do not enlarge the kidneys or reduce function. Solitary renal cysts, while uncommon, can occur at any age but are most common between 30-50 years old. The etiology is unclear if they are congenital or acquired but may be caused by infection or trauma. Symptoms can include flank swelling, pain, blood in the urine, or kidney infection. Diagnosis is made through tests like ultrasound, CT scan, or intravenous urography. Treatment often involves surgically resecting the cyst, though removing the entire kidney may be needed if the cyst has destroyed much of the kidney
The document discusses several conditions that affect the urinary system, including:
1. Wilm's tumor, which is the most common malignant kidney tumor in children, peaking between ages 3-4. It is treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy.
2. Polycystic kidney disease, which involves clusters of cysts developing in the kidneys. It can be inherited and has symptoms like high blood pressure and kidney failure.
3. Kidney stones, which are hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause pain when they move to the ureters. Treatment depends on stone size and symptoms.
The document discusses several conditions that affect the urinary system, including:
1. Wilm's tumor, a type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children between ages 3-4. It is treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy.
2. Polycystic kidney disease, a genetic disorder where cysts develop within the kidneys, causing high blood pressure, kidney failure, and other issues.
3. Kidney stones, hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause pain when passing through the ureters. Treatment depends on stone size and symptoms.
Wilm's tumor is a rare kidney cancer that primarily affects children, most commonly between ages 3-4. It arises when kidney cells fail to develop properly in the womb. Standard treatment is surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy. A patient's prognosis depends on tumor stage and characteristics under microscopy.
Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder where cysts develop within the kidneys, causing high blood pressure, kidney failure, and other issues. There are two types - autosomal dominant and recessive - which are passed down differently. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and management focuses on complications.
Kidney stones form from mineral crystal buildup in the kidneys, often causing severe pain.
The document provides information about hereditary spherocytosis, an inherited blood disorder where red blood cells take on an abnormal spherical shape. It discusses how the condition is caused by defects in red blood cell membrane proteins and is diagnosed through blood tests and examination of red blood cell shape under a microscope. Signs and symptoms include anemia, jaundice, and an enlarged spleen. Treatment options include removing the spleen through surgery to prevent red blood cell destruction, or supplements for mild cases.
The document provides information about kidney function and kidney disease. It discusses how the kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate chemicals and hormones. It describes common kidney diseases like chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease, acute kidney injury, polycystic kidney disease, and diabetic and glomerular kidney diseases. Risk factors include high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol, and family history. Laboratory tests of blood and urine are used to diagnose kidney disease by measuring protein, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause and slowing disease progression using medications or dialysis.
The document summarizes several kidney function tests, including tests for glomerular filtration rate (GFR), microalbuminuria, serum creatinine, and urine creatinine. It discusses what the tests measure and their normal and abnormal ranges. It also briefly outlines the causes and symptoms of kidney disease and failure and explains why dialysis is necessary for patients with end-stage renal disease.
Cemento-osseous dysplasia is a spectrum of dysmorphic bone and cementum lesions that predominantly affects black women of African descent around age 40. It includes periapical, florid, and focal forms. Periapical lesions form around tooth roots without affecting vitality, while florid lesions involve multiple quadrants bilaterally. Histologically, the lesions start as fibrous tissue and develop mineralized tissue over time. Diagnosis is usually based on radiographic and demographic features without biopsy. Treatment is typically not needed as the lesions are asymptomatic and non-progressive.
The document provides information on several types of kidney diseases and disorders:
1) Diabetic nephropathy is a kidney disease complication of diabetes that has no early symptoms but later causes fatigue, nausea and reduced urination. Controling blood sugar and blood pressure can prevent it.
2) Glomerulonephritis causes kidney inflammation and can develop after infections or be autoimmune-related, with potential symptoms of swelling and blood in the urine. Duration depends on severity and cause.
3) Hydronephrosis is kidney distension due to urine blockage, which can cause pain and be treated by removing the obstruction.
Congenital Anomalies Of UG System PATHOLOGY.pptxirtzaali420
Congenital anomalies of the genitourinary system can affect the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder) or genital tract. They include conditions like renal agenesis (absence of one or both kidneys), renal hypoplasia (small, underdeveloped kidneys), horseshoe kidney (kidneys fused at the base), and cystic kidney diseases. Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. If left uncorrected, these congenital anomalies can damage the kidneys, cause infertility, or increase cancer risk.
Cystic diseases of the kidney can be inherited and include simple cysts, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). ADPKD is characterized by multiple expanding cysts that destroy kidney parenchyma over time, eventually leading to kidney failure. The cysts are caused by inherited mutations and cause enlarged palpable kidneys filled with fluid-filled cysts. ARPKD presents in children with numerous small cysts throughout the cortex and medulla giving the kidneys a sponge-like appearance.
this is the pptx specially design for the project work purpose. Recently cbse has uploaded that class 11 has to present the ppt on sickle cell anemia ..... so, here is the ppt for biology student to make their work easier.....and to help them to save their time .... so all the best hope u all like this pptx. .....thank u for ur support and love💕
This document discusses several diseases and conditions of the urinary system. It covers diabetic nephropathy, kidney stones, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, renal failure, diabetes insipidus, urinary tract infections, dialysis, and kidney transplantation. For each topic, it provides a brief definition and overview of symptoms, causes, and in some cases treatment options. The document aims to inform readers about common urinary system diseases and conditions.
This document discusses several types of lytic bone lesions that can be seen on imaging. It describes the imaging appearance and characteristics of lesions such as fibrous dysplasia, adamantinoma, enchondroma, eosinophilic granuloma, giant cell tumor, and nonossifying fibroma. Discriminating features are provided to help differentiate these benign lytic lesions from other entities. The document emphasizes that clinical history including patient age is important when narrowing the differential diagnosis of lytic bone lesions seen on imaging studies.
Blood detectives consumer health discussion guideVictoria Lynn
Blood is vital to overall health, as it transports oxygen, fights infections, and connects to every organ. Understanding blood health and conditions is important, as problems can be detected with a blood test. The documentary profiles patients with common blood-related issues like anemia, bleeding disorders, blood clots, and cancers. It also shows researchers using tools like zebrafish to study these conditions and develop new treatments.
Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic disorder caused by irregularly shaped red blood cells that are fragile and can block blood vessels, damaging organs and tissues and causing pain. It is inherited as a recessive trait, requiring both parents to carry the gene for a child to be affected. Symptoms include pain, fatigue, infections, and damage to organs. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing further cell clumping through therapies like hydration and pain medication.
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
Global Medical Cures™ | Kidney Disease in Children
Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & more.
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Simple kidney cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can form in one or both kidneys. They are usually harmless and do not enlarge the kidneys or reduce function. Solitary renal cysts, while uncommon, can occur at any age but are most common between 30-50 years old. The etiology is unclear if they are congenital or acquired but may be caused by infection or trauma. Symptoms can include flank swelling, pain, blood in the urine, or kidney infection. Diagnosis is made through tests like ultrasound, CT scan, or intravenous urography. Treatment often involves surgically resecting the cyst, though removing the entire kidney may be needed if the cyst has destroyed much of the kidney
The document discusses several conditions that affect the urinary system, including:
1. Wilm's tumor, which is the most common malignant kidney tumor in children, peaking between ages 3-4. It is treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy.
2. Polycystic kidney disease, which involves clusters of cysts developing in the kidneys. It can be inherited and has symptoms like high blood pressure and kidney failure.
3. Kidney stones, which are hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause pain when they move to the ureters. Treatment depends on stone size and symptoms.
The document discusses several conditions that affect the urinary system, including:
1. Wilm's tumor, a type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children between ages 3-4. It is treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy.
2. Polycystic kidney disease, a genetic disorder where cysts develop within the kidneys, causing high blood pressure, kidney failure, and other issues.
3. Kidney stones, hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause pain when passing through the ureters. Treatment depends on stone size and symptoms.
Wilm's tumor is a rare kidney cancer that primarily affects children, most commonly between ages 3-4. It arises when kidney cells fail to develop properly in the womb. Standard treatment is surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy. A patient's prognosis depends on tumor stage and characteristics under microscopy.
Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder where cysts develop within the kidneys, causing high blood pressure, kidney failure, and other issues. There are two types - autosomal dominant and recessive - which are passed down differently. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and management focuses on complications.
Kidney stones form from mineral crystal buildup in the kidneys, often causing severe pain.
The document provides information about hereditary spherocytosis, an inherited blood disorder where red blood cells take on an abnormal spherical shape. It discusses how the condition is caused by defects in red blood cell membrane proteins and is diagnosed through blood tests and examination of red blood cell shape under a microscope. Signs and symptoms include anemia, jaundice, and an enlarged spleen. Treatment options include removing the spleen through surgery to prevent red blood cell destruction, or supplements for mild cases.
The document provides information about kidney function and kidney disease. It discusses how the kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate chemicals and hormones. It describes common kidney diseases like chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease, acute kidney injury, polycystic kidney disease, and diabetic and glomerular kidney diseases. Risk factors include high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol, and family history. Laboratory tests of blood and urine are used to diagnose kidney disease by measuring protein, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause and slowing disease progression using medications or dialysis.
The document summarizes several kidney function tests, including tests for glomerular filtration rate (GFR), microalbuminuria, serum creatinine, and urine creatinine. It discusses what the tests measure and their normal and abnormal ranges. It also briefly outlines the causes and symptoms of kidney disease and failure and explains why dialysis is necessary for patients with end-stage renal disease.
Cemento-osseous dysplasia is a spectrum of dysmorphic bone and cementum lesions that predominantly affects black women of African descent around age 40. It includes periapical, florid, and focal forms. Periapical lesions form around tooth roots without affecting vitality, while florid lesions involve multiple quadrants bilaterally. Histologically, the lesions start as fibrous tissue and develop mineralized tissue over time. Diagnosis is usually based on radiographic and demographic features without biopsy. Treatment is typically not needed as the lesions are asymptomatic and non-progressive.
The document provides information on several types of kidney diseases and disorders:
1) Diabetic nephropathy is a kidney disease complication of diabetes that has no early symptoms but later causes fatigue, nausea and reduced urination. Controling blood sugar and blood pressure can prevent it.
2) Glomerulonephritis causes kidney inflammation and can develop after infections or be autoimmune-related, with potential symptoms of swelling and blood in the urine. Duration depends on severity and cause.
3) Hydronephrosis is kidney distension due to urine blockage, which can cause pain and be treated by removing the obstruction.
Congenital Anomalies Of UG System PATHOLOGY.pptxirtzaali420
Congenital anomalies of the genitourinary system can affect the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder) or genital tract. They include conditions like renal agenesis (absence of one or both kidneys), renal hypoplasia (small, underdeveloped kidneys), horseshoe kidney (kidneys fused at the base), and cystic kidney diseases. Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. If left uncorrected, these congenital anomalies can damage the kidneys, cause infertility, or increase cancer risk.
Cystic diseases of the kidney can be inherited and include simple cysts, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). ADPKD is characterized by multiple expanding cysts that destroy kidney parenchyma over time, eventually leading to kidney failure. The cysts are caused by inherited mutations and cause enlarged palpable kidneys filled with fluid-filled cysts. ARPKD presents in children with numerous small cysts throughout the cortex and medulla giving the kidneys a sponge-like appearance.
this is the pptx specially design for the project work purpose. Recently cbse has uploaded that class 11 has to present the ppt on sickle cell anemia ..... so, here is the ppt for biology student to make their work easier.....and to help them to save their time .... so all the best hope u all like this pptx. .....thank u for ur support and love💕
This document discusses several diseases and conditions of the urinary system. It covers diabetic nephropathy, kidney stones, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, renal failure, diabetes insipidus, urinary tract infections, dialysis, and kidney transplantation. For each topic, it provides a brief definition and overview of symptoms, causes, and in some cases treatment options. The document aims to inform readers about common urinary system diseases and conditions.
This document discusses several types of lytic bone lesions that can be seen on imaging. It describes the imaging appearance and characteristics of lesions such as fibrous dysplasia, adamantinoma, enchondroma, eosinophilic granuloma, giant cell tumor, and nonossifying fibroma. Discriminating features are provided to help differentiate these benign lytic lesions from other entities. The document emphasizes that clinical history including patient age is important when narrowing the differential diagnosis of lytic bone lesions seen on imaging studies.
Blood detectives consumer health discussion guideVictoria Lynn
Blood is vital to overall health, as it transports oxygen, fights infections, and connects to every organ. Understanding blood health and conditions is important, as problems can be detected with a blood test. The documentary profiles patients with common blood-related issues like anemia, bleeding disorders, blood clots, and cancers. It also shows researchers using tools like zebrafish to study these conditions and develop new treatments.
Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic disorder caused by irregularly shaped red blood cells that are fragile and can block blood vessels, damaging organs and tissues and causing pain. It is inherited as a recessive trait, requiring both parents to carry the gene for a child to be affected. Symptoms include pain, fatigue, infections, and damage to organs. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing further cell clumping through therapies like hydration and pain medication.
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptxFFragrant
There are many traditional Chinese medicine therapies to treat blocked fallopian tubes. And herbal medicine Fuyan Pill is one of the more effective choices.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
Home
Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)
(Unc)gsgs2004
1. 1
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
· What is FSGS?
· What does it look like?
· How did I get it?
· What are the symptoms?
· Biopsy Results
· The Nephrotic Syndrome
· Treatment
· Prognosis
· Kidney Transplant in FSGS
What is FSGS?
FSGS stands for Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis, and is a relatively common form of kidney disease,
especially in the US. Although there are several known risk factors, we don’t yet know why most people
develop FSGS. In order to be diagnosed with FSGS, you must undergo a kidney biopsy.
FSGS is named for the scarring, or “sclerosis”, that can be found in the kidney of people with this disease.
When looked at under a microscope, everyone’s kidneys contain millions of tiny filters called “gomeruli”.
These filters work much like a sieve, or colander, that you might have in your kitchen. Blood is “poured into
them” as it circulates through the kidney, and the waterlike part of the blood drains through this becomes
your urine. When these filters are damaged they become scarred and are no longer able to filter blood
appropriately this is called “glomerulosclerosis”.
The word “focal” is added because in FSGS, not every filter is damaged only some of them. “Segmental” is
included because often not even whole filters are scarred just parts of them. So Focal Segmental
Glomerulosclerosis is a very descriptive name for the disease some (focal) segments (segmental) of kidney
filters (glomeruli) are scarred (sclerosis).
What does it look like?
First a quick overview of the kidney most people have two kidneys, one on each side of their lower back.
All of the blood in your body passes through your kidneys many times during the day, and each time blood
goes through some of it gets filtered by the gomeruli (singular = glomerulus). This filtering is how your body
cleans the blood (and removes extra water), and some of the filtered blood becomes your urine. Urine isn’t
red (like blood) because the red blood cells, which give blood its color, are too big to fit through the holes in
the filters. A glomerulus is just a tiny bag of blood vessels through which blood gets filtered, and all of the
filtered out blood (urine) runs into tubes (ureters) that eventually lead to your bladder.
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this portion of the glomerulus become useless for filtering, but it makes it difficult for any blood to get through
at all.
How did I get it?
The short answer is that no one is sure. Doctors tend to put FSGS in two big categories, primary and
secondary. Primary means that the disease occurs on its own, for no obvious reasons. Secondary means
that we think the FSGS was caused by, or is at least associated with, another medical condition. How
exactly the other condition caused the FSGS scarring has not been completely figured out for all diseases.
Some of the secondary causes/associations are
· Congenital (from birth) kidney defects
· Reflux Nephropathy (urine “backs up” into kidneys)
· Obesity
· Obstructive Sleep Apnea
· Sickle Cell Anemia
· Viruses (such as HIV)
Most people with the above conditions do not have FSGS, and having FSGS does NOT put you at risk for
any of these conditions you do not already have. Although we don’t yet know if the disease is truly inherited,
having family members with FSGS does increase your chances of developing it yourself. Also, the disease
is twice as common in blacks than in whites.
What are the symptoms?
Many people with FSGS have no symptoms at all, but the most common complaint is edema, or swelling,
especially in the legs. Often patients find that their shoes no longer fit, or that they have suddenly put on
weight. High blood pressure, or hypertension, is also a very common finding, and the hypertension in
people with FSGS can often be very difficult to treat.
FSGS can also cause abnormal results in two different routine laboratory tests ordered by your doctor. The
first is a test of kidney function called “creatinine”, and it is measured by taking a blood sample. Everyone
has a certain amount of a substance called creatinine floating in his or her blood. This substance is always
being produced by healthy muscles, but since the kidneys constantly filter it out the level of creatinine stays
low. When the glomeruli become damaged and can’t filter as well, the level of creatinine left in the blood
goes up. Working backwards a higher level of creatinine alerts the doctor that the kidneys aren’t filtering as
well as they should.
The second test is for protein in your urine. Urine normally contains only a very small amount of protein,
because protein is just too big to pass through the filters. But when the glomeruli become scarred or
damaged, they can “leak” protein into the urine. If a doctor finds too much protein in your urine, it usually
means something is wrong with the glomeruli. Some people with a large amount of protein in their urine say
that their urine looks “foamy”, like bubbles built up in dishwater.
None of the above symptoms, or even all of them together, is specific for FSGS. If you or your doctor are
concerned about FSGS, the only way to know for sure is to have a kidney biopsy.
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The collapsing variant is considered the most rapidly progressive form of FSGS, and it does not typically
respond to therapy. The scarring quickly affects the entire glomerulus, causing it to collapse. Most patients
that are diagnosed with this variant will require dialysis or a kidney transplant within one to two years despite
treatment. Though this variant was previously thought only to effect people with HIV, it is now found in
increasing numbers of HIVnegative patients. Collapsing FSGS has also been associated certain drugs,
such as pamidronate.
Cellular Variant
Graphic illustration of cellular lesion Picture of cellular lesion
The cellular variant implies a slightly different type of scarring, one where the problem is an overabundance
of cells that make up the glomerulus itself. As these cells accumulate, the blood vessels that make up the
glomerulus narrow and eventually close off completely. This variant can only be diagnosed if none of the
above variants are seen on the biopsy.
Classic FSGS
If none of the above specific variations are seen on biopsy, the disease is called Classic FSGS, or FSGS
NOS (which stands for “not otherwise specified”). Other than being generally less severe than the
collapsing form, Classic FSGS has no particular diagnostic or prognostic implications.
The Nephrotic Syndrome
FSGS is one of many diseases that can cause something called the “Nephrotic Syndrome”. When someone
has a great deal of protein in their urine, they often develop a specific set of symptoms. The symptoms of
the Nephrotic Syndrome always include
· >3 g proteinuria (protein in the urine) per day
· Hypoalbuminemia (less protein in the blood than normal)
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· Peripheral edema (swelling)
It often also causes
· Hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol)
· Hypercoagulability (increased tendency to form blood clots)
Treatment
FSGS is not an easy disease to treat, and anyone with this disease should be seen regularly by a kidney
specialist, also called a Nephrologist. If it is associated with any of the illnesses mentioned above, treating
that particular illness becomes a priority. It is also important for someone with either primary OR secondary
FSGS to be on medication that reduces the amount of protein in the urine. These medications are called
ACEinhibitors (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors) and ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers). If
urine protein levels are high, the complications of the Nephrotic Syndrome should also be considered;
patients should receive routine cholesterol screening/treatment, and their physicians should always
remember their tendency to form clots. Finally, every patient with FSGS should have their kidney function
monitored regularly with both blood and urine studies. As kidney function declines, certain other
interventions may become necessary. No one’s kidney disease is exactly the same, but your Nephrologist
can tell you how often your labs need to be checked and what to expect if your kidney function begins to
decline.
In addition to the above, many different types of immunosuppressants, or drugs that suppress the immune
system, are also being used to treat FSGS. The most common of these, and perhaps the most successful
so far, are steroids. Unfortunately, all of these drugs have significant side effects, and their use must be
considered on a patientbypatient basis.
Prognosis
If not treated, most patients with FSGS will eventually develop complete renal failure and require dialysis or
a kidney transplant to survive. Even with treatment, many patients will still eventually require dialysis,
though how long this will take varies widely (220 years) and is difficult to predict. The appearance of your
kidney biopsy under the microscope (the variants described above) may give your doctor some idea, as
specific forms of FSGS have been associated with different rates of progression and responsiveness to
therapy.
Kidney Transplant in FSGS
Unfortunately, many patients diagnosed with FSGS will eventually progress to kidney failure. Fortunately,
kidney transplant is a treatment option for these patients.
For some general information about kidney transplant, click here.
Will the FSGS come back in my kidney transplant?
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The risk of FSGS returning in the transplanted kidney varies from 2050%. There are several risk factors
that put patients at higher risk of recurrence of FSGS. They are:
· young age (< 15 years old)
· if it took you less than 3 years from the time the FSGS was found in your original kidneys to reach
kidney failure
· the appearance of certain cells on your original kidney biopsy (your nephrologist would have that
information)
· Caucasian race
· if you lost a previous kidney transplant to recurrent FSGS
Usually recurrence of FSGS in the transplant occurs very soon after the surgery, sometimes within hours to
days. Most episodes will be within the first year after transplant.
Is there any treatment for FSGS that comes back in a transplant?
The way that FSGS causes damage to the transplanted kidney is not entirely clear. There is some evidence
that it may be due to a substance present in the blood. For this reason, some episodes of recurrent FSGS
are treated with a procedure called plasmapheresis, which takes blood out of the body in small volumes,
removes the damaging substance from the blood, and returns the rest of the blood to the patient. This
therapy is most effective if started very soon after abnormal protein is detected in the urine.
In addition to plasmapheresis, use of immunosuppressive medications (different than those used to prevent
rejection of the kidney) is sometimes effective. Additionally, the use of medications to control blood pressure
and reduce the protein in the urine is helpful.
Unfortunately, none of these treatments are very successful at treating FSGS that returns in the transplant.
If the FSGS does come back, will it cause me to lose my kidney transplant?
Over half of the patients with recurrent FSGS in their transplant will lose their kidney within 5 years. Of all
the patients with FSGS who get a kidney transplant, about 15% will lose the kidney due to recurrent FSGS.